Groups PN Research Articles

GALOIS GROUP OF Xpn+aX+a

Let p be an odd prime number, n≥3 be a rational integer, and let f(X)=Xpn+aX+a∈ℤ[X] be an Eisenstein trinomial with respect to p. We prove that the Galois group G of f(X) over the field ℚ of rational numbers, is either the full symmetric group Spn, or AGL(1,pn)≤G≤AGL(n,p). We also show that G≃Spn, except possibly when |pnpn−1+ap(pn−1)pn−1| is a square, and for each prime divisor ℓ of a∕p, p divides the ℓ-adic valuation vℓ(a) of the integer a.

Variation in pnictogen-oxygen bonding unlocks greatly enhanced Brønsted basicity for the monomeric stibine oxide.

Phosphine oxides and arsine oxides feature highly polarized pnictoryl groups (Pn+-O-/Pn = O; Pn = P, As) and react as Brønsted bases through O-centered lone pairs. We recently reported the first example of a monomeric stibine oxide, Dipp3SbO (Dipp = diisopropylphenyl), allowing periodic trends in pnictoryl bonding to be extended to antimony for the first time. Computational studies suggest that, as the pnictogen atom becomes heavier, delocalization of electron density from the O-centered lone pairs to the Pn-C σ* orbitals is attenuated, destabilizing the lone pairs and increasing the donor capacity of the pnictine oxide. Herein, we assess the Brønsted basicity of a series of monomeric pnictine oxides (Dipp3PnO; Pn = P, As, and Sb). Stoichiometric reactivity between Dipp3PnO and a series of acids demonstrates the greatly enhanced ability of Dipp3SbO to accept protons relative to the lighter congeners, consistent with theoretical isodesmic reaction enthalpies and proton affinities. 1H NMR spectrometric titrations allow for the pKaH,MeCN determination of Dipp3AsO and Dipp3SbO, revealing a 106-fold increase in Brønsted basicity from Dipp3AsO to Dipp3SbO. The increased basicity can be exploited in catalysis; Dipp3SbO exhibits dramatically increased catalytic efficiency in the Brønsted base-catalyzed transesterification between p-nitrophenyl acetate and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Our results unambiguously confirm the drastic increase in Brønsted basicity from Dipp3PO < Dipp3AsO < Dipp3SbO, a direct consequence of the variation in the electronic structure of the pnictoryl bond as the pnictogen atom increases in atomic number.

Syntheses and crystal structures of benzyl N'-[(E)-2-hydroxybenzylidene]hydrazinecarboxylate and benzyl N'-[(E)-5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene]hydrazinecarboxylate.

Benzyl N'-[(E)-2-hydroxybenzylidene]hydrazinecarboxylate, C15H14N2O3 (I) and benzyl N'-[(E)-5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene]hydrazinecarboxylate (II), C15H13BrN2O3, have been synthesized by the reaction of either 2-hy-droxy-benzaldehyde or 5-bromo-2-hy-droxy-benzaldehyde with benzyl carbazate, respectively. Both the compounds crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with space groups Pn (Z' = 1, I) and P21/c (Z' = 2, II). Mol-ecular conformations in each structure are similar, and both structures feature strong intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which form S(6) ring motifs. There are also strong N-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds in both structures, but their modes of packing within their respective crystals are markedly different. Some comparisons are made with the structures of a few related compounds.

Sulfamates with dimeric cations of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine

Crystalline sulfamate salts of glycine (GlyH⋅⋅⋅Gly)(NH2SO3) (I), sarcosine (SarH⋅⋅⋅Sar)(NH2SO3) (II) and dimethylglycine (DMGH⋅⋅⋅DMG)(NH2SO3)⋅H2O (III) with dimeric cations, obtained from aqueous solutions, were structurally and spectroscopically characterized and further compared with the previously known salt of betaine (Bet⋅⋅⋅H⋅⋅⋅Bet)(NH2SO3). Compounds (I) and (II) crystallize in polar symmetry (space groups Pn and Pna21, respectively), while the salt (III) and that of betaine are centrosymmetric (space group settings P21/n and P21/c, respectively).

Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Grapevine Viruses in Russia.

Viral diseases can seriously damage the vineyard productivity and the quality of grape and wine products. Therefore, the study of the species composition and range of grapevine viruses is important for the development and implementation of strategies and tactics to limit their spread and increase the economic benefits of viticulture. In 2014–2019, we carried out a large-scale phytosanitary monitoring of Russian commercial vineyards in the Krasnodar region, Stavropol region and Republic of Crimea. A total of 1857 samples were collected and tested for the presence of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) using RT-PCR. Out of all samples tested, 54.5% were positive for at least one of the viruses (GRSPaV, GVA, GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GFLV, GFkV) in the Stavropol region, 49.8% in the Krasnodar region and 49.5% in the Republic of Crimea. Some plants were found to be infected with several viruses simultaneously. In the Republic of Crimea, for instance, a number of plants were infected with five viruses. In the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Crimea, 4.7% and 3.3% of the samples were predominantly infected with both GFkV and GRSPaV, whereas in the Stavropol region, 6% of the selected samples had both GLRaV-1 and GVA infections. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein genes of the detected viruses and identified the presence of GVA of groups I and IV, GRSPaV of groups BS and SG1, GLRaV-1 of group III, GLRaV-2 of groups PN and H4, GLRaV-3 of groups I and III. The results obtained make it possible to assess the viral load and the distribution of the main grapevine viruses on plantations in the viticultural zones of Russia, emphasizing the urgent need to develop and implement long-term strategies for the control of viral diseases of grapes.

Subthreshold Nanosecond Laser, from Trials to Real-Life Clinical Practice: A Cohort Study.

BackgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disorder, is a major cause of irreversible severe visual deterioration in the older Western population. Thus, treatments that resolve drusen may prove helpful in limiting the progression of AMD. The study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcome of sub-threshold nanosecond laser therapy (SNL) using a double-frequency nanosecond-pulsed laser with discontinuous energy beam distribution in the early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).MethodsIn a single-center cohort study, 64 eyes with early or intermediate AMD were treated using SNL and then compared to 77 untreated, control eyes. The primary outcome measures included the area and amount of drusen, and the secondary outcome measures included change in visual acuity and rate of drusen progression within 6 months of follow-up.ResultsA total of 64 patients’ eyes following SNL treatment showed a significant reduction in the area and amount of drusen after 6 months in comparison to the corresponding values in the control group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in visual acuity change after 6 months in both groups (pn ge n0.59, respectively). Within the 6-month follow-up, the rate of progression in drusen size and number was significantly lower in the SNL group (26%) than in the control group (69%; p<0.001).DiscussionSNL therapy is a novel, promising approach for improving the macular morphology in patients with early and intermediate AMD. Further studies are necessary to reveal the potential to reduce the risk of transformation into advanced or wet AMD and to retain vision.

Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Pneumoperitoneum Pressure Via a Mitochondrial Injury-dependent Mechanism in a Rabbit Model of Different Degrees of Hydronephrosis

OBJECTIVETo clarify the effect of mitochondrial injury during laparoscopic surgery of the kidney in different degrees of hydronephrosis in rabbit model. METHODSA total of 90 rabbits were randomly allocated into 3 groups (groups PN, PM, and PS, ie, rabbits without, with mild and with severe hydronephrosis, respectively). The rabbits in the PM group (n = 30) and PS group (n = 30) underwent surgical procedures that induced mild and severe left hydronephrosis, respectively. The rabbits in all the groups were then allocated into 5 subgroups and were subjected to intra-abdominal pressures of 0, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mmHg. Changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial electron microstructure were observed. The apoptosis proteins cytochrome C, apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were measured by western blot analysis. RESULTSAs the degrees of hydronephrosis increased, histopathological changes such as the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial vacuolization along with increased expression of apoptosis proteins, cytochrome C, apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-3 gained statistically significance at lower intra-abdominal pressures (In PN and PM groups at 15 mmHg, and in PS group at 9 mmHg; for all P <.01). CONCLUSIONMitochondrial injury plays an important role during acute kidney injury induced by pneumoperitoneal pressure in different degrees of hydronephrosis in the rabbit model.

Rotational emission spectroscopy in ultra-dense hydrogen p(0) and pxDy(0): Groups pN, pD2, p2D and (pD)N

The rotational emission spectrum induced in ultra-dense deuterium D(0) by a 1064 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with 0.4 J pulses was recently reported (J. Mol. Struct. 1130 (2017) 829–836). Good agreement between theory and experiment was found. The bond distances were determined for spin levels s = 2, 3 and 4 with a precision as good as ± 0.003 pm. The existence of these rotational lines supports the strongly bound cluster model of D(0). The similar spectra are now studied for ultra-dense protium p(0) and for the ultra-dense hydrogen mixture pxDy(0), giving several lines different from D(0). A rich spectrum of emission lines from pN and (pD)N groups in the chain clusters H2N(0) is observed and partially assigned. The observation of unique lines gives evidence for rotations in groups pN, pD (identified previously), pD2, p2D and (pD)2 in the long chain-clusters, complementing the previously identified pD and DN groups. Three-atomic and four-atomic clusters are of great interest, since the nuclear processes studied in several publications take place in such clusters. Emission lines from three-atomic planar groups pD2(0) and p2D(0), either in the chain clusters or as free clusters, are observed. Coupling of the dipole antennas (pD)N to neighboring parts of the homopolar chain-clusters H2N(0) probably gives several weaker lines. No certain evidence of free symmetric or asymmetric H4(0) tops like pD3(0) and p2D2(0) is found. Such strongly bound H4(0) molecules were studied by TOF-MS previously and they have slightly shorter bond distances which makes their final identification more difficult.

Hydrogen Bonding Assisted Construction of Graphite-like Deep-UV Optical Materials with Two Types of Parallel π-Conjugated Units

Three new formic-borates Na(COOH)[B(OH)3](H2O)2 (1), K3(COOH)3[B(OH)3]2 (2), and (HCOOH)3[B(OH)3]2·3H2O (3), containing two types of planar π-conjugated BO3 and HCOO groups, have been synthesized via systematic investigations in A–HCOO–BO3 (A = alkali metal) systems using hydrothermal methods. Compounds 1 and 2 crystallize in the centrosymmetric space groups Pnma and C2/c, and compound 3 crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space groups Pn, respectively. All the three titled compounds exhibited three-dimensional (3-D) frameworks with a parallel arrangement of B(OH)3 and HCOO planar π-conjugated units through hydrogen bonding assisted construction. Particularly, compounds 2 and 3 showed a graphite-like layer structure. In compound 1, the Na(COOH)[B(OH)3] chains are connected with water molecules by hydrogen bonding to form the 3-D framework. In 2, graphite-like {(COOH)3[B(OH)3]2}3– layers composed of HCOO and B(OH)3 groups construct the 3-D framework through the bridging of charge-balance cations K+ loc...

Separation in the BNSR-invariants of the pure braid groups

We inspect the BNSR-invariants Σm(Pn) of the pure braid groups Pn, using Morse theory. The BNS-invariants Σ1 (Pn) were previously computed by Koban, McCammond, and Meier. We prove that for any 3≤m≤n, the inclusion Σm−2 (Pn) ⊆ Σm−3 (Pn) is proper, but Σ∞(Pn) = Σn−2 (Pn). We write down explicit character classes in each relevant Σm−3 (Pn)\Σm−2 (Pn). In particular we get examples of normalsubgroups N ≤ Pn with Pn/N ∼= Z such that N is of type Fm−3 but not Fm−2, for all 3 ≤ m ≤ n.

Polymorphism in chloro derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone: Experiment and density functional theoretic investigations

Molecular interactions underlying polymorphs of chlorine containing 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives have been investigated by employing single crystal X-ray, 1H NMR, FTIR and electronic spectra experiments combined with density functional theory. Two polymorphs of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone possessing (i) triclinic space group P-1(A1 and A3), and (ii) orthorhombic with Pb21a (A2) space group were obtained. The polymorph A3 has two molecules in its asymmetric unit which facilitate CH⋯O interactions engendeing polymeric planar sheets. The two polymorphs of 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone reveal monoclinic forms with Pc (B1) and C2/C (B2) space groups. A tetramer of B2 molecule possess NH⋯O interactions. The polymorphs of 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone crystallizes in monoclinic space groups Pc (C1) and Pn (C2). Polymeric chain of C2 molecules results via OH⋯O interactions and the chains further are connected through CH⋯Cl and π-π stacking interactions those arise from benzenoid and quinonoid centroid. Moreover A3 facilitates the dimer via the halogen bonding interactions. Furthermore hydrogen bonding renders stability to the dimer C2. On the other hand compound B2 does not favor dimer formation. These inferences based on experimental observations are rationalized through the use of the dispersion corrected M06-2x functional based density functional theory. Further time dependent density functional theory has been used to assign the electronic transitions in UV–visible spectra of A3, B2 and C2.

Outstanding laser damage threshold in Li2MnGeS4 and tunable optical nonlinearity in diamond-like semiconductors.

The new Li2MnGeS4 and Li2CoSnS4 compounds result from employing a rational and simple design strategy that guides the discovery of diamond-like semiconductors (DLSs) with wide regions of optical transparency, high laser damage threshold, and efficient second-order optical nonlinearity. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to solve and refine the crystal structures of Li2MnGeS4 and Li2CoSnS4, which crystallize in the noncentrosymmetric space groups Pna21 and Pn, respectively. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXRPD) was used to assess the phase purity, and diffuse reflectance UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy was used to estimate the bandgaps of Li2MnGeS4 (Eg = 3.069(3) eV) and Li2CoSnS4 (Eg = 2.421(3) eV). In comparison with Li2FeGeS4, Li2FeSnS4, and Li2CoSnS4 DLSs, Li2MnGeS4 exhibits the widest region of optical transparency (0.60-25 μm) and phase matchability (≥1.6 μm). All four of the DLSs exhibit second-harmonic generation and are compared with the benchmark NLO material, AgGaSe2. Most remarkably, Li2MnGeS4 does not undergo two- or three-photon absorption upon exposure to a fundamental Nd:YAG beam (λ = 1.064 μm) and exhibits a laser damage threshold > 16 GW/cm(2).

Wound healing using ionic silver dressing and nonocrystalline silver dressing in rats

To investigate the results of the healing process on surgical wounds in the back of Wistar rats using nanocristaline and ionic silver dressing. Sixty rats Wistar were submitted to surgical wounds with punch of 8 mm in diameter. In 30 animals (groups PN - nanocristaline and AD - control) two surgical wounds were done diametrically opposite on the upper back side. On the right side was used nanocristaline (PN) silver dressing and on the left side, distilled water dressing (AD). On the other group of 30 rats, only one wound was made with the punch, on the right side, and was used ionic silver dressing. So, the groups were divided into three subgroups, according to the day of death (7(th), 14(th) and 21(st) day). In each of these days the wounds diameter were measured to evaluate the wound contraction. Microscopic data were analyzed using the H&E staining to verify the inflammatory process and neovascularization. The Masson trichrome staining was used to verify the fibrosis. Macroscopically only the subgroup of 21(st) day showed statistical significance; between the groups AD and PI inflammatory process appeared in the 7(th) day subgroup in 90% of the cases. In neovascularization there was statistical significance between the groups PN and AD in the subgroup of 7(th) day. Fibrosis did not show statistical significance in the studied groups. In relation to wound contraction, PN and PI groups showed better results than the AD group. In regard to histological analysis, H&E staining showed that there was presence of inflammation in all groups, and at the end, the control group (AD) on 7(th) day, was superior to PN and PI groups. In relationship to fibrosis, no differences were obtained among groups.

Reversal of Attitude: The Influence of Counter-Attitudinal Information

Problem statement: Research has shown that both positive and negative information can alter a neutral attitude towards an unknown person, with negative information having, in general, a larger impact. Though this positive-negative asymmetry has received considerable attention, it has, to our knowledge, not been tested in more current and powerful social media, such as youtube. Although attitudes are not fixed, literature on the reversal of a recently established attitude by providing counter-attitudinal information is sparse. Therefore, the main aims of the present study were to examine positve-negative asymmetry in attitude formation using youtube fragments and to test the permanence of the establihed attitude by providing counter-attitudinal information. Approach: A total of 89 persons received either a positively (P) or a negatively (N) valued youtube fragment concerning a neutral target person. Subsequently, half of each group received positive written information (groups PP and NP) regarding the target person; the other half received negative written information (groups PN and NN). Results: The results indicate that it is indeed possible to change a neutral attitude using youtube fragments, with a larger attitude change after negative than positive material. Textual information reversed this attitude, with an equal effect for positive and negative information. Conclusion/Recommendations: It is possible to quickly change an attitude towards a neutral person using youtube fragments, this formed attitude can easily be reversed by providing textual counter-attitudinal information. These findings can contribute to gaining a better understanding of the effect of modern social media on attitude formation and its transiency.

The Effects of Splenectomy and Splenic Autotransplantation on Plasma Lipid Levels

Purpose: Atherosclerosis observations after splenectomy for trauma and hypersplenism suggests a possible role for the spleen in lipid metabolism. The authors examined the effects of splenectomy on serum lipids in rats and also cholesterol-fed rats with experimental atherosclerosis. Methods: This study was designed on rats. The rats were divided into five groups: splenectomy, normal diet (SP-N, n: 8), splenectomy, cholesterol-fed groups (SP-C, n: 8), splenic autotransplantation after splenectomy, normal diet (SA-N, n: 8), splenic autotransplantation after splenectomy, cholesterol-fed groups (SA-C, n: 8) and sham groups (n: 8). Total triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) levels were determined in 40 rats. The rats were classified into five groups based on the surgical procedures. The spleens were removed and then the rats were fed a normal diet in Group SP-N (n = 8). The spleens were removed and then the rats were fed a diet containing 1% cholesterol in Group SP-C (n = 8). Splenectomy and splenic autotransplantations were performed and then the rats were fed a normal diet in Group SA-N (n = 8). Splenectomy and splenic autotransplantations were performed and then the rats were fed a diet containing 1% cholesterol in Group SA-C (n = 8). The rats were sham-operated in the control group (Group S, n = 8). An active splenic function was shown in rats that underwent splenic autotransplantation in both groups by using Technicium 99 m sulphurcolloide sintiscan on day 30. Blood lipid levels were repeated 6 months later. Results: There was no difference between pre- and postoperative lipid levels in the sham group and SA-N group (p >.05). All lipid levels including HDL were increased significantly in SP-C group (p <.05). Also VLDL and total tryglyceride levels were increased significantly in SP-N and SA-C groups (p <.05). Conclusions: This study showed that the spleen might have an important effect on lipid metabolism and splenic autotransplantation may be protective in conditions with increased lipid levels.

Homology of GL n over algebraically closed fields

In this paper we define higher pre-Bloch groups 𝔭n(F) of a field F. When the base field is algebraically closed, we study its connection to the homology of the general linear groups with coefficients in ℤ/l ℤ, where l is a positive integer. As a result of our investigation we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the natural map Hn(GLn−1(F), ℤ/l ℤ) → Hn(GLn(F), ℤ/l ℤ) to be bijective. We prove that this map is bijective for n⩽4. We also demonstrate that a certain property of 𝔭n(ℂ) is equivalent to the validity of the Friedlander–Milnor isomorphism conjecture for (n+1)th homology of GLn(ℂ).

Forensic analysis of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT): implementation of a screening and confirmatory analysis concept is hampered by the lack of CDT isoform standards

The aim of the study was to test combinations of commercially available carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) assays for their usefulness as screening and confirmatory CDT analysis systems. A set of 292 serum samples from routine CDT analysis was analyzed by two assays based on anion-exchanger microcolumn CDT and non-CDT fractionation followed by a turbidimetric immunoassay (ChronAlcoI.D. and %CDT TIA) and a high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line sample preparation (ClinRep CDT on-line). The CDT analysis results were divided into four groups based on the test-specific borderlines of the compared methods: NN with negative CDT results by both tests, PN with positive screening but negative confirmation results, NP with negative screening and positive confirmation results, and PP with positive results by both tests. Regardless of the test combination and whether applying the lower or upper limits of the borderlines, approximately one-third of contradictory (positive screening and negative confirmation or vice versa corresponding to groups PN and NP) were obtained. This was not due to analytical outliers (only 6 of 292 serum samples). Indeed, parametric and non-parametric ANOVA analysis pointed to different calibrations and/or recoveries of the three CDT assays. Our data give again evidence for the urgent need of an international CDT isoform standard material. At this time, we cannot recommend a combination of the three tests for screening and confirmatory analysis in forensic CDT testing.

Effects of intravenous lipid as a source of energy in parenteral nutrition associated hepatic dysfunction and lidocaine elimination: a study using isolated rat liver perfusion

The effects on liver function and hepatic lidocaine elimination using 20% Intralipid as a source of non-protein calories (30%) in parenteral nutrition were studied using an isolated rat liver perfusion procedure. Rats were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: PNL group (n = 6), consisting of 16.94% dextrose, 2.46% Intralipid, and 5.2% amino acids; PN group (n = 5), consisting of 24.2% dextrose and 5.2% amino acids; and CF group (n = 6), chow fed (rat chow and water). The rate of lidocaine metabolism was significantly reduced after 7 d in the two PN treated groups when compared to CF. Steatosis was observed in five out of six PNL treated animals and two out of five PN treated animals. Intrinsic clearance was reduced by 80% in the PNL group and by 60% in the PN animals (p < 0.05). Molar metabolite to drug ratios revealed significant reductions in N-dealkylation, m-hydroxylation, and aryl methyl hydroxylation in groups PNL and PN; these values amounted to 67-92% (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that a dextrose-amino acid solution induced steatosis and reduced the rate of lidocaine metabolism. The incorporation of Intralipid caused further deterioration.

Non-Nilpotent Groups in Which Every Product of Four Elements Can be Reordered

Let G be a group and n(≧ 2) an integer. We say that G belongs to the class of groups Pn if every product of n elements can be reordered, i.e. for all n-tuples , there exists a non-trivial element σ in the symmetric group Σn such that Let P denote the union of the classes Pn, n ≧ 2. Clearly every finite group belongs to P and each class Pn is closed with respect to forming subgroups and factor groups.

Continuation of siegel modular forms to the Siegel-Satake semiplane

With the aid of the continuation of the Siegel modular forms to the Siegel-Satake half-plane one establishes the relation between the Siegel operators and Hecke operators for modular forms with respect to subgroups of finite index of the group Spn(Z).