Group In Peru Research Articles

Sedimentology, geochronology and provenance of the late Permian and Triassic Mitu Group in Peru—The evolution of continental facies along a transform margin

AbstractIn the late Permian and Triassic, the continental Mitu Group formed in extensional basins along the length of the Cordillera Oriental and Altiplano of present‐day Peru. Given the presence of coeval arc systems only in northern Chile and southern Ecuador but not in Peru the tectonic setting of the Mitu basin has been interpreted variably as orthogonal continental rift, sinistral transtensional rift, aulacogen and back‐arc basin. The Mitu Group comprises continental mass flow and alluvial fan, fluvial, aeolian and minor lacustrian facies and hosts thick piles of subalkaline and alkaline intermediate and felsic ignimbrites and mafic lavas. The age of the Mitu Group had originally been established as ranging from the Late Permian to the late Triassic on the basis of structural considerations and scarce biostratigraphic data. Recently, U–Pb zircon ages from ignimbrites and sedimentary rocks have been taken to constrain the Mitu Group to the Middle and Late Triassic. We performed a sedimentological, heavy mineral, and zircon geochronological and Lu‐Hf isotope study of the Mitu Group in 14 sections mainly in southern and central Peru, and one section in northern Peru. Ten new U–Pb concordia ages on ignimbrites intercalated in the Mitu Group successions offer a new robust stratigraphic framework and constrain the stratigraphy of the Mitu Group between 260 and 205 Ma. In combination with maximum likelihood ages of deposition derived from detrital zircon, U–Pb geochronology places the deposition of the Mitu Group between ca. 270 and 194 Ma (lower Guadalupian into the Sinemurian). Detrital zircon U–Pb age distributions and heavy mineral assemblages reflect a strongly recycled Precambrian Amazonian and Palaeozoic proto‐Andean provenance. The Palaeozoic detrital age patterns are highly variable, and temporally and spatially random. A local provenance can generally not be identified. εHf(t) values in zircon obtained from ignimbrites and sedimentary rocks indicate variable degrees of crustal recycling. In the course of the Palaeozoic, εHf(t) values become on average progressively less negative, with a large proportion particularly of Mitu age zircons' εHf(t) values encompassing less evolved and moderately juvenile compositions. Along strike of the basin stratigraphic thicknesses, and rates and times of accumulation vary strongly with larger thicknesses and rates being registered in southern Peru. This suggests that the Mitu basin had been divided into a number of subbasins with individual histories of subsidence, accumulation, and volcanism. Absent a magmatic arc, late Permian–Triassic Peru evolved in a sinistral plate tectonic and regional framework expressed particularly in the sinistral Late Gondwanide orogeny predating the Mitu Group. We interpret that a sinistral transform fault linked the subduction zones in southern Ecuador and northern Chile and that the Mitu Group basin has formed by sinistral transtensional and transpressional movements along a related transcurrent fault inboard of the transform margin. In the broader framework of the accretionary Terra Australis orogen along the western Gondwana margin, this interpretation fits its evolution in the Andean segment in an internally consistent way.

A Rapid Ethnography to Inform a Biobehavioural HIV Preventions Study Among Venezuelan Migrant Sex Workers in Peru: A Protocol of Formative Multidisciplinary Methods

The Venezuelan refugee crisis has triggered Latin America’s largest mass migration, displacing over a fifth of the country’s population. A significant number of migrants have sought refuge in neighboring countries like Peru. Within this context, Venezuelan migrants confront an array of vulnerabilities, including xenophobia and economic hardship, which have compelled some to sex work for their livelihoods. Venezuelan sex workers (VSWs) in Peru face amplified challenges, including heightened risks for HIV and sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) and exposure to various forms of violence. Addressing the urgent need to comprehend and enhance HIV and STBBI preventive services tailored to this marginalized group in Peru’s capital is paramount. Our biobehavioural HIV prevention study combines sequential mixed methods: we start with a rapid ethnography, followed by semi-structured interviews and finally incorporate cross-sectional surveys with HIV and STBBI testing. The present study protocol presents the integrated and initial rapid ethnographic component of the study which explores the dynamics of street-based sex work in Lima and the sociocultural narratives surrounding VSWs. Data collection will involve systematic fieldnote taking including non-person photos during in-person and virtual participant observation. This comprehensive approach will provide a nuanced understanding of the complex landscape of sex work and HIV/STBBI vulnerabilities among VSWs in Lima. The rapid ethnography endeavors to offer valuable insights that can underpin evidence-based healthcare interventions, specifically tailored to cater to the unique requirements of this marginalized population.

Women’s solidarity as feminism in action: the concept of sisterhood (sororidad) in #LasRespondonas, a Facebook group in Peru

ABSTRACT Women in Peru are exposed on a daily basis to gender violence and exclusion. Several feminist groups have used social media to share information, debate, denounce, organize, and provide help to victims. This study analyzes the meaning of female solidarity, sisterhood or sororidad (using the Spanish term), as a feminist political concept among members of one feminist Facebook group. We reviewed how various feminist and sisterhood concepts are clustered together in group communications by analyzing publications and comments and even interviewing key current and former group members. We find the concept of sororidad to be central to feminist practice as it is a bridge between theory and politics. Moreover, it is viewed as a kind of ‘internal repertoire’ of the feminist movement, as a way to interact with other movement members (or comrades, partners, or sisters).

"I want to be there for my children": fatherhood, diabetes and temporality among Peruvian men.

Living with a chronic condition is a challenging experience, as it can disrupt your capacity to function and fulfill social roles such as being a father. Fatherhood constitutes an important component of masculinity that has not received significant attention in studies aimed at understanding the role of gender norms in health-related behaviors. Fatherhood refers to the set of social expectations placed on men to provide, protect, and care for those considered his children. Our paper aims to show the importance of understanding men's perspectives around fatherhood and its relevance for staying healthy. In-depth semi-structured interviews with men living with Type 2 diabetes in Peru to explore their experiences with diabetes management. Eighteen Peruvian men, diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes for at least one year and with ages between 27 and 59 years old were interviewed. They had an average of three children each and were all insured under the national insurance plan aimed at low-income groups in Peru. Their accounts described their concern of not being able to fulfill their roles as fathers as a result of their condition. They mentioned the importance of being physically and emotionally present in the lives of their children, taking care of them, and being an example. These concerns varied depending on the age of their children: those with younger children were more preoccupied with ensuring they stayed healthy. Temporality provides a relevant analytical approach to understand the interplay of fatherhood and motivation for diabetes management. Our study advances the research around the intersection between health and gender norms and argues that a more nuanced understanding of the construction of masculinity and the relevance of fatherhood in the lives of men could be useful to design and identify better health promotion strategies tailored to men with diabetes.

Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

We present a synopsis of the species of the genus Epidendrum belonging to Soratae subgroup, Scabrum group in Peru. Information on their distribution, elevation ranges, phenology, and conservation status in Peru is provided. For this purpose, we conducted a review of herbarium plant material, the AMO-DATA herbarium database, and the original publications of the species. We recorded 27 species with the greatest species richness in the eastern cordillera from north to south and the highest concentration of endemic species in the central region of the Peruvian Andes. Epidendrum centralense is described and illustrated as a new species and compared with Epidendrum soratae, which is the closest species. The new species differs mainly in the color of the flowers that are green-brown with an irregular red brown tinge, the length and shape of the leaves that are 2.0–2.5 cm long, lanceolate, obtuse, the cuniculus forming a small vesicle in the pedicel, and the size and shape of the lip that is 3.1–4 × 5 mm, transversely reniform and apically obtuse. The new species represents an important record for the flora associated with the high elevation Andean Forest of Polylepis from central Peru. We provide a key to the Peruvian members of Epidendrum belonging to the Soratae subgroup.

57-Year-Old Man With Headache, Vomiting, and Gait Instability

57-Year-Old Man With Headache, Vomiting, and Gait Instability

Facing Change: Gender and Climate Change Attitudes Worldwide

Gender differences in concern about climate change are highly correlated with economic development: when countries are wealthier, a gap emerges whereby women are more likely than men to express concern about our changing climate. These differences stem from cross-national variation in men’s attitudes. Men, more than women, tend to be less concerned about climate change when countries are wealthier. This article develops a new theory about the perceived costs and benefits of climate mitigation policy to explain this pattern. At the country level, the perceived benefits of mitigation tend to decrease with economic development, whereas the perceived costs increase. At the individual level, the perceived costs of mitigation tend to increase with economic development for men more than for women. Evidence from existing surveys from every world region, an original 10-country survey in the Americas and Europe, and focus groups in Peru and the United States support the theory.

Abstract 3673: Socioeconomic disparities and the genomic landscape of gastric cancer

Abstract Background: Gastric cancer is a malignancy of diverse etiology and exposition to risk factors may vary in distinct socioeconomic (SE) groups. Our aim was to compare the landscape of genomic alterations in malignant gastric tumors between different socioeconomic groups in Peru. Methods: We conducted a preliminary prospective study in one private clinic and two public hospitals in Lima and Ica (Peru). We evaluated 20 patients with gastric carcinomas, 10 of which were classified as low SE status (LSE) and 10 as medium/high SE status (MHSE), according to the Peruvian Association of Market Intelligence Companies (APEIM) classification system. We conducted a comprehensive genomic profiling of gastric tumors with the FoundationOne CDx platform. We compared rates of alterations in single nucleotide variants, copy number variations, tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, and pathways altered. Results: In our cohort, the mean age at diagnosis was 67.5 yo vs 61 yo, while 40% vs 55.6% were male patients, for LSE vs MHSE, respectively. We found alterations in driver genes in 19 patients (10 LSE and 9 MHSE). Histological analysis of the tumor samples revealed a higher proportion of intestinal histology in the LSE group (80%) compared to MHSE (55.6%). On the other hand, the diffuse subtype pattern was more prevalent in the MHSE group (33%) compared to LSE (20%). One case of mixed histology was observed in the high SE group. Both LSE and HMSE showed a similar distribution of Bormann Classification/type, where most of the samples were of class III/IV (75%) followed by class I/II (25%). Furthermore, genomic profiling analysis showed 45 driver alterations in LSE, while only 25 alterations were detected in MHSE. the most frequently altered genes were TP53 and KRAS in both SE groups, but with a higher incidence in LSE (60% and 20%, respectively). Components of the MAPK pathway were altered in 50% vs 33.3%, while the DNA repair pathway was altered in 20% vs 11%, in LSE vs MHSE, respectively. The PI3K/Akt pathway was altered in only one case of LSE. Median of tumor mutation burden was 6.1Mut/Mb in LSE vs 5.3Mut/Mb MHSE. Only one case with microsatellite instability was found in LSE. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of this preliminary study, we observed some differences in the genomic background between patients from different socioeconomic groups. Therefore, the need of a thorough diagnosis approach that leads to the use of a comprehensive treatment that includes targeted therapy and immunotherapy could be different based on the SE status of the patient. Further research on this topic will be necessary. Citation Format: Daniel Zanabria, Marco Galvez-Nino, Cristina Eunbee Cho, Williams Fajardo, Luis Saravia, Jhajaira Araujo, Alejandro Alfaro, Lidia Quispe, Melanie Cornejo, Paula Medina, Junior Carbajal, Paola Montenegro, Alejandra Zevallos, Alfredo Aguilar, Joseph A. Pinto. Socioeconomic disparities and the genomic landscape of gastric cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3673.

Reflections on Peruvian Textile Traditions: A Living Heritage exhibit

The purpose of the exhibit Peruvian Textile Traditions: A Living Heritage was to showcase Peruvian dress and textile arts by conveying their significance and associated meanings to two ethnic groups in Peru: the Quechua people from the Andes Mountains and the Shipibo-Conibo from the Amazon rainforest. Textiles and dress have played uniquely important political, social and religious roles over thousands of years and continue to communicate and produce meanings through fibre, cloth and garments. The exhibit featured nineteen handmade textiles and six Peruvian ethnic dress ensembles, organized into three main vignettes: dresses, Andean and Shipibo-Conibo textiles. While exploring the exhibit’s content and cultural legacy, this article also reflects on the importance of showcasing diverse cultural heritage as a way to build more inclusive universities, communities and museum spaces.

Psychometric properties of a scale of attitudes toward musical genres linked to social groups in Peru

The present research seeks to develop a scale that can measure attitudes toward different musical expressions representative of different social groups, such as the Andean and Afro-Peruvian groups. The participants were 312 individuals between 18 and 83 years of age ( M = 32.42, SD = 14.97), and the majority had no professional musical knowledge. First, Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed using the Unweighted Least Squares as the extraction method and using Oblimin rotation for the Andean and Afro-Peruvian musical genres. An identical factorial structure with two dimensions was found for both musical genres, obtaining optimal reliability according to Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. This similarity was verified by performing an invariance analysis, obtaining evidence that the proposed scale can be used regardless of the musical genre. Furthermore, correlation analyses were performed between the dimensions of the attitudes scale and variables such as stereotypes (toward the Andean and Afro-Peruvian social groups) and conservative ideology; the results provided evidence of discriminant validity. Finally, comparisons were made between musicians and non-musicians using the same dimensions of the attitude scale as evidence for criterion validity. The results are discussed based on scale’s optimal psychometric functioning, as well as its implications at the level of intergroup dynamics.

Telemedicine in Peru as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspective from a Country with Limited Internet Access.

.The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the worldwide implementation of telemedicine because of the need for medical care for patients, especially those with chronic diseases. This perspective paper presents the current situation of telemedicine in Peru, showing advances in regulation, cases of successful implementation, and the current challenges. Access to health should be available to all, and more efforts need to be implemented to offer access to the internet to achieve high-quality telemedicine to all the vulnerable groups in Peru.

32. Risk Factors for Vertical Transmission of t. Cruzi infection in an Endemic Setting

Members of the Chagas Disease Working Group in Peru and Bolivia includeEdith Hinojosa, Clariza Chavez, Jean Karla Velarde, Carla Chavarria, Victoria Serrudo, Roberto Araya, Alcides Buitron, Rita Mendieta, Holger Mayta, Maritza Calderon, Holger Mayta and Yagahira Castro.BackgroundVertical transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection accounts for a growing proportion of new cases of Chagas disease. Congenital infection is curable if treated promptly, but the majority of infected infants do not receive timely diagnosis or treatment. Better risk stratification is needed to predict which women are more likely to transmit the infection.MethodsThis study enrolled women who presented for delivery and their infants at the Percy Boland Women’s Hospital in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Pregnant women were screened for Chagas disease by rapid test. The infants of seropositive mothers underwent diagnostic testing with microscopy (“micromethod”) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as newborns and at one- and nine-month follow-up. Mothers completed surveys about demographics and medical history.ResultsAmong 5,828 enrolled women, 1,271 (21.8%) screened positive for Chagas disease. Of the 1,325 infants of seropositive mothers, 113 (8.5%) were diagnosed with congenital Chagas disease by microscopy or qPCR. Cesarean delivery was significantly associated with lower odds of vertical transmission (adjusted OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41–0.98, p=0.040). Congenital infection was more common in twins (adjusted OR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.97–5.54, p< 0.001) and male infants (adjusted OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.01–1.22, p=0.045).ConclusionOur findings suggest that Cesarean delivery may be protective against vertical transmission of T. cruzi, while twins and male infants may have an increased risk. A better understanding of risk stratification for congenital Chagas disease may help improve regional initiatives to reduce disease burden.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Traditional Use of Banisteriopsis caapi Alone and Its Application in a Context of Drug Addiction Therapy

ABSTRACT Takiwasi is a therapeutic community for the treatment of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) that combines traditional Amazonian medicine (TAM) with modern psychotherapy. One of the plant medicines from TAM used in this protocol is purgahuasca. It is a decoction of the vine Banisteriopsis caapi alone, whose use is traditional among the Awajún and other ethnic groups in Peru. The research began with a field trip to Awajún territory to explore the indigenous use of purgahuasca as an initiation rite. Then, analysis of its application was conducted in the clinical context of Takiwasi. Open-ended and semi-structured interviews with Awajún informants and Takiwasi’s therapeutic staff were performed and analyzed following the narrative methodological approach. Further clinical data on the ingestion of purgahuasca by Takiwasi’s SUD patients were obtained from the internal repository. These indicate that 359 (92.1%) patients reported having had the so-called mareación (dizziness), 299 (76.7%) experienced physical sensations, and 208 (53.3%) had visions. These effects can be related to the psychoactivity of β-Carbolines alkaloids from B. caapi, a medicinal plant that seems to have potential benefits also for SUD, especially giving a key contribution to the patients’ therapeutic process of becoming aware of the personal reasons behind addictive behaviors.

Associations between maternal social capital and infant birth weight in three developing countries: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis of Young Lives data

ObjectiveTo explore how three indicators of social capital (ie, group membership, social support and cognitive social capital and specific types within each type) are associated with infant birth weight.Study design...

Reconsidering the taxonomy of thePithecia irrorataspecies group (Primates: Pitheciidae)

The number of Pithecia species has considerably increased in recent years. In the first comprehensive taxonomic revision for the genus, five species were recognized, among these, Pithecia irrorata, with two subspecies: P. irrorata irrorata and P. irrorata vanzolinii. These subspecies were elevated to full species in the most recent taxonomic revision of the genus, which was based primarily on pelage color. Additionally, it was proposed that P. irrorata was a group of undescribed species, and three additional species were described from P. irrorata: P. mittermeieri, P. rylandsi, and P. pissinattii. However, diagnoses and geographic distributions are not well defined for the species proposed, bringing confusion to subsequent studies. To address the current hypothesis on the species diversity in the P. irrorata species group, we conducted comparative analyses using the same source of evidence: pelage color variation. Material analyzed includes specimens throughout the distribution of the group in Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Based on our results, we recognize two groups that are morphologically diagnosable and correspond to geographically isolated populations. The senior names available for these groups are P. irrorata and P. vanzolinii. We recognize P. mittermeieri, P. rylandsi, and P. pissinattii as junior synonyms of P. irrorata. We also discuss some taxonomic inaccuracies regarding the type localities and type material for the senior and junior names, provide synonymy lists based on extensive literature review, and provide distribution maps for the valid species we recognized.

Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the El Oro Metamorphic Complex, Ecuador: Geodynamic implications for the evolution of the western Gondwana margin

The El Oro Metamorphic Complex (EOMC) in SW Ecuador has been the subject of debate for several decades. While previous studies have focused on the metamorphic and deformation history of the complex to determine its geodynamic evolution, the pre-metamorphic history and its association to units in the north-central Andes remains poorly understood. Here we present a U-Pb detrital zircon provenance study to provide insights into the depositional history and the geodynamic setting of the EOMC. Our results imply that the southern portion of the EOMC (the Tahuín division) is composed of an older Palaeozoic (pre-Famatinian) sequence in the south (El Tigre unit; c. 525-510 Ma), and younger Palaeozoic (post-Famatinian) sediments in the central and northern parts of the Tahuín division (La Victoria and La Bocana units; c. 370-360 Ma). The provenance of the sedimentary sequences correlates with autochthonous post-Famatinian units (440–340 Ma) in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru and the southern Cordillera Real of Ecuador. Importantly, our data provide evidence for a genetic link between the northernmost (the Birón Complex) and the southern (La Victoria and La Bocana units) sequences of the EOMC. Post-Famatinian sediments were identified in the Birón Complex (Palenque Mélange division; c. 400-390 Ma) and are derived from the same sedimentary sources as the sediments of the southern EOMC. The depositional range of post-Famatinian sediments in the EOMC is therefore constrained to c. 400-360 Ma. Furthermore, we identified a Middle to Upper Triassic sedimentary sequence in the Birón Complex (Limón Playa unit; c. 240-215 Ma) that likely developed contemporaneously with c. 240–217 Ma syn-rift continental epiclastics of the Mitu Group in Peru. Combined, these new detrital zircon data demonstrate that the existing lithostratigraphic scheme is erroneous and that three temporally distinct sequences are present in the complex, with the oldest units in the south and the youngest in the north. Separation of the southern EOMC (the Tahuín division) from the autochthonous Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes was likely due to a change in the regional subduction direction from SE to ENE at c. 140Ma, with the southern EOMC rotating in a clockwise direction into its present-day E–W orientation. This rotation also could have been a response to the first accretion of proto-Caribbean terranes, such as the Alao–Quebradagrande terrane at c. 120 Ma, with a maximum age for rotation constrained by the earliest sediments (Early (?) to Middle Albian, c. 113-105 Ma) arriving into the Celica-Lancones Basin, which unconformably overlie the Tahuín Group in the southern EOMC.

Sexual health knowledge and practices and STI/HIV prevalence among long-distance truck drivers in Peru.

Objectives:HIV and other sexually transmitted infections remain a challenge globally and many key groups have yet to be studied. Evidence shows that truck drivers may have high-risk behaviors and higher sexually transmitted infection/HIV prevalence because they are a highly mobile population. However, there is little to no information on this group in Peru. Therefore, we explored the sexual health knowledge and practices and carried out sexually transmitted infection/HIV testing among male truck drivers and their assistants in Peru.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing cell phone-based behavioral surveys and sexually transmitted infection testing, including HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, with truck drivers and their assistants who were traveling on two major international highways in Peru.Results:A total of 1150 truck drivers and assistants participated. Participants were middle-aged men (average age = 39.8 years), 96.0% had complete secondary education, 78.4% were in stable relationships, and 88.7% earned more than minimum wage. The majority were aware of sexually transmitted infections/HIV, but very few recognized sexually transmitted infection symptoms. Few participants (under 5%) reported recent sexually transmitted infection symptoms. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections was also low: no one had gonorrhea; 0.1% had HIV; 0.4% had recent syphilis infection (rapid plasma reagin ≥1:8); and 2.0% had chlamydia. The prevalence of these diseases is not different from that of the general population in Peru.Conclusion:When compared to other truck drivers worldwide, Peruvian truck drivers appear to have a lower risk of HIV/sexually transmitted infections. This may be since Peruvian drivers are older, more educated, have higher income, and spend fewer days away from home than their peers globally.

Demographic and health attributes of the Nahua, initial contact population of the Peruvian Amazon.

We present the case of the Nahua population of Santa Rosa de Serjali, Peruvian Amazon's population, considered of initial contact. This population consists of human groups that for a long time decided to live in isolation, but lately have begun living a more sedentary lifestyle and in contact with Western populations. There are two fully identified initial contact groups in Peru: the Nahua and the Nanti. The health statistics of the Nahua are scarce. This study offers an interpretation of demographic and epidemiological indicators of the Nahua people, trying to identify if a certain degree of health vulnerability exists. We performed a cross sectional study, and after analyzing their health indicators, as well as the supplemental qualitative analysis of the population, brought us to conclude that in 2006, the Nahua, remained in a state of health vulnerability.

Genetic characterization of 27 Y-STR loci in the native population of Ashaninka from Peru

The South American country of Peru is composed by a highly admixed population, with Native American, European and African genetic contributions. Some Native American groups in Peru underwent low admixture with Europeans or Africans and they have kept much of their culture and their original language. In this work we have studied one of these groups called Ashaninka, for the 27 Y chromosome specific STR loci that were included in the recently released YFiler Plus kit. The samples have been collected from 58 unrelated males belonging to 41 different communities located in the margins of the Amazonian rivers Pichis and Palcazú, in the district of Puerto Bermúdez, Pasco region, Peru. A high Y-STR haplotype diversity was found (1.0000±0.0022) with all haplotypes being unique in the studied sample. Two markers that usually present a high diversity in European populations showed very low values of diversity in the Ashaninka Native Americans, namely the DYS635 (Het=0.2263) and DYS437 (Het=0.1325). On the other hand, the DYS438 showed a much higher diversity in Ashaninka (Het=0.6582) group than that usually found in European populations. Apart from the multi-loci markers DYS385 and DYF387S1, more than one allele was also observed in one sample for DYS518 locus. This study represents the first report of haplotype frequencies for the YFiler Plus markers’ set in a Native American population, showing a high diversity of haplotypes and, therefore, demonstrating their usefulness in forensic identification cases.

Genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein E in a Peruvian population

To determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the APOE gene in a sample of a population group in Peru. Cross-sectional analytic study in 189 apparently healthy volunteers, workers of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas in Lima, Perú, divided into 5 groups by birth department and two generations ancestry. Genomic DNA was amplified using PCR-RFLP. The resulting fragments were detected by 12 % polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ε3 allele is the most frequent in all the groups (93.9 %), with low ε4 (5 %) and ε2 (1.1 %) allele frequencies. The analysis of heterozygosity (H) for each group displays intermediate diversity between 10 and 20%. Population genetic diversity (Ht) and diversity within populations (Hs) are 14.43 % and 14.31% respectively, suggesting genetic proximity between the studied groups for the ApoE polymorphism. Allele frequencies of the ApoE gene found show that allele ε3 has one of the highest frequencies and ε4 allele one of the lowest compared to other population groups in the world, with possible implications in the risk of neurological, cardiovascular and other diseases in our country.