Leaf Extract Group Research Articles

Antibacterial activity of jamblang leaf ethanol extract (Syzygium cumini) against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes

Background: Propionibacterium acnes is a bacterium found on the skin that plays a significant role in acne vulgaris. The inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to resistance, necessitating the search for alternative therapies from plants with high antibacterial potential. One such plant is jamblang (Syzygium cumini), which has demonstrated antibacterial properties. Objective: This research aims to test the antibacterial activity of jamblang leaf extract against the growth of P. acnes. Method: The study employed an experimental design with a posttest-only control group design. The treatment groups consisted of a positive control (clindamycin), a negative control (sterile distilled water), and jamblang leaf extract groups with concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25% (n=4). Data analysis was conducted using the One-Way ANOVA statistical test. Results: The jamblang leaf extract exhibited antibacterial potential against the growth of P. acnes. The extract showed strong antibacterial activity at concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%, and moderate antibacterial activity at a concentration of 6.25%. Conclusion: This suggests that jamblang leaf extract could be a promising alternative therapy for treating acne vulgaris, offering a natural solution to combat antibiotic resistance.

Investigation of cytogenetic, electrophoretic, histopathological and biochemical effects of walnut (juglans regia l.) Leaf extract in rats experimentally induced diabetes by streptozotocin

In this study, the effects of Juglans regia L. (JR) leaf extract on histological damage and cytogenetic, electrophoretic, and biochemical parameters in the liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats were investigated. In the study, 60 male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were separated into six groups. According to sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) data, it was determined that there were increases and decreases in different serum protein expressions because of the treatment of JR leaf extract in the diabetes group. In the kidney tissue of the diabetes group, an increase in volume in the glomeruli and narrowing of the Bowman's space as well as thickening of the walls of tubules were detected. Vacuolization and shedding were observed in the epithelial cells of tubules in the cortical regions in kidney. In diabetic + JR extract groups administered JR leaf extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, serum AST and ALT levels were reduced compared to the diabetic group. Diabetic rats' livers showed spotted necrosis and fibrosis in the portal area, biliary tract proliferation, mild inflammation, increased vascularization, unicellular necrosis in hepatocytes, and sinusoidal dilatation. The JR leaf extract group did not exhibit these problems. JR leaf extract influences reducing hepatotoxic and oxidative damage due to diabetes and increasing the level of antioxidant enzymes. As a result, it was concluded that the application of JR leaf extract may have a protective effect against damage caused by diabetes.

Attenuation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by Ocimum gratissimum leaf flavonoid-rich extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats

Diabetes is a group of medical conditions characterized by the body's inability to effectively control blood glucose levels, due to either insufficient insulin synthesis in type 1 diabetes or inadequate insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. According to this research, the PI3K/AKT pathway of Ocimum gratissimum leaf flavonoid-rich extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was studied. We purchased and used a total of forty (40) male Wistar rats for the study. We divided the animals into five (5) different groups: normal control (Group A), diabetic control (Group B), low dose (150 mg/kg body weight) of Ocimum gratissimum flavonoid-rich leaf extract (LDOGFL) (Group C), high dose (300 mg/kg body weight) of Ocimum gratissimum flavonoid-rich leaf extract (HDOGFL) (Group D), and 200 mg/kg of metformin (MET) (Group E). Streptozotocin induced all groups except Group A, which serves as the normal control group. The experiment lasted for 21 days, following which we sacrificed the animals and harvested their brains for biochemical analysis on the 22nd day. We carried out an analysis that included reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione transferases (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), along with GLUT4, MDA, pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO, neurotransmitters, cholinergic enzyme activities, cardiolipin, and the gene expression of PI3K/AKT. The obtained result indicates that the flavonoid-rich extracts of O. gratissimum significantly enhanced the levels of GSH, GST, CAT, GPx, and SOD, as well as GLUT4 and cardiolipin. The levels of GSH, GST, CAT, GPx, and SOD, as well as GLUT4 and cardiolipin, were significantly increased by gratissimum. Moreover, the extracts decrease the levels of MDA, pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO, neurotransmitters, and cholinergic enzyme activities. Additionally, the flavonoid-rich extracts of O. gratissimum significantly improved the AKT and PI3K gene expressions in diabetic rats. gratissimum had their AKT and PI3K gene expressions significantly (p < 0.05) improved. The findings indicate that O. gratissimum leaf flavonoids have the potential to treat diabetes mellitus. gratissimum leaf flavonoids possess therapeutic potential in themselves and can be applied in the management of diabetes mellitus. Although further analysis can be carried out in terms of isolating, profiling, or purifying the active compounds present in the plant's extract.

Fabrication of cellulose-based antimicrobial films integrated with in situ synthesized silver nanoparticles using Psidium guajava leaf extract

Cellulose-based antibacterial nanocomposite films were prepared by adding silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized in situ using a guava leaf extract. The nanocomposite films were synthesized using the solution casting method and characterized by analytical methods. The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of the carbonyl groups of guava leaf extract and hydroxyl groups of cellulose in the in situ synthesized AgNPs. The XRD analysis confirmed the AgNPs in the nanocomposites. SEM analysis revealed the presence of spherical AgNPs in the size range of 60-90 nm. The addition of AgNPs increased the tensile strength and thermal stability of composites. In addition, the cellulose-based nanocomposite film wasn’t showed very significant antibacterial activity against various foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the prepared cellulose/AgNPs nanocomposite film is eco-friendly and exhibits excellent tensile strength and thermal stability along with a wide range of antimicrobial activity, so it is considered to be suitable for biomedical and food packaging applications.

Biochemical and Histoarchitectural evaluation of 4-Vinylcyclohexane induced ovarian cancer against Alpinia purpurata (Vieill). K. Schum

ObjectiveAlpinia purpurata is being studied for its potential to treat various conditions, including diabetes, arthritis, and tuberculosis. This research explores the impact of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill). K. Schum on ovarian cancer induced by 4-vinyl cyclohexane in Wistar albino rats. Materials and methodsFive sets of 100–120 g Wistar albino rats were assembled. Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received intraperitoneal injection of 4-vinyl cyclohexane (80 mg/kg) for one month. Group 3 Treated similarly to Group 2 subsequently for the next two months treated with oral administration of A. purpurata ethyl acetate leaf extract (200 mg/kg body weight) Group 4 Treated similarly to Group subsequently for the next two months treated with Standard Drug Cisplatin (5 mg/kg body weight) weekly twice intraperitoneally. Group 5 acquired daily oral A. purpurata leaf extract (200 mg/kg) for two months. The rats were euthanized after the experiment under light chloroform anesthesia. Ovary and liver samples were obtained for lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidants, membrane-bound enzymes, tumor indicators, and histological investigation. ResultsOver a 60-day period, rats were given an ethyl acetate extract of A. purpurata at a dose of 200 mg/kg, which lead to in a substantial (p < 0.05) increase in body protein content, as well as enzyme levels. Furthermore, the use of the ethyl acetate extract significantly (p < 0.05) recovered the altered lipid peroxidation activities in the ovarian tissues of both control and experimental rats to near-normal levels. These data imply that the extract has the capacity to quench free radicals, indicating possible anticancer effects. ConclusionThe results suggested that, the ethyl acetate extract of A. purpurata exhibited significant antitumor activity against 4-vinyl cyclohexane induced ovarian cancer bearing rats.

Metabolomic Comparison of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaf Extracts Fermented by Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Their Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities.

Probiotic fermentation of plant-based materials can lead to the generation of various bioactive substances via bacterial metabolites and the biotransformation of phenolic compounds. We compared the metabolic differences between fermentation by Limosilactobacillus fermentum KCTC15072BP (LFG) and fermentation by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KGMB00831 (LPG) in guava leaf extract (0%, 0.5%, and 2% (w/v))-supplemented medium via non-targeted metabolite profiling. By performing multivariate statistical analysis and comparing the different guava leaf extract groups, 21 guava-derived and 30 bacterial metabolites were identified. The contents of guava-derived glucogallin, gallic acid, and sugar alcohols were significantly higher in LFG than they were in LPG. Similarly, significantly higher contents of guava-derived pyrogallol, vanillic acid, naringenin, phloretin, and aromatic amino acid catabolites were obtained with LPG than with LFG. LFG led to significantly higher antioxidant activities than LPG, while LPG led to significantly higher antiglycation activity than LFG. Interestingly, the fermentation-induced increase in the guava-leaf-extract-supplemented group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Thus, the increased bioactivity induced by guava fermentation with the Lactobacillaceae strain may be influenced by the synergistic effects between microbial metabolites and plant-derived compounds. Overall, examining the metabolic changes in plant-based food fermentation by differentiating the origin of metabolites provides a better understanding of food fermentation.

Safety of Oral Carica papaya L. Leaf 10% Ethanolic Extract for Acute and Chronic Toxicity Tests in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Carica papaya L. leaves, traditionally utilized in dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals, exhibit a broad spectrum of potentially therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and wound healing properties. This study examined the acute and chronic toxicity of 10% ethanolic-extracted C. papaya leaf in Sprague Dawley rats. The acute toxicity assessment was a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight, while the chronic toxicity assessment included daily oral doses of 100, 400, 1000, and 5000 mg/kg over 180 days. Systematic monitoring covered a range of physiological and behavioral parameters, including body and organ weights. End-point evaluations encompassed hematological and biochemical analyses, along with gross and histopathological examinations of internal organs. Findings revealed no acute toxicity in the C. papaya leaf extract group, although a significant decrease in uterine weight was observed without accompanying histopathology abnormalities. In the chronic toxicity assessment, no statistically significant differences between the control and the C. papaya leaf extract groups were detected across multiple measures, including behavioral, physiological, and hematological indices. Importantly, histopathological examination corroborated the absence of any tissue abnormalities. The study results indicate that C. papaya leaf extract exhibited no adverse effects on the rats during the 180-day oral administration period, affirming its potential safety for prolonged usage.

Effect of Moringa Oleifera leaves powder on hemoglobin level in second-trimester pregnant women of Karachi, Pakistan.

Background: Anemia, particularly iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy, has substantial implications for maternal health and fetal growth. Moringa leaves are known to be rich in iron and may offer a dietary solution to combat anemia in pregnant women. However, evidence on the association between fresh Moringa leaf consumption and maternal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy is lacking. Hence, this study aims to assess the impact of Moringa Oleifera leaf powder supplementation on hemoglobin levels during the second trimester of pregnancy in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Koohi Goth Women's Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from November 2021 to May 2023. The study involved 200 pregnant women who consumed fresh Moringa leaves and 200 non-consumers. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, and hemoglobin levels were measured using HemoCue Hb 301. Results: The demographic characteristics of the study participants were analyzed, revealing that most participants in both groups were between 20 and 30 years old. Additionally, most participants in both groups were pregnant for the first time. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured across trimesters, with the Moringa leaf extract group showing levels of 9.43 ± 0.62 g/dL in the first trimester, 8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL in the second trimester, and 9.09 ± 1.04 g/dL in the third trimester. The folic iron group exhibited a higher increase in hemoglobin concentration (10.14 ± 0.91 g/dL) compared to the Moringa leaf extract group (8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL), but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, iron-rich foods such as Moringa leaves and iron tablets are recommended to enhance hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.

Effects of Laurus nobilis Leaf Extract on Healing of Experimentally Induced Wounds in Rabbits.

Wound or injury can be defined as partial or complete separation of the skin, while the healing of the wounds is defined as the sequences of processes by which the skin heals and returns to its normal appearance. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Laurus nobilis leaf extracts on the healing of open wounds in rabbits. Twenty-four healthy rabbits were used, divided randomly into control and treated groups, each consisting of 12 rabbits. The rabbits were caused to experience circular wound defects (2.5 cm) in diameter. All animals in the control (C) group were left without treatment while those in the Laurus nobilis leaf extract group were treated with drops of the aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis in a dose of 200 mg/kg per day for 20 days. The results of macroscopic observation revealed that all animals in both groups showed equitable viability and good appetite, no mortality occurred, and no signs of infection. In the group with the Laurus nobilis extract, we noticed a significant improvement in wound-healing activity and a reduction in the wound area at p ≤ 0.05 compared with the C group. Histopathological results at the end of the study show that the thick epidermal layer covers a mass of granulation with congested blood vessels and the dermis transforms into a denser layer gradually due to the improvements of the cellularity in the C group and also revealed a well-formed skin appearance, widespread of collagen, and fibrosis within the dermis with an appearance near the normal dermis in the group treated with Laurus nobilis leaf extract. In conclusion, the results confirmed that using Laurus nobilis methanolic extract solution in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg promotes healing of open wounds in rabbits.

Combination effectiveness of glucomannan and moringa oleifera leaf extract on lipid profil of hypercholesterolemia rats

cholesterol levels in the blood. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of glucomannan (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) and Moringa oleifera leaf extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats. This research design used True experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The animal used in this study was 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 8 weeks divided into 2 control groups and 6 treatment groups of glucomannan and Moringa oleifera leaf extract. The results of this study showed that there were significant changes in TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels (p&lt;0.05). It can be concluded that the combination of glucomannan (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) and Moringa oleifera leaf extract can change the lipid profile effectively in the P5 (80mg/kgBW GAmB: 120mg/kgBW MoEL) and P4 (120mg/kgBW GAmB:80mg/kgBW MoEL ) as the most influential group in reducing TG, TC, LDL-C levels and increasing HDL-C levels.

Antioxidant activity of roots, stems, and leaves Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.: an experimental study

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tooth extraction is an action that will leave scars where the procedure is conducted. Post-extraction wounds will heal after going through 4 complex healing phases. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a role in wound healing, where antioxidants become substances that can control ROS levels in the body. Spatholobus littoralis Hassk., which comes from Central Kalimantan, has benefits in the wound healing phase. The aim of study was to analyze the effectiveness of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk., extracts on antioxidant activity. Methods: The type of research was an in vitro laboratory experimental study. Extracts of roots, stems, and leaves of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. DPPH 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical as negative control, and Vitamin C as positive control were tested for antioxidants by using DPPH solution. Tests using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 517 nm were conducted after each sample was incubated for 30 minutes. Then, It would be calculated to determine the percentage of inhibition and IC50 of each sample. Data analysis used in this research was One-way ANOVA. Results: One-way ANOVA test showed no significant differences in the root extract, DPPH, and vitamin C groups; besides, there were significant differences in the stem and leaf extract groups. In the post hoc Tukey test, a concentration of 2500 ppm in stem extract was the most effective concentration, and a concentration of 2000 ppm in leaf extract was the most effective, with IC50 values from lowest to highest: stem extract (9.46), vitamin C (11.52), root extract (23.86), leaf extract (47.71), and DPPH (1660710) Conclusion: Extract of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. has antioxidant activity, with the highest antioxidant activity in Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. stem extract, the most effective concentration is at 2500 ppm.Keywords: DPPH, reactive oxygen species, spatholobus littoralis Hassk.

Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Tamarind Leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) Against the Inhibitory Power of Escherichia coli Bacteria

Tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) contain compounds including saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. The content of tannin compounds in tamarind leaf extract (Tamarindus indica L.) is known to be used as an antidiarrheal bioagent. This study aims to identify antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria based on the potential of tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) as an anti-diarrheal bioagent. The design of this research is an experimental laboratory with randomized group design. The samples in this study were divided into 2 control groups, namely negative control (sterile aquades), positive control (ampiciilin), and 3 treatment groups, namely old and young tamarind leaf extract groups with each concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the number of samples for each treatment group as much as 3. Test the effectiveness of antimicrobials using the solid dilution method. The effectiveness of antimicrobials is demonstrated by the large diameter of the inhibitor on Muller Hilton Agar media. The results showed that the inhibitory power of young tamarind leaf extract ranged from 13.8 mm to 14.9 mm, while the inhibitory power of old tamarind leaf extract ranged from 10.7 mm to 11.9 mm, so that the inhibitory power of young tamarind leaf ethanol extract was greater than the type of old tamarind leaf ethanol’s extract.

Green tea leaf extract reduces viability and migration of cholesteatoma fibroblast of chronic suppurative otitis media cultured in vitro

Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is still a health problem, especially in developing countries. CSOM with cholesteatoma is a dangerous type. Cholesteatoma in CSOM sufferers can cause various complications. Therefore, alternative therapies are needed, such as green tea leaf extract. Green tea leaf extract can be an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, but its effectiveness in treating CSOM has not been studied before, so research is needed.. Purpose: This research aimed to determine the effect of green tea leaf extract that could reduce viability and migration in cholesteatoma fibroblast of CSOM.Methods: This research was an in vitro experiment with a post-test-only control group design. The sample for this research was cholesteatoma fibroblast cells obtained from the isolation of patients with CSOM. The method used is Hoechst staining for viability and scratch techniques for cell migration with eight groups of cholesteatoma fibroblasts consisting of a negative control group (DMEM+FBS), DMEM group, two positive control groups dexamethasone (10 µM and 100 µM), and four green tea leaf extract group (10 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml, 80 µg/ml, and 160 µg/ml). Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests.Results: The results showed that the highest average cell viability was in the negative control group (165.33), and the lowest was in green tea leaf extract at a dose of 160 µg/ml (70.88). Cell migration at 72 hours showed that in the negative control group, there was faster closure of the scratch area (97,78%) and the slowest closure on green tea leaf extract at a dose of 160 µg/ml (13,81%).Conclusion: Green tea leaf extract can reduce the viability and migration in cholesteatoma fibroblast of CSOM. It shows the potential of green tea extract as an alternative to prevent cholesteatoma.

Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun Randu (Ceiba pentandra L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Candida albicans

&lt;p class="abstrak"&gt;One of the traditional plants used by the community is the kapok plant (&lt;em&gt;Ceiba pentandra&lt;/em&gt; L.) apart from being cultivated, parts of the kapok plant are also used as building materials, stuffing for mattresses and traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of randu leaf extract on the growth of &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt;. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatment groups, namely the positive control group with chloramphenicol and ketoconazole. The negative control group used 10% DMSO, and the extract concentration group was 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. The steps carried out in this study included the extraction of kapok leaves using 96% ethanol as solvent, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial testing using the &lt;em&gt;Kirby-Bauer &lt;/em&gt;Disc Diffusion method. Analysis of research data using SPSS 21. From the results of this study, it was found that randu leaf extract contained alkaloids, saponins and tannins. Antimicrobial testing with the kapok leaf extract group resulted in an average inhibition zone of 7.57 mm, 8.0 mm, 8.7 mm, and 9.87 mm against &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; and 4.67 mm, 5.07 mm, 5.32 mm, and 5.65 mm against &lt;em&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt;. The results of the One Way ANOVA test show that F&lt;sub&gt;table&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt; F&lt;sub&gt;count&lt;/sub&gt; which proves that the leaf extract of Randu provides antimicrobial activity in inhibiting the growth of &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

Biologically synthesized zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles using Cannabis sativa L. enhance soybean (Glycine max) defense against fusarium virguliforme

In this study, zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves (ZnONP-HL and CuONP-HL), and their antifungal potential was assessed against Fusarium virguliforme in soybean (Glycine max L.). Hemp was selected because it is known to contain large quantities of secondary metabolites that can potentially enhance the reactivity of NPs through surface property modification. Synthesizing NPs with biologically derived materials allows to avoid the use of harsh and expensive synthetic reducing and capping agents. The ZnONP-HL and CuONP-HL showed average grain/crystallite size of 13.51 nm and 7.36 nm, respectively. The biologically synthesized NPs compared well with their chemically synthesized counterparts (ZnONP chem, and CuONP chem; 18.75 nm and 10.05 nm, respectively), confirming the stabilizing role of hemp-derived biomolecules. Analysis of the hemp leaf extract and functional groups that were associated with ZnONP-HL and CuONP-HL confirmed the presence of terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Biosynthesized NPs were applied on soybeans as bio-nano-fungicides against F. virguliforme via foliar treatments. ZnONP-HL and CuONP-HL at 200 μg/mL significantly (p < 0.05) increased (∼ 50%) soybean growth, compared to diseased controls. The NPs improved the nutrient (e.g., K, Ca, P) content and enhanced photosynthetic indicators of the plants by 100–200%. A 300% increase in the expression of soybean pathogenesis related GmPR genes encoding antifungal and defense proteins confirmed that the biosynthesized NPs enhanced disease resistance against the fungal phytopathogen. The findings from this study provide novel evidence of systemic suppression of fungal disease by nanobiopesticides, via promoting plant defense mechanisms.

Ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves on Acetic acid induced Ulcerative Colitis in Male Albino Wistar rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) manifests as chronic inflammation of the colon. The bowel inflammation is due to alteration in the immune response to gut micro flora, oxidative stress and hereditary genetic factors. Leaf extract of papaya Carica papaya Linn. contain vitamin A, C, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids which have antispasmodic, analgesic, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The main aim of the study was to detect the efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract (PLE) on ulcerative colitis in Wistar Albino rats with objectives to explore the possible mechanism involved in its efficacy and to look for prebiotic activity. The project was initiated after the approval of Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into seven groups of six rats each. Group I-control, Group II-UC disease control, Group III-Disease with standard Sulfasalazine 100mg/kg, Group IV and Group V, UC disease model receiving PLE of 250mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Ulcerative colitis was not induced in Group VI and Group VII which received PLE of 500mg/kg and 700 mg/kg respectively. All the drugs were administered orally for 15 days. UC was induced by acetic acid on the 8th day. Blood sample was collected for biochemical analysis for antioxidant levels. Histopathological analysis of distal colon was performed to look for inflammatory features. Microbial analysis was done for group VI and group VII. There was significant reduction in body weight in UC induced groups when compared to control. The weight loss in Group IV and V (PE1 and PE2) was not as extreme as seen in the UC alone group. The treatment groups IV and V showed significant increase in protein levels, increased catalase and decreased malondialdehyde levels when compared to Group I, II and III. On histopathological analysis, the severity and extent of inflammation was less in 500mg/kg dose of leaf extract (Group V) than 250mg/kg of leaf extract (Group IV) and 100mg/kg of sulfasalazine (Group III). Tissue sections of Group V showed only few inflammatory infiltrates with absence of oedema and crypt abscess in the submucosal area. On examining the pathogenic versus beneficial bacterial load in the control and Group VI (PE 3) and Group VII (PE 4), papaya leaf extracts depicted antibacterial property and probiotic activity. In the present study, 500mg/kg of papaya leaf extract was efficacious in relieving oxidative stress and reducing inflammation in acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Carica papaya leaf extracts have a potential role to modify gut microbe with respect to its prebiotic activity.

THE EFFECT OF GREEN BETEL LEAF EXTRACT IMMERSION ON NICKEL ION RELEASE IN STAINLESS STEEL ORTHODONTIC BRACKET

The orthodontic bracket is an essential component in fixed orthodontic appliances. One of the materials commonly used in orthodontic brackets is stainless steel. Stainless steel orthodontic brackets have good deformation and corrosion resistance. Still, corrosion resistance is compromised by certain conditions in the oral cavity, such as salivary pH due to food and beverage consumption and toothpaste and mouthwash. One of the herbal plants that are widely used for dental and oral health is green betel leaf. Green betel leaves have an acidic pH that may cause corrosion. Corrosion has a detrimental effect on the brackets because it causes a continuous loss of nickel ions. The purpose is to determine the number of nickel ions released from stainless steel orthodontic brackets due to immersion in the green betel leaf extract. This type of research is a laboratory experimental research design with a post-test control group design. The test was carried out on 27 samples divided into three groups. Brackets were immersed in 25% green betel leaf extract, artificial saliva, and a mixture of 25% green betel leaf extract and artificial saliva for 48 hours and measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotome (AAS). The results showed the most significant release of nickel ions occurred in the 25% green betel leaf extract group with a value of 16.37 mg/Kg, and the minor release of nickel ions occurred in the artificial saliva control group with a weight of 1.95 mg/Kg. The conclusion is that green betel leaf extract influences the release of nickel ions in stainless steel orthodontic brackets.

Activity Test of Combination of Binahong Leaf Extract (Anredera Cordifolia) and Lemongrass Extract (Cymbopogon citratus) as Antifungal Againt Pityrosporum ovale

Pityrosporum ovale is a microorganism thought to be the main cause of dandruff. Binahong and lemongrass are herbal plants that can cure various diseases. Based on usage empirical leaf binahong and lemongrass kitchen nutritious for remove dandruff, hair loss, diabetes mellitus, anti- cancer and treatment on infection skin caused by bacteria nor mushrooms. Binahong leaf extract and extract lemongrass contain metabolites secondary wrong only flavonoids. Flavonoids are effective as antimicrobials. Destination from study this The purpose of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of the combination of binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) and lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon citratus) against Pityrosporum ovale . This study used 5 test groups, which consisted of a combination group of binahong leaf extract and lemongrass F1 = concentration 50%:50%, F2 = concentration 37,5%:12,5%, F3 = concentration 25%:25% and F4 = concentration 12,5%:37,5%, and the control group was positive (ketoconazole 2%) and negative ( aquadest), with 3 repetitions. The materials used in this study were binahong leaf simplicia and kitchen lemongrass simplicia macerated using 70% ethanol solvent, resulting in a thick extract which was then tested for antifungal activity against Pityrosporum ovale by the method diffusion paper disc on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium . The parameter observed was the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of the fungus Pityrosporum ovale . Analysis using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). The results of this study were binahong leaf extract and kitchen lemongrass extract positive containing flavonoid compounds. The combination of binahong leaf extract and citronella extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of the fungus Pityrosporum ovale with visible inhibition zones formed. The most effective concentration to inhibit the growth of the fungus Pityrosporum ovale was at a concentration of F1 = 50%:50% of 17.40 mm with a strong category.

Respon Histologis Aorta dan Jantung Rattus Norvegicus Hiperlipidemia Setelah Pemberian Jus Buah Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) dan Ekstrak Daun Lakum (Cayratia trifolia L.)

This study aims to determine the histological features of the aorta and heart of male Rattus norvegicus after administration of cherry juice (Muntingia calabura L.) dan lakum leaf extract (Cayratia trifolia L.). The study used 30 male Rattus norvegicus L. in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments with 6 repetitions, namely the control group (P0), the standard feeding group (P1), the hyperlipid feed group + 0.2 mL/200 g BB cherry juice (P2), the hyperlipid feed group + 40 mg / 200 g BB lakum leaf extract (P3) and hyperlipid feed group + 0.18 mg / 200 g BB simvastatin (P4). Hyperlipid feed was given during the treatment, which was 28 days. To obtain histological data, preparations were made using the paraffin method and then observed using a photomicrograph with 400x magnification and observing the aortic lumen, foam cells and intracellular accumulation of lipids in smooth muscle. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan Test at a significant level of 5%. The results showed that the addition of cherry juice and lakum leaf extract gave a significant effect on lumen width and thickness of the aortic wall (p &lt;0.05), while on changes in heart muscle cell size no significant effect (p&gt; 0.05). Histomorphometri showed the presence of foam cells and accumulation of smooth muscle lipids in the control and group treatments with hyperlipid feeding. The conclusion of this study was that the addition of cherry juice and lakum leaf extract can reduce atherosclerotic lesions by eliminating showed foam cells and prevent proliferating smooth muscle cells so the size of the aortic lumen width returns to normal, but didn’t cause enlargement of the heart muscle (cardiomegaly).

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of Palladium nanοparticles using aqueous decoction of Psidium guajava leaf extract and kinetic analysis in the reduction of 4-Nitrophenol

In the current investigation, we have successfully synthesized biogenic Palladium nanoparticles via a green approach by using the Psidium guajava (PG) leaf extract through microwave-assisted method. The biogenic synthesized PdNPs were studied by various characterizations. From the TEM analysis, the spherical morphology and average diameter of the synthesized PdNPs is 10 ± 2 nm. From the XRD patterns, PdNPs have crystalline nature and FCC structure without any impurities. The formation of PdNPs from PG leaf extract is strongly evidenced through FTIR analysis by the identification of certain functional groups in leaf extract that are responsible for the reduction and stabilizing activity. The as-prepared PdNPs showed improved catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP), with pseudo-first order kinetics, in excess sodium borohydride (NaBH4). In the catalytic reduction of 4-NP, the effects of 4-NP and NaBH4 concentrations, temperature, and PdNPs concentration were investigated. The catalytic reduction characteristics from this investigation, such as activation enthalpy and entropy, are also assessed. An environmentally friendly PdNPs synthesis technique using PG leaf extract is a productive and affordable way to produce PdNPs for use as effective catalysts in environmental applications.