Groups Of Common Carp Research Articles

Multi-Omics Data Reveal Amino Acids Related Genes in the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

Amino acids have important physiological effects on fish growth and development and are essential nutrition for humans. Flavor-related amino acids, such as glutamic acid and glycine, could have a significant effect on the taste of fish flesh. However, studies on the genetic mechanisms of amino acid metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are still limited. This study identified divergent patterns on the genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic levels in two groups of common carp with different amino acid contents. After genome-wide association analysis, a total of 62 genes was found to be associated with glycine, proline and tyrosine content. Transcriptome analysis of essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids and flavor-related amino acids were performed using brain, liver and muscle tissues, resulting in 1643 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing identified 3108 genes with differentially methylated promoters (DMPs). After the enrichment analysis, a series of pathways associated with amino acid metabolism, including growth regulation, lipid metabolism and the citrate cycle, was revealed. Integrated studies showed a strong correlation between DEGs and DMPs for amino acid contents in brain and muscle tissues. These multi-omics data revealed candidate genes and pathways related to amino acid metabolism in C. carpio.

Molecular characterization of a new IgZ3 subclass in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and comparative expression analysis of IgH transcripts during larvae development

BackgroundImmunoglobulins (Igs) distributed among systemic immune tissues and mucosal immune tissues play important roles in protecting teleosts from infections in the pathogen-rich aquatic environment. Teleost IgZ/IgT subclasses with different tissue expression patterns may have different immune functions.ResultsIn the present study, a novel secreted IgZ heavy chain gene was cloned and characterized in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This gene exhibited a different tissue-specific expression profile than the reported genes IgZ1 and IgZ2. The obtained IgZ-like subclass gene designated CcIgZ3, had a complete open reading frame contained 1650 bp encoding a protein of 549 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CcIgZ3 was grouped with carp IgZ2 and was in the same branch as IgZ/IgT genes of other teleosts. Basal expression detection of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) in healthy adult common carp showed that CcIgZ3 transcripts were widely expressed in systemic immune tissues and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. CcIgZ3 was expressed at the highest levels in the head kidneys, gills, and gonads, followed by the spleen, hindgut, oral epithelium, liver, brain, muscle, foregut, and blood; it was expressed at a very low level in the skin. The transcript expression of CcIgZ3 in leukocytes isolated from peripheral blood cells was significantly higher than that in leukocytes isolated from the spleen. Different groups of common carp were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila via intraperitoneal injection or immersion. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that significant differences in CcIgZ3 mRNA levels existed between the immersion and injection groups in all the examined tissues, including the head kidney, spleen, liver, and hindgut; in particular, the CcIgZ3 mRNA level in the hindgut was higher in the immersion group than in the injection group. The different routes of A. hydrophila exposure in common carp had milder effects on the IgM response than on the CcIgZ3 response. Further study of the relative expression of the IgH gene during the development of common carp showed that the tissue-specific expression profile of CcIgZ3 was very different from those of other genes. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the CcIgZ3 mRNA level increased gradually in common carp during the early larval development stage from 1 day post fertilization (dpf) to 31 dpf with a dynamic tendency similar to those of IgZ1 and IgZ2, and IgM was the dominant Ig with obviously elevated abundance. Analyses of the tissue-specific expression of IgHs in common carp at 65 dpf showed that CcIgZ3 was expressed at mucosal sites, including both the hindgut and gill; in contrast, IgZ1 was preferentially expressed in the hindgut, and IgZ2 was preferentially expressed in the gill. In addition to RT-qPCR analysis, in situ hybridization was performed to detect CcIgZ3-expressing cells and IgM-expressing cells. The results showed that CcIgZ3 and IgM transcripts were detectable in the spleens, gills, and hindguts of common carp at 65 dpf.ConclusionsThese results reveal that CcIgZ3 gene transcripts are expressed in common carp during developmental stage not only in systemic tissues but also in mucosal tissues. CcIgZ3 expression can be induced in immune tissues by A. hydrophila challenge via immersion and intraperitoneal injection with significantly different expression profiles, which indicates that CcIgZ3 is involved in the antimicrobial immune response and might play an important role in gut mucosal immunity.

Growth Performance and Feed Efficiency Assessment of Two Groups of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Cultivated in Iraq

Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the growth performance and feed efficiency of two groups, old (H1) and new (H2) of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. (97.37+0.33 g). Fishes of the H1 introduced to Iraq in 1982 and then their reproduction and farming began on a large scale, while fishes of the H2 was introduced to Iraq in 2009 by Inmaa Agricultural Enterprises Organization. H2 group indicated significantly (p<0.05) better performance in several studied parameters which included specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), total apparent digestibility and apparent digestibility of protein and carbohydrates. This group also recorded significant (p<0.05) lower feed satiation level and fat deposited in the body compared to the old group (H1). Results of the current experiment concluded that there is a clear higher efficiency of the group H2 in most studied growth and feed efficiency parameters, which indicates the possibility of obtaining higher productivity and better economic profits when used in farming activities.

The Effect of Vitamin C on Lead-induced Plasma BiochemicalAlterations in Fish, Cyprinus carpio

Background: This study was conducted to investigate whether vitamin C can protect against plasma biochemical changes induced by lead poisoning in Cyprinus carpio. Methods: Three groups of common carp (n=30/group) were used in this study. Group 1 served as control, Group 2 was exposed to lead acetate (5 mg/L) for 15 days, and Group 3 received vitamin C (500 mg/kg) during the same duration of lead exposure. Results: The blood lead concentrations in Groups 2 and 3 showed a significant rise as compared to that in the control group (p<0.05). Also, the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased considerably following in groups exposed to lead acetate, compared to that in controls. Vitamin C supplementation decreased the rise in plasma MDA insignificantly, compared that in Group 2. The plasma values of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in Group 2 compared to that in controls. Also, vitamin C treatment significantly decreased plasma ALT and creatinine concentrations, compared to those in Group 2. Values of other plasma parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gammaglutamyl transferase, albumin, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and triglyceride showed no significant alterations among the treatment groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that vitamin C have some beneficial effects against lead toxicity in common carp. However, elucidation of the precise mechanism of the protective effects of vitamin C against lead toxicity warrants further investigations

Growth Performance, Body Composition and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) Fry Fed on Soybean and Horse Gram Supplemented diets

An equal mixture of soybean and horse gram flour was added to the - traditional carp diet (a mixture of 1:1 rice bran and oilcake in powder form) and fed to triplicate groups of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) fry at 10, 20, 30% inclusion levels. Traditional feed mixture without supplementation served as the control diet. All the diets were provided in pellet form to the fish reared in out door cement tanks for 90 days. The test diets significantly (P<0.05) improved fish growth. Survival of fish ranged from 80 to 87.5%. Net fish production was the highest with the 30% inclusion diet. Carcass protein and lipid levels were significantly higher in fish fed the test diets. Activity of digestive enzymes was also affected by the test diets.

Microsatellite-centromere mapping in common carp through half-tetrad analysis in diploid meiogynogenetic families.

Gene-centromere (G-C) mapping provides insights into the understanding of the composition, structure, and evolution of vertebrate genomes. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important aquaculture fish and has been proposed to undertake tetraploidization. In this study, we selected 214 informative microsatellite markers across 50 linkage groups of a common carp genetic map to perform gene-centromere mapping using half-tetrad analysis. A total of199 microsatellites were segregated under the Mendelian expectations in at least one of the three gynogenetic families and were used for G-C distance estimation. The G-C recombination frequency (y) ranged from 0 to 0.99 (0.43 on average), corresponding to a fixation index (F) of 0.57 after one generation of gynogenesis. Large y values for some loci together with significant correlation between G-C distances and genetic linkage map distances suggested the presence of high interference in common carp. Under the assumption of complete interference, 50 centromeres were localized onto corresponding linkage groups (LGs) of common carp, with G-C distances of centromere-linked markers per LG ranging from 0 to 10.3cM (2.9cM on average). Based on the information for centromere positions, we proposed a chromosome formula of 2n = 100 = 58m/sm + 42t/st with 158 chromosome arms for common carp, which was similar to a study observed by cytogenetic method. The examination of crossover distributions along 10 LGs revealed that the proportion of crossover chromatids was overall higher than that of non-crossover chromatids in gynogenetic progenies, indicating high recombination levels across most LGs. Comparative genomics analyses suggested that the chromosomes of common carp have undergone extensive rearrangement after genome duplication. This study would be valuable to elucidate the mechanism of genome evolution and integrate physical and genetic maps in common carp.

GUSTATORY RESPONSE OF COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO TO VARIABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF TWO STIMULATORY AMINO ACIDS

Common carp possesses a highly evolved gustatory system that is stimulated by a narrow range of free amino acids including L-cysteine and L-proline. A synergetic effect on the gustatory response of a combination of these two substances has not previously been demonstrated. In this study, groups of common carp were randomly presented with different concentrations of L-cysteine (0-0.1 M) and L-proline (0-0.05 M) in agar pellets in one minute trials. First retention duration, total retention duration during each trial and the number of ingestions (pellet acceptances) were recorded for each of a total of 690 trials. Palatability, pellet consumption rate and average pellet acceptances were calculated for each pellet type. It was shown that L-cysteine was more highly stimulatory than L-proline but no synergism between the two regarding the gustatory response was observed. The results are relevant for the formulation of aquafeeds and angling baits for carp.

Generalization and discrimination of positive and negative acoustic stimuli in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Groups of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were trained for 33 days to discriminate between two acoustic signals differing in frequency and temporal pattern. One signal (positive stimulus) was reinforced by food, while the other (negative stimulus) was not rewarded. When exposed to 3 positive and 3 negative stimuli per day (training Paradigm 1) the fish responded similarly to the two signals. When daily negative stimuli outnumbered positive stimuli (3 positive and 33 negative, training Paradigm 2) the fish responded similarly to the two signals for the first 2 weeks and then began to discriminate between them. Discriminatory response was statistically significant from Day 21 of training. After 33 days, training was switched from Paradigm 2 to Paradigm 1 and the fish maintained their discriminatory capability. The results are interpreted in terms of anticipatory frustration and risk management.

Chemical Composition of Fillets of Mirror Crossbreds Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

This paper presents the results of a study dealing with chemical composition of fillets and fatty acid composition (saturated fatty acid: SFA, monounsaturated fatty acid: MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid: PUFA) of lipids. Three groups of the mirror hybrid carp in age of three years: M2 × L15 – the Hungarian Szarvas mirror carp (M2) and the Hungarian hybrid mirror strain (L15), M2 × DOR 70 (the Israeli breed - DOR70), M2 × M72 (Northern mirror carp - M72) were compared with: the pure breed M2 and scaly hybrid ROP × TAT – the Ropsha (ROP) and the Tata (TAT) carp. ROP × TAT hybrid fillets contained (in g·kg-1) more (P&lt; 0.01) dry matter (283.1 ± 23.87) and lipids (99.3 ± 30.60). Fat in all of the monitored carp groups was made up of more than 50% of MUFA (from 51 to 64%), 25 - 29% of SFA and 10 - 22% of PUFA. Fillets of mirror hybrids M2 × DOR70, M2 × M72 and breed M2 contained less lipids (P&lt; 0.01), less MUFAsum(P&lt; 0.01), particularly less oleic acid (C18:1n-9), and more PUFAn-3(P&lt; 0.01), more eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenic acid (C22:6n-3). The differences in fatty acid profile can be related to the different genetic effects of different groups of common carp.

Use of Quick Lime (CaO) as a Means to Reduce Cadmium Toxicity in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio

Static bioassays were made in the laboratory and in outdoor vats with two groups of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, one pre-exposed to 100 mg/L quick lime (CaO) for 4 days and another without pre-exposure. Exposure of fish to 2.5-mg/L cadmium (Cd) for 96 hours resulted in a decrease in the feeding rate and weight gain of the fish not pre-exposed to CaO. In contrast, these parameters and respiratory rate were increased in fish pre-exposed to CaO with subsequent Cd exposure. Fish pre-exposed to CaO and then subjected to chronic exposure to Cd (2.5 mg/L) for 90 days also showed an increase in activity and growth compared to fish not pre-exposed to quick lime. Pre-expo-sure to CaO also significantly reduced tissue concentrations of Cd.

Ectoparasitic protozoa fauna of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) caught in the Sinop region of Turkey

The ectoparasitic protozoan fauna resident on farmed and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from two localities in the Sinop region of Turkey were investigated during the period June 1994–May 1995. Following the investigation of 125 common carp, Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961, Trichodina mutabilis Kazubski and Migala, 1968, Trichodina nigra Lom, 1960, Trichodinella subtilis Lom, 1959, Apiosoma piscicola Blanchard, 1885 and one Epistylis species were identified. The prevalence (%) and mean intensity levels of the parasites found were recorded monthly and in different fish length groups of common carp. Trichodina mutabilis, Trichodinella subtilis and Apiosoma piscicola represent new parasite records for Turkey, with Trichodina acuta being tentatively suggested as a new parasite record.

Alterations to the swimming performance of carp, Cyprinus carpio, as a result of temperature acclimation

Groups of common carp were acclimated to either 10°C or 28°C for 6 weeks. Fish were then exercised at 10°C or 20°C, and the critical swimming speed (fatigue velocity) was measured. At 10°C, cold‐acclimated carp were capable of significantly higher swimming speeds. When exercised at 20°C. however, the situation was reversed, and warm‐acclimated carp exhibited improved swimming ability. These results provide direct evidence that acclimation of the contractile proteins is beneficial across a wide temperature range. Following acclimation to low environmental temperatures the critical swimming speed exhibited a Q10 of only 1.1 for the temperature range 10–20°C. compared to a value of 2.9 for fish acclimated to the higher temperature.