Group P3 Research Articles

On some decompositions of the 3-strand singular braid group

Let SBn be the singular braid group generated by braid generators σi and singular braid generators τi, 1≤i≤n−1. Let STn denote the group that is the kernel of the homomorphism that maps, for each i, σi to the cyclic permutation (i,i+1) and τi to 1. In this paper we investigate the group ST3. We obtain a presentation for ST3. We prove that ST3 is isomorphic to the singular pure braid group SP3 on 3 strands. We also prove that the group ST3 is semi-direct product of a subgroup H and an infinite cyclic group, where the subgroup H is an HNN-extension of Z2⁎Z2.

The effect of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors on bone healing in mandibular fractures (animal study in rats).

ObjectivesDespite advances in maxillofacial surgery, impaired bone healing remains a concern for surgical teams. Many studies have evaluated the effects of sildenafil and pentoxifylline on bone healing. However, their effects on healing of bone fractures have not been well investigated. This study aimed to assess the effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitors sildenafil and pentoxifylline on healing of mandibular fractures in rats.Materials and MethodsA total of 60 rats were randomly divided into six groups of 10. Mandibular fracture was induced in all rats. After the surgical procedure, group C1 received saline, group S1 received 10 mg/kg sildenafil and group P1 received 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline. The rats were sacrificed after 1 week. Groups C4, S4, and P4 received pharmaceutical therapy as in groups C1, S1, and P1 but were sacrificed after 4 weeks. The samples then underwent histological analysis.ResultsThe mean rate of bone healing of mandibular fractures in groups S1 and P1 was significantly higher than in group C1 at 1 week (P<0.001). The mean rate of bone healing of mandibular fractures in group P1 was higher than in group S1 at 1 week (P=0.04). The mean rate of bone healing of mandibular fractures in groups S4 (P=0.001) and P4 (P=0.004) was significantly higher than in group C4 at 4 weeks, but no significant difference was noted in the rate of healing between groups P4 and S4 (P=0.53).ConclusionSildenafil and pentoxifylline can be used as adjuncts to enhance bone healing in rats.

Tilkerodeite, Pd2HgSe3, a New Platinum-Group Mineral from Tilkerode, Harz Mountains, Germany

Tilkerodeite, ideally Pd2HgSe3, is a new platinum-group selenide from the Eskaborner Stollen (Adit Eskaborn) at Tilkerode, Harz Mountains, Germany. Tilkerodeite crystals occur as euhedral inclusions in tiemannite or as extremely fine-grained lamellar aggregates (grain-size up to 3 μm) in a dolomite–ankerite matrix, together with clausthalite, tiemannite, jacutingaite, stibiopalladinite, and native gold. Neighbouring Se-bearing minerals include tischendorfite and chrisstanleyite. Tilkerodeite is opaque with a metallic luster, and is flexible in blade-like crystals, with perfect basal cleavage {001}. In plane-polarized light, tilkerodeite is brownish-grey. It is weakly bireflectant, and weakly pleochroic in shades of light-brown and grey. The anisotropy is weak, with rotation tints in weak shades of greenish-brown and grey-brown. The range of reflectance is estimated in comparison to clausthalite with 45–50%. Electron-microprobe analyses yield the mean composition (wt. %) Se 32.68, Hg 26.33, Pt 20.62, Pd 15.89, Pb 2.72, Cu 0.66, S 0.27, total 99.17 wt. %. The empirical formula (based on six atoms pfu) is (Pd1.08Pt0.76Pb0.09Cu0.07)Σ2.00Hg0.95(Se2.98S0.07)Σ3.05. The ideal formula is Pd2HgSe3. Tilkerodeite is trigonal, with Pt4Tl2Te6-type structure, space group P3–m1, a = 7.325(9) Å, c = 5.288(6) Å, V = 245.7(9) Å3, and Z = 2. It is the Pd-analogue of jacutingaite. Tilkerodeite formed hydrothermally, possibly involving the alteration of tiemannite by low-temperature oxidizing fluids. The new species has been approved by the IMA-CNMNC (2019-111) and is named after the locality. Tilkerode is the most important selenide-bearing occurrence in Germany and type locality of naumannite, eskebornite, and tischendorfite.

Radical subgroups and the inductive blockwise Alperin weight conditions for $\mathrm{PSp}_4(q)$

We determine explicitly the 2-radical subgroups and their normalizers for the group Sp4(q), where q is odd. We then show that the corresponding simple group PSp4(q) satisfies the inductive blockwise Alperin weight conditions for the prime 2 and odd primes dividing q2−1. When combined with existing literature, this completes the verification that PSp4(q) satisfies the conditions for all primes and all choices of q.

Redesign and Improvement of Pottery Spinner to Increase Worker Producivity

Many small industries produce handicrafts related to art in Bali, one of which is pottery. Pottery is an object made of clay which is formed and then burned to be a unique shape such as: jugs, glassware, cauldron, brazier, piggy bank, and other objects. The process of producing pottery required the complex steps, from preparing clay, printing by turning, drying and burning. The main difficulty of pottery producers is in the process of forming shapes which involved the rotating spinner. Most of small industries still use the manual spin control to rotate clay bucket holder. This research aims to re-design of a rotating spin machine from the existing pottery industries to increase the productivity. The sample was overtaken from 12 craftsmen in Singakerta Village, District of Ubud Gianyar, Bali. Sample P0 was given to craftsmen is still used the old design and P1 was given to sample modified and re-designed the old machine with added automatic control of rotating spinner. Workload is calculated based on the worker's pulse rate which is measured using a pulse meter. Research data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. T-test method was performed to analyzing the differences range between groups P0 and P1 at significance level of 5%. The results showed a workload was decreased from heavy to moderate by 12.09%. Production rate was increased by 282.1%, and productivity increased by 334.6%

Effect of Purple Leaf Extract (Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff) on the Number of Macrophage Cells in Pulp Perforation

Background: Purple leaf (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) is one of Indonesia’s traditional medicinal plants, which has anti-inflammatory properties which is expected to stop the inflammation of the pulp accompanied by perforation. Purpose: To determine the effect of giving purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) to the number of macrophage cells in pulp perforation. Method: The study used 24 Wistar rats divided into four groups, namely control (K), and 3 treatment groups P1, P2, P3. Each group consisted of 6 rats prepared, then P1 was given 10% purple leaf extract, P2 was given 15% purple leaf extract, P3 was given 20% purple leaf extract. On the 3rd day, the Wistar rat was sacrificed and continued with the preparation of HPA. Calculation of the number of macrophages was obtained from the One-way ANOVA test. Results: There were significant differences between the control and treatment groups (K with P1, P2, P3), on the results of the One-way ANOVA difference-result test (p &lt;0.05) Conclusion: Purple leaf extract (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) affected increasing the number of macrophage cells in pulp perforation after the 3rd day of treatment.

Snakehead fish extract as an enhancer of vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide levels in cerebral angiogenesis: an insight of stroke therapy.

Aim To assess the effect of snakehead fish extract administration in angiogenesis focusing on the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO) and VEGF receptor 2(R2) expression is ischemic stroke models. Methods An experimental study was conducted on 5 groups of ischemic stroke rats models: Group K- without carotid artery ligation, Group K+ with artery ligation, Group P1 with artery ligation and administration of 200 mg/day extract, Group P2 with artery ligation and 400 mg/day extract, and Group P3 with artery ligation and 800 mg/day extract. The VEGF expression and NO levels were assessed on day 3. Results Snakehead fish extract significantly increased VEGF levels along with increasing doses, in which the highest VEGF level was observed in P3 group (361.7±40.2; p<0.001). The NO level also increased along with an increasing dose of snakehead fish extract, in which the highest NO level was found in P3 group(59.43±0.88 μmol/gr; p<0.001). The VEGFR2 expression also increased significantly after snakehead extract administration along with increasing doses (p<0.001) in which administration of 800mg extract yielded the highest VEGFR2 expression compared with lower doses (17.7 vs. 15.6; p<0.001) Conclusion Snakehead fish extract administration increased angiogenesis process marked by an increased level of VEGF, NO and VEGFR2 expression in ischemic stroke rat models.

Potensi ekstrak Solanum betaceum terhadap peningkatan sel spermatogenik pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang dipapar timbal asetat

Background : Flavanoids are antioxidants that can prevent the negative effects caused by lead. The flavonoids contained in the Solanum betaceum extract have the potential to prevent the adverse effects of lead on the reproductive tract of rats because it can prevent oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to prove the effect of Solanum betaceum extract on spermatogenic cells of mice exposed to lead acetate. The hypothesis in this study is that there is an effect of the administration of Solanum betaceum extract to an increase in the number of spermatogenic cells of mice (Mus musculus) exposed to lead&#x0D; Method : this type of research was a true experimental laboratory (true experimental), the research design uses a randomized posttest only control group design approach. The total sample of 40 heads was divided into 5 groups. Group K-: control group without the provision of lead acetate and Solanum betaceum extract, group K +: group with 75 mg / KgBB of lead acetate for 32 days, group P1: group of treatment with 75 mg / KgBB of lead acetate extract + Solanum betaceum extract for 31 days + group 100 mg / gBB for 35 days, group P2: treatment group with 75 mg / kg lead acetate for 31 days + Solanum betaceum extract 200 mg / KgBB for 35 days, and group P3: treatment group with 75 mg lead acetate KgBB for 31 days + Solanum betaceum extract 400 mg / gBB for 35 days..&#x0D; Results : The mean ± standard deviation of the highest cell spermatogenic was highest 2107.88±78.70.Conclusion : The administration of Solanum betaceum extract can increase the thickness of the seminiferous tubules epithelium and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules in rats (Mus musculus) which are exposed to lead acetat.

6. In Vitro Insecticidal Activities of Ethanol Extract of Neem Leaves Against Heterodoxus Spiniger Lice In Dogs

Heterodoxus spiniger is a chewing lice that have been reported to infest dogs and cats. This ectoparasite is haematophagous and as an intermediate host in transmission of cysticercoids and egg of nematode worms. This study aims to determine the in vitro insecticidal activity of ethanol extract of neem leaf (Azadirachta indica) against H. spiniger. A total of 250 H. spiniger were divided into five groups with five replications, namely: P0 as a negative control group given placebo, P1 as a positive control group given deltamethrin 0.5EC 0.05%, and groups P2, P3 and P4 were given ethanol extract of neem leaves with concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10%. In each test, 10 lice samples were put into a petridish with a cotton swab that had been sprayed with the solution of each treatment, then the lice were treated again with fine spray evenly. The results showed that the in vitro ethanol extract of neem leaves had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the mortality of H. spiniger. The best results are shown at 5% concentration which is capable of killing 100% of lice in 30 minutes. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of neem leaf has insecticidal activity against H. spiniger.

POTENSI KANDUNGAN ANTIOKSIDAN RUMPUT KEBAR (Biophytum Petersianum Klotzsch) TERHADAP APOPTOSIS DAN GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGIS TESTIS PADA MENCIT (MUS MUSCULUS) YANG DIPAPAR 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most toxic compound in the dioxin group. This compound is a pollutant for the environment and very harmful to human health and enter the body through the mucous membranes in the mouth and the respiratory tract and can be transmitted through the placenta and lactation. The aim of this study was to know the antioxidantpotency of to resolve reproduction disturbance caused by TCDD exposure.Thirty Balb/C male mice were divided into five different groups, the negative control group, a positive control group exposed to TCDD at a dose of 7 μg/kg BW, P1 group of groups exposed to TCDD doses of 7 μg / kg BW and given Biophytum petersianum extract 0.05mg/gBB/day, group P2 group exposed to TCDD doses of 7μg/kgBW and given 0.080mg/gBB/day, and group P3 were exposed to TCDD dose of 7μg/kgBB and given the extract of Biophytum petersianum 0.135mg/gBB/day during day 2 to day 55. On the 56th day the mice were sacrificed and apoptotic examination and spermatogenic cell histopathological features were performed on the testis. The results showed that: P2 (0,433 ± 0,497; p&lt;0,05) and P3 (0,200 ± 0,000 p&lt;0,05) groups were the most effective group in decreasing spermatogenic cell apoptosis compared to positive control group (2,933 ± 1,5832 p&lt;0,05). The Johnsen score result showed that P2 (9,400 ± 0,420) and P3 (9,800 ± 0,253) groups improving the histopathologic picture of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules compared to positive control group (7,20 ± 0,400) p&lt;0,05. Conclusion of this study were Biophytum petersianum is effective to solve reproduction disturbances caused by exposure of TCDD and the P3 group is the most effective group.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF RAT (Rattus norvegicus) DUE TO ADMINISTRATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF SOURSOP FLOWERS (Annona muricata L.) AND Salmonella enteritidis INFECTION

This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of soursop flower extract (Annona muricata L.) and hematological profile of rats (Rattus norvegicus) due to administration of soursop flower ethanol extract and Salmonella enteritidis infection. The concentrations of soursop flower ethanol extract used for the antibacterial activity test were 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, with the antibiotic ampicillin 10 μg/disk was used s a positive control (PC) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 10% as a negative control (NC). For examination of hematological features, 15 male rat aged two months were used. All rats were divided into 5 treatment groups, each consisting of three rats. The NC group was not given soursop flower ethanol extract and S. enteritidis infection. The PC group was not given soursop flower extract but was given S. enteritidis infection. Groups P1, P2, and P3 were given ethanol extracts of soursop flower at a dose of 0.18, 0.36, and 0.72 g/rat/day peroral for a week using gastric sonde. On the following day (after administration of soursop flower extract) the first blood drawing was performed. All rats, except NC group, were then infected with S. enteritidis intraperitonially at dose of 3x108 CFU/mL dose (0.5 mL McFarland). One week after being infected with S. enteritidis, a second blood drawing was performed. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that there was no antibacterial activity was observed since no inhibition at various concentrations was formed. The administration of soursop flower extract at various dosage levels was able to maintain the number of leukocytes but reduced the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and the number of platelets in rats; whereas S. enteritidis infection decreased all the hematologic features of lab rats.

Parameters used in the control of ventricular rate in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation

Purpose. To analyze the possibility of using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hsTnI), N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), tissue hemodynamics parameters, echocardiographic data and the quality of life for selection of the individual regimen for ventricular rate (VR) control drug therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods. The study included 120 patients aged &gt;60 years old with the diagnosis of permanent AF, who gave the informed consent. Patients were randomized into 2 groups according to the target range of VR at rest: 60-79 bpm (first group, n=60) and 80-100 bpm (second group, n=60). Patients in both groups were prescribed a selective beta1 -adrenoceptors blocker bisoprolol for VR control. The following parameters were determined before randomization and after 6 months of VR control in the target ranges: atrial and ventricular remodeling with transthoracic echocardiography; biochemical markers hsTnI and NT-proBNP; the tissue hemodynamics by the mean flow velocity (Vm) and the value of the pulsatility index (PI) using high-frequency ultrasound Doppler flowmetry; the patients’ quality of life with the “Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-life (AFEQT) Questionnaire” and the “EQ-5D-5L” system with a scale EQ-VAS.Results. VR at rest after 6 months was 70±3 and 88±4 bpm (p1, p2˂0.001) in the first and second groups, respectively (p1 - comparing the initial and achieved values, p2 - values of the first and second groups). The level of hsTnI significantly decreased in both groups, but it was more pronounced in the 60-79 bpm range group (p˂0.001). Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the degree of decrease in VR and decrease in the level of hsTnI were 0.45 (p˂0.001) and 0.44 (p˂0.001) in the first and second groups, respectively. AFEQT and EQ VAS scores of quality of life improved after 6 months in both groups: the increase in the total AFEQT score in the first group -56.2±17.0% (M±SD), in the second - 42.6±15.3% (p˂0.001); EQ VAS values also increased, but differences between groups were not significant (p=0.078). In both the first and second groups, a strong positive correlation was found between the degree of decrease in VR and increase in the total score of the AFEQT questionnaire. The tendency toward an increase in Vm and a decrease in PI observed in both groups was more pronounced in the group with VR of 80-100 bpm, where Vm increased by more than 10% (p1, p2˂0.001). Changes in NT-proBNP under the influence of therapy for the reported observation period did not reach statistical significance in both groups (p1 =0.092, p2 =0.063). There was no significant dynamics of echocardiographic parameters of myocardial remodeling.Conclusion. The degree of chronic myocardial damage caused by arrhythmia (estimated by hsTnI), as well as the tissue hemodynamic parameters Vm and PI, can be the basis for individualized selection of the target VR range. This approach will allow to find a balance between cardioprotection and improvement of tissue blood flow. In creating the algorithm of selecting the target VR for patients older than 60 years with permanent AF, it is advisable to use such parameter as the degree of the initial VR change and quality of life data from the “AFEQT Questionnaire”.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MINYAK IKAN GINDARA (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) TERHADAP KADAR KOLESTEROL HDL TIKUS PUTIH HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA

Gindara fish oil contains several active ingredients that are thought to increase HDL cholesterol levels in the blood. The increase in HDL cholesterol levels is caused by gindara fish oil containing ɷ-3, ɷ-6, and ɷ-9. Gindara fish oil content is around 12-20% of body weight. A study was conducted to determine the effect of Gindara fish oil (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) on HDL cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic white mice fed high-fat feed. This research was conducted experimentally using 25 male white rats (Rattus novergicus, L.), aged 2-3 months with a weight of 150-200 g, which were divided into 5 random treatment groups, namely the K1 group (normal control) were fed standard, the K2 group (positive control) was given high-fat feed for 7 days, while the P1, P2, and P3 groups were given orally gindara fish oil at a dose of 54mg / 200gBB / day, 108mg / 200gBB / day, 216mg / 200g BW / day. Each treatment consisted of 5 mice which were examined 3 times the HDL cholesterol level by the CHOD-PAP method. Data obtained from the examination were analyzed using the Crucial Wallis test p &lt;0.05 followed by a post hoct test. with Mann-Whitney. Research Results P1, P2, and P3 groups were significantly different from K1 (p = 0.008). Groups P1, P2, and P3 were significantly different from K2 (p = 0.008). Gindara fish oil with a dose of 54mg / 200g BW / day, 108mg / 200g BW / day, 216mg / 200g BW / day each can increase HDL cholesterol levels by 38% or 15.09 mg / dl, 50% or 25.92 mg / dl, and 59% or 34.51 mg / dl.

The effect of laparoscopy on mast cell degranulation and mesothelium thickness in rats

BackgroundLaparoscopy induces adhesion due to ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the detail pathomechanism is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of laparoscopy on mast cell and mesothelium morphological changes in the rat.MethodsForty-nine males of Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus were divided into four groups: a) control and b) intervention groups P1, P2, and P3 that underwent 60 min laparoscopic using carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation at 8, 10, and 12 mmHg groups, respectively. Serum hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were determined 24 h after laparoscopy. Histopathological analyses of mast cell infiltration and degranulation and mesothelium thickness in the liver, greater omentum, mesenterium, small intestine, and peritoneum were performed 7 days after the procedure.ResultsH2O2, MDA, and OSI levels were significantly increased in the intervention groups compared with the control (p<0.05), while the SOD and CAT levels were decreased in the intervention groups compared with the control (p<0.05). Mast cell infiltration and degranulation were higher in the intervention groups than in control (p<0.05), while the mesothelium thickness was significantly lower in the laparoscopic groups than in control (p<0.05). Interestingly, the decrease in mesothelium thickness was strongly associated with the increase in mast cell infiltration and degranulation (p<0.01).ConclusionsOur study shows that laparoscopy in rats increases mast cell infiltration and degranulation, which also results in and correlates with a decrease in mesothelial thickness.

The Effect of Isotoma longiflora Leaves Extract to The Cornea Neovascularization of Wistar Rats Chemical Trauma Model

Eye chemical trauma was an eye trauma caused by a substance with a pH&lt;7 (acid) and pH&gt;7 (alkali). Chemical trauma can be caused by pesticides. In Indonesia, 78.9% of farmers had eye complaints due to pesticides exposure. The occurrence of alkali chemical trauma of eye could cause cornea neovascularization (CNV). Alkali chemical trauma caused intense inflammation resulting a vascularization of the cornea that was supposed to be avascular. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of Isotoma longiflora leaves extract the cornea neovascularization of wistar rats chemical trauma model. This research used true experimental design method with post-test only controlled group design. The sample of this study were 30 male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into six groups, 1 positive control group (dexamethasone 0.1%), 1 negative control group (DMSO 0,1%), and 4 treatment groups of Isotoma longiflora leaves extract (0.25 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml). The result of Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's test showed that p&gt;0.05 that means the data was normally distributed and has the same variant. One Way ANOVA test results obtained significant differences between groups on the 7th day (p=0.001). The result of Post Hoc LSD test showed that group P3 and P4 were significantly different to negative control, P1 and P2 groups. P3 and P4 groups with 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml Isotoma longiflora leaves extract could inhibit cornea neovascularization.

Comparison of the postoperative stability after repositioning of the maxilla with Le Fort I osteotomy using four- versus two-plate fixation

IntroductionLe Fort I osteotomy procedures requires miniplates fixation in both the aperture piriformis and zygomaticomaxillary buttress. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the postoperative stability of the Le Fort I osteotomy using four-plate versus two-plate fixation. Material and methodsThis study involved 39 Class III patients who underwent one-piece Le Fort I osteotomy with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. In group I, four miniplates were placed at the apertura piriformis and the zygomaticomaxillary buttress, whereas, in group II, fixation was achieved with two miniplates bilaterally placed at the piriform apertura with no posterior fixation. Linear and angular measurements included maxillary sagittal and vertical positions. The primary outcome of this study was stability, as recorded by lateral cephalometric measurements of the preoperative, immediately postoperative and late postoperative periods. ResultsSignificant immediate postsurgical changes were found in both groups. In the late postoperative cephalometric measurements, all skeletal parameters showed significant stability in groups I and II. In terms of vertical and sagittal relapse, there was no significant difference between the four-plate and two-plate groups (p1=0.686 and p2=0.513, respectively). ConclusionA good postoperative stability can be obtained with a two-plate fixation after one-piece Le Fort I osteotomy.

Ru‐Catalyzed Sequential Dehydrogenative Friedlander Reaction/sp3 C–H Activation/Knovenagel Condensation in the Regioselective Synthesis of Chimanine B Analogues

Choline chloride (ChCl) based deep eutectic solvent (DES), facilitated the regioselective synthesis of (E)‐1‐(4‐phenyl‐2‐styrylquinolin‐3‐yl)ethan‐1‐one (4), and (E)‐3‐phenyl‐1‐(4‐phenyl‐2‐((E)‐styryl)quinolin‐3‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones, (5) from the corresponding 2‐amino‐5‐chloro benzhydrol, (1) in one‐pot strategy. The 2‐methyl‐3‐acetylquinoline generated in situ from the 2‐amino‐5‐chloro benzhydrol, (1) and acetyl acetone, (2) via dehydrogenative Friedlander reaction in DES could enable subsequent regio‐selective C‐2 methyl group sp3 C–H activation and rapid alkenylation with alcohols, (3) to provide the desired (E)‐2‐styrylquinolin‐3‐yl)ethan‐1‐ones, 4 in short reaction time and high yields and purity. Likewise, through the simultaneous C‐2 and C‐3 sp3 C–H activation with aromatic alcohols, (3) the (E)‐2‐styrylquinolin‐3‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones, (5) formation was carried out in DES in high yields and purity. The physicochemical properties viz., UV/Vis, and fluorescence studies of the synthesized compounds were investigated. The absorption and emission properties of these luminophores are attributable to the presence of auxochromes in the 6‐position of quinoline moiety, styryl‐functional group at the 2‐position, and the enone group at 3‐position.

Antidiabetic effect of Psychotria malayana Jack in induced type 1 diabetic rat

Background: Therapies for hyperglycemic treatment, including insulin and oral diabetes medications, have been confirmed to cause several side effects. Thus, finding new drugs with fewer side effects is of high importance. Salung leaf herb (Psychotria malayana Jack) reported used in traditional societies as a treatment for diabetes. However, the scientific proof of this plant for diabetes treatment is still lacking.Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the P. malayana jack in induced type 1 diabetic rats by assessing blood glucose level and pancreatic cells in white rats.Methods: Alloxan used to induce type I diabetes. Rats randomly divided into six groups. A Group P1 received 250 mg/kg BW; group P2 received 500 mg/kg BW, group P3 received 1000 mg/kg BW. While group 4 basal received no treatment, group 5 received distilled water as a negative control, and group 6 received glibenclamide as a positive control. Medications are given for six days. Glucose levels were measured, and observation of pancreatic Langerhans cell damages.Results: A decrease in blood glucose levels observed in all treatment groups. The most significant reduction (49.76%; 1000 mg/kg BW) occurred in the P3 group. Morphological features of pancreatic Langerhans cell damage were slightly high in the P1 group.Conclusion: P. malayana Jack can consider having an antidiabetic effect in a type 1 diabetic rat by reducing blood glucose levels.

THE The Effect of Green Tea Infusion (Camellia sinensis) on Histopathology of White Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Liver Sprague dawley Strain Induced by Ethanol

Aims: This research aims to determine the effect of green tea infusion (Camellia sinensis) on the hitopathology of white rat liver induced by ethanol.&#x0D; Method: This study used 30 rats divided into 5 groups as follow negative control group (K1) given aquades, positive control group (K2) given 20% 2 mL/day peroral, treatment group 1, 2, 3 (P1, P2, P3) given 20% ethanol 2 mL/day peroral followed by green tea infusion with doses 0,375 g/day, 0,75 g/day, and 1,5 g/day single dose per oral for 14 days. The the liver of the rat is taken for microscopic examination. The mean Manja Roenigk scores obtained were K1=1,16, K2=3,36, P1=2,8, P2=2,68, and P3=2,56. Data were tested with the Kruskal-wallis test followed by Mann whitney’s post hoc test.&#x0D; Results: The results showed a significant mean difference between positive group (K2) and the treatment group P1, P2, and P3. There is no significant mean difference between P1-P2, P1-P3, and P2-P3 which means giving green tea infusion (Cameliia sinensis) in P2 and P3 gave almost the same effect as P1.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is an effect of giving green tea infusion (Camellia sinensis) to the histopathology of white rat liver induced by ethanol.&#x0D; Keywords: antioxidants, ethanol, green tea infusion, liver histopathology.

Uji Zona Hambat Kombinasi Ekstrak Bawang Putih (Allium sativum) dan Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli bacteria is the most common cause of gastroenteritis (diarrhea), urinary tract infections (UTI), food poisoning, and other clinical problems such as neonatal miningitis. Garlic (Allium sativum) and Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) are plants that have antimicrobial properties, which can be used against bacteria such as E. Coli. This study was conducted to determine the inhibition zone combination of garlic extract (Allium sativum) and Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) against gram negative bacteria E. Coli. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, and has been ethically feasible. This study was divided into 4 groups with replications 6 times each; group P0 (sterile distilled water), P1 (50% garlic + 25% noni fruit), P2 (50% garlic + 50% noni fruit), P3 (50% garlic + 75% noni fruit). Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA test. The analysis results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone formed was the largest in group P1 (10.7 mm) and the smallest in group P0 (0 mm), while in P2 (9.89 mm), and P3 (9.77 mm). Based on the analysis test, the higher the concentration of noni fruit given to the extract combination resulted in the smaller diameter of the inhibition zone. This occurs due to the combination of garlic and Noni fruit has an antagonistic effect that depend on bacterial species, temperature, pH, chemical structure, chemical reactions, and concentrations or doses of antimicrobial compounds. The results also showed that there was no significant difference between group P1 and group P2, group P1 with group P3 and group P2 with group P3 showing p-value&gt; 0.005.