Growth Of National Income Research Articles

A Bibliometric Study of Research Patterns in National Income and Economic Growth, 2015–2024

This study aims to examine the evolution of national economic development and infrastructure research from 2015 to 2024. The research data used are those that have been published in scholarly journals that are indexed by Scopus. Data extraction results are derived from 239 documents. Results of research on the topic of national development and economic stagnation indicate that the number of trains is rather unstable. However, research on the national economy and building boom increased from 2015 to 2016 and experienced a decline in 2017. However, from 2017 to 2019 there was another decline in growth, and from 2019 to 2020 there was another decline in growth. The final year of the trend was 2020 to 2023 there was a slight decline in growth, but from 2023 to 2024 there was a further decline in growth. The results of the study on the Rodriguez-Pose domain show that there are four clusters that have been identified

TAX BUOYANCY IN MAJOR STATES IN INDIA

In the world of fiscal policy, tax elasticity and buoyancy are crucial factors shaping a country's financial health. Tax elasticity measures how much tax revenue changes when national income shifts, showing how flexible the tax system is naturally, without deliberate policy changes. This flexibility helps stabilize revenue, reducing the need for constant tweaking of tax policies. On the other hand, tax buoyancy reflects how tax revenue responds to economic shifts and intentional changes in tax policies. It acts like a gauge, indicating how effectively taxes adjust to economic ups and downs and how well policy decisions influence revenue. Low buoyancy suggests that there might be flaws in the tax system, prompting policymakers to rethink and improve tax strategies to better fit economic realities. For a country like India, where tax revenues are essential for financing public spending, understanding these metrics is critical. The buoyancy coefficient compares the growth of actual tax revenue to national income growth, providing insights into how successful fiscal policies are in boosting tax revenues. Meanwhile, the elasticity coefficient shows how responsive the tax system is to changes in national income, revealing its potential to generate more revenue as the economy grows. Analyzing these metrics gives policymakers a detailed view of fiscal sustainability and economic stability. It helps them make informed decisions when designing tax policies, ensuring that the government can maximize revenue while allowing the tax system to adapt smoothly to economic changes. A balanced approach that considers both elasticity and buoyancy is key for India's fiscal strategy, ensuring a well-coordinated financial performance that aligns with national economic goals. KEYWORDS :- Tax Buoyancy, Tax Elasticity, Fiscal Policy, Tax Revenue, NITI Aayog, RBI (Reserve Bank of India), VAT (Value Added Tax), GST (Goods and Services Tax).

Can Piketty’s Interest Rate – Growth Rate Framework Explain Increasing Income Inequality in Pakistan?

Inequality in income distribution has important ramifications for economic growth, development, and social justice (see Atkinson (2000), Piketty (2013), Milanovic (2016), etc.). Piketty (2013) explains the phenomena of growing income inequality in high-income countries by comparing the interest rates (r) and growth rates (g) over time. The crux of the argument is that since the upper income groups generate a significantly greater proportion of their income from investments as compared to lower income groups (due to higher savings rate compared to lower income group), interest rates performing better than the national income growth rates in the high-income countries in the post-cold war era (r-g) explain growing income inequality in these countries. This paper examines the use of this methodology to explain income inequality in Pakistan. It compares the evolution of income of the top 20 percent of Pakistan’s population with the income of the bottom 20 percent, using Piketty’s lens of interest rate growth rate dynamics. Empirical results show that r-g methodology does not capture the income distribution dynamics of Pakistan. Upper income group appears to be negatively affected by increases in interest rates as compared to the lower income group. Prices, international trade, taxes, and financial development tend to be the leading reasons for reducing the impact of r and g framework to explain the income distribution. This paper makes novel contributions to the methodology and implications of Piketty’s framework for studying income inequality in small, open, less developed countries like Pakistan.

Dilihat Dari Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi Indonesia Dari Masa Ke Masa

In the history of the Indonesian economy. Indonesia often experiences changes in its economic structure. Starting from the beginning of independence, namely the era of the first President of Indonesia, namely Soekarno, until now the Jokowi era. These changes often occur because the economic structure has not boosted the Indonesian economy and is considered unable to improve the welfare of the people. The economic structure is used to shows the composition or arrangement of economic sectors in an economy. Economic structure is also the implementation of existing economic systems with the aim of increasing the welfare of a country through economic development and growth of national income. The economic structure can be seen from four viewpoints, namely macro-sectoral review, financial review, state administration review, and bureaucratic decision-making review. The macro sectoral review and financial review are purely economic reviews, while the state review and decision-making bureaucratic review are political reviews. Dominant or reliable economic sectors can also mean sectors that make the largest contribution to the national product with high growth rates, which are characteristic of an economy.

Effect of Exchange Rates and Information and Communication Technology on Indonesia’s Economic Growth

Foreign exchange rates as well as information and communication technology (ICT) are crucial in the global economy. Exchange rates affect trade balance, which influences gross domestic product (GDP) and economic growth. ICT also affects economic growth by reducing business transaction costs and increasing the income of investors and companies, stimulating national income and economic growth. This research examines the effect of exchange rate asymmetry and ICT on Indonesian economic growth, using annual time-series data on exchange rates, ICT usage (proxied by Internet, telephone, and mobile phone users), and economic growth (GDP from 1994 to 2018). The data were analyzed using a non-linear auto-regressive distributed lag model. The results show that the exchange rate exerts an asymmetric effect on long-term economic growth. ICT has short- and long-term positive effects on economic growth. According to the findings, the Indonesian government should stabilize the IDR/USD exchange rate through monetary policies to encourage economic growth. Monetary policy needs also to support IDR/USD exchange rate appreciation to enhance the trade balance, GDP, and economic growth. The economic growth of Indonesia, which is driven by ICT development, still needs to be sustained by the government initiating ICT development in cities and rural areas.

Macroeconomic and financial determinants of green growth: an empirical investigation on BRICS-T countries

PurposeThe purposes of this study are to contribute to the limited green growth (GG) literature in emerging markets, to analyze GG from a financial economy perspective and to determine the contribution of financial development and innovation to GG in Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa and Türkiye (BRICS-T). BRICS-T countries significantly impact the world population, international politics, energy resources and economy. In addition, BRICS-T countries are one of the leading countries in the world with their sustainability efforts. Investigating the GG model in these countries may contribute to structuring emerging economies around the principles of GG and advancing global green transformation efforts.Design/methodology/approachThe authors applied panel data analysis from 2001 to 2019. GG is economic growth free from environmental depletion in the model. National income, personnel expenditure and foreign direct investments are macroeconomic variables. These variables measure economic development and promote economic and social progress, which is essential for GG. Capital accumulation and innovation are essential tools in GG transformation. Therefore, financial development and patent applications represent the moderating variables. The authors estimate the fixed effect model with Parks-Kmenta robust.FindingsEmpirical results show that national income growth and foreign direct investments positively affect GG. Personnel expenditure negatively affects GG. On the contrary, financial development and patent growth have little moderating role.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on creating a GG model in emerging countries. The study is original in its model and sample.

Impacting Human Resource Quality on Business Operation Performance: A Case Study at Small and Medium Enterprises in Vietnam

In Vietnam, small and medium enterprises account for 95% of the total enterprises and are considered essential to economic restructuring, industrialization, and modernization. The development of this type of enterprise makes a necessary contribution to gross national income and economic growth and solves many social problems. However, the competitiveness of this business sector is still minimal, mainly due to the low quality of human resources. Thus, the article aims to explore the key factors affecting human resource quality and its impact on business operation performance. The article applied structural equation modeling and data surveying from 900 employees working for SMEs. Finally, seven factors affected the human resource quality and its impact on business operation performance with a level of 1%. The authors proposed managerial implications to enhance human resource quality for many sides: managers, business leaders, local authorities, and the Government.

EXAMINING PORT CITY DEVELOPMENT AS A STRATEGY TO ATTRACT CRUISE VISITORS

The expansion of urban development and commercial centers within the geographical boundaries of ports and cities has significantly contributed to the growth of national income. However, maritime-based countries face the challenge of staying competitive in the dynamic port-city landscape. To address these issues, this paper employs a bibliometric approach to review existing literature on port-cities, identifies challenges faced by port-cities as cruise visitor attractions, and proposes a new framework for their sustainable future in the maritime cruise industry. By analysing 73 journal articles through VoS Viewer and employing content analysis with NVivo 12 software, the paper presents a problem-solving guideline framework that can aid nations in tackling major challenges related to port-city development and cruise tourism.

Studi Kajian Realisasi Pembiayaan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Deli Serdang

This review study aims to analyze the realization of local government financing of Deli Serdang Regency. This study is a descriptive qualitative literature method through literature study, with the data used secondary data obtained from the Deli Serdang Central Bureau of Statistics. The study results explain that the government financing expenditure of Deli Serdang Regency from 2016 to 2022 has changed due to the different growth rates each year, seen from how much regional payment and regional financing are needed in that year. The development of government expenditure is the impact of national income growth. At the same time, federal income growth affects economic development, where economic development increases the population and public facilities also grow. And government spending affects the unemployment rate, where an increase in government spending reduces the unemployment rate in the region.

Public sector transparency and sustainable development: A focus on Sub‐Saharan Africa

This study empirically addresses the relevance of public transparency in promoting sustainable development in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Using the generalized method of moments techniques in order to account for concerns of endogeneity and simultaneity, the study utilizes a panel of forty‐eight (48) countries in Sub‐Saharan African countries for the period 2000‐2019. We then establish the subsequent findings. Public transparency maintains overall positive net effects on both the human development index (i.e., social sustainability); adjusted net national income growth (i.e., economic sustainability), and renewal energy consumption (i.e., environmental sustainability). Overall, we establish that public transparency enhances sustainable development. This study recommends that policymakers should ensure that public transparency processes are enhanced in order to achieve the post‐2015 agenda.

The Soviet Economy in 1930

The fulfillment of the most difficult tasks of the plan for 1930 was complicated by four political and economic events. First of all, a forced collectivization campaign was carried out, which had a disastrous impact on cattle breeding. Then, the industrial management system was rearranged that had a disorganizing effect on the management process. Besides, a credit system was reformed to get rid of the vestiges of the NEP. Furthermore, to intimidate the old intelligentsia, a campaign against wrecking was conducted, accompanied by numerous arrests of old qualified specialists and the dismissal of many others. As a result, it worsened the quality of the economy management at all levels. The chaos in the management and the recruitment of numerous unskilled personnel led to a severe drop in labor productivity in industry and construction. Also, an alternative assessment of the dynamics of national income in 1930 was offered. It was shown that the national income of the USSR in 1930 increased by only 3% instead of the official growth of 19,9%. The slow growth of national income with a significant increase in the savings share in national income led to a severe drop in all material living conditions of the population, aggravated by the acute commodity deficit.

Важный вклад в освещение статистики национального дохода и экономической истории дореволюционной России и СССР

The author of this paper analyses the book by A. Markevich and M. Harrison, “Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia’s National Income, 1913 to 1928”. He highlights the fact that the authors’ (A. Markevich and M. Harrison) calculations introduced in this article significantly expand and clarify the economic situation in Russia and the USSR in 1913-1928 from an economics point of view. For the first time, M. Harrison and A. Markevich evaluate the dynamics of national income and production of individual economic sectors, including the service industry, and compare the economies of Russia and the USSR with other countries in the same period. The calculations show a more successful development of the economy of Russia than other warring countries during the First World War. In addition, the article analyzes the decline in Russia’s share in the world economy in 1928 compared to 1913. Thereby, the authors make a reasonable conclusion about the decrease in the efficiency of the USSR economy in 1928 compared to the pre-revolutionary period. Estimates of the national income, the personal consumption fund, and the population allowed evaluating the entire economic development of pre-revolutionary Russia, the USSR, and post-Soviet Russia. Finally, the authors reveal the consequences of the economic crises of the 20th century in Russia. Drawing on personal and other researchers’ calculations, the authors criticize the opinion about the national income growth in 1928 in comparison with 1913 as exaggerated. Its significant drop during the civil war was caused by war communism as well as by the rupture of economic ties.

WAYS TO ENSURE THE OPTIMAL EFFECT OF PERSONAL INCOME TAX ON THE BALANCE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF THE POPULATION

Consistent growth of national income in the context of sustainable development of the country's economy while ensuring the growth of personal incomes of economic agents requires financial mechanisms to prevent income inequality by distributing these incomes based on the principles of social justice

Tourism Employment and Economic Growth: Dynamic Panel Threshold Analysis

The manuscript reports on findings on the interconnection between tourism employment and economic growth for the selected OECD member states. The dynamic panel threshold regression method was used to analyze the data, where the threshold variable was tourism employment, and the growth of gross national income and value added by activity services were dependent variables in the corresponding models. The dataset covered the period between 2008 and 2020. Both marginal effects indicated positive implications of tourism employment on economic growth. A percent rise in tourism employment leads to an increase in gross national income by 0.15% (in the low regime) and 0.61% (in the high regime). Yet, the results revealed a negative marginal effect of tourism employment on value added by activity services. The outcomes explain that a percent rise in tourism employment in the average country will lead to a decrease in the value added by activity services, as a percentage of value added, by 0.07% (low regime) and 0.09% (high regime). Therefore, the applications of this study are twofold—the first one is its contribution to existing theoretical knowledge through the filling of the literature gaps, and the second one is related to advances in the standing policies. The main limitations and the proposal for future research are the application of random effects and smooth transition threshold models as an alternative to the indicator functions.

Assessing the impact of one million COVID-19 deaths in America: economic and life expectancy losses

Between February 2020 and May 2022, one million Americans have died of COVID-19. To determine the contribution of those deaths to all-cause mortality in terms of life expectancy reductions and the resulting economic welfare losses, we calculated their combined impact on national income growth and the added value of lives lost. We estimated that US life expectancy at birth dropped by 3.08 years due to the million COVID-19 deaths. Economic welfare losses estimated in terms of national income growth supplemented by the value of lives lost, was in the order of US$3.57 trillion. US$2.20 trillion of these losses were in in the non-Hispanic White population (56.50%), US$698.24 billion (19.54%) in the Hispanic population, and US$579.93 billion (16.23%) in the non-Hispanic Black population. The scale of life expectancy and welfare losses underscores the pressing need to invest in health in the US to prevent further economic shocks from future pandemic threats.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SAVINGS

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop the evaluation characteristics of the relationship between household savings decisions and macroeconomic growth in order to form a base of identification parameters of effective household financial behavior. Design/methodology/approach. In the article, the authors used the literature review method to justify the importance of implementing the problem of the relationship between savings and economic growth. Based on the trends analysis the authors identified the main features of households’ saving changes during last 17 years, their relationships with changes in GDP, national income and total income of households. The use of correlation-regression analysis made it possible to assess the sensitivity of the impact on the savings of their main elements. Empirical results have been obtained based on official sources of national statistical data and Wold Bank data. Findings. Households play a major role in the economic growth of a nation. Their financial behavior and savings habits can determine the overall economic performance of a country. This paper discusses the elements of household savings, how it affects economic growth, and why it has been on a downtrend lately. It also explores the potential solutions to address this issue and how households can be encouraged to save more for their future. The financial behavior of households in Ukraine has seen significant changes over the past 17 years, and the period of change in priorities between current and deferred consumption is the financial crisis of 2008. Since 2009, seriousness towards savings has been significantly lost. The saving behavior of households in Ukraine is in dissonance with the saving behavior of enterprises and state structures. Households’ savings decisions depend to a small extent on both the absolute size of their income and GDP, as well as their rates of change. Practical implications. The materials presented in the article may be useful for researchers interested in economic growth modeling. Also, the results of this research are of interest to policymakers for creating effective measures of macroeconomic stimulation. Originality/value. In the article, the authors have identified the main regularities of the behavior of households regarding the formation of savings. The changes in the GDP and household income do have not a significant impact on the saving rates both in the short-term and long-term. The changes in the volume of household savings are mainly determined by the dynamics of the volume of net household loans. Households increase indebtedness when the business cycle intensifies (GDP and national income growth). Households in Ukraine are characterized by a high priority of current consumption over deferred (savings).

Analisis Pendapatan Nasional: Kota Jakarta

This paper aims s to determine the gross national income and economic growth in the capital, namely the city of Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative approach. This study also identifies the impact of the corona virus that has occurred for two years on the gross national income of the City of Jakarta. The results of the study show that the gross national income of the City of Jakarta has grown quite significantly from year to year. Despite the Corona outbreak and with the increase in the census of the poor and the population of the City of Jakarta, this is not a barrier to increasing the amount of the Regional Budget for the City of Jakarta. Regional revenues for the City of Jakarta have grown significantly from year to year. Pemprov DKI Jakarta must continue to work hard to stabilize and further improve the safety level of the City of Jakarta PPE for the remainder of the year while continuing to consider what, if anything, has the potential to undermine this upward trend. Therefore, accelerating PPE in Jakarta will have a negative impact on economic growth and the local population's sense of security.

A visibility-based estimation of PM2.5 concentrations in Pyongyang, North Korea: Current status and long-term trends

In the absence of direct measurements of fine particles (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ ∼2.5 μm; PM2.5), visibility can be a useful alternative indicator of particulate air quality. This study estimated the current status and long-term trends of PM2.5 in the North Korean capital, Pyongyang, using an empirical visibility–relative humidity (RH)–PM2.5 relationship obtained from the South Korean capital, Seoul. The visibility–RH–PM2.5 relationship was derived from PM2.5 and meteorological variables for the period of 2003–2018 in Seoul, excluding days affected by hydrometeor conditions; it was applied to long-term meteorological data for the period of 1983–2018 in both Seoul and Pyongyang. In recent years (2016–2018), the average estimated PM2.5 concentration in Seoul was ∼23 μg m−3, which was close to the measured concentration of ∼25 μg m−3. The average estimated PM2.5 concentration in Pyongyang for the same period was ∼35 μg m−3. The estimated PM2.5 concentration in Seoul was generally high before 2000 (∼34 μg m−3); it decreased beginning in the 2000s (−5.2 μg m−3 per 10 years) because of the emission control policy and meteorological phenomena. The estimated PM2.5 concentration in Pyongyang significantly decreased until 1998 (−5.9 μg m−3 per 10 years), then increased from 1999 to 2018 (+8.5 μg m−3 per 10 years). The growth in gross national income, total primary energy supply, and coal-fired thermal electricity generation implied that the long-term changes in the estimated PM2.5 concentration in Pyongyang were closely related to the economic contraction and recovery of North Korea. This study provides estimates of North Korean air quality, along with information that can be used to validate chemical transport models.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, UNEMPLOYMENT, INFLATION AND HOUSEHOLDS CONSUMPTION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDIA

The impact of government expenditure, unemployment, inflation, and household consumption on the economic growth of India over the period 1990-2021 has been examined in this paper. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis was performed by observing the assumptions of the classical linear model. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests were carried out for stationarity of the concerned variables. The study found that increasing government expenditure has a strong positive influence on the growth of national income and consumption and a negative influence on unemployment in India. The study recommends increasing government expenditure that could accelerate economic growth and create employment opportunities that also have a positive impact on improving consumption. Results indicate that inflation significantly depresses economic performance in India because of uncertainty and reduces investment, employment, and consequently output and consumption level. Unemployment has not significantly impacted the real GDP in India. Investment in physical capital and human capital has significantly promoted economic performance in India because investment in human capital improves the productivity of the labor forces and hence increases output and investment in physical capital increases the amount of capital per unit of labor and these have the potency of increasing productivity per worker. The overall effect is the increase in output and therefore economic performance. The study recommends increasing government expenditure as it boosts aggregate demand which could accelerate economic growth and create employment opportunities and enhance the consumption level of the public.

Indicators For the Analysis of Investment Efficiency In Oil and Gas Industry

As part of a larger research that deals with modeling different aspect concerning oil and gas industry, this paper explores the possibilities of building up indicators for the analysis of investment efficiency in oil and gas industry aiming mainly at efficiency indicators, the influence of oil investments on the growth of national income, the influence of investments on production growth, and other indicators.