Grouper Seeds Research Articles

PEMELIHARAAN LARVA HYBRID KERAPU CANTIK (Epinephelus sp) DI CV. JAYA UTAMA ABADI DESA KALIASEM, KECAMATAN BANJAR, KABUPATEN BULELENG, SINGARAJA BALI

Hatchery technology for producing grouper seeds has developed widely and massively, one of which is to produce hybrid larvae. To produce beautiful hybrid grouper larvae, there are many factors that must be considered because they greatly influence the success of larvae production, including food management, water quality management and others. The purpose of writing this Final Practical Scientific Work Report is to find out the activities for rearing beautiful hybrid grouper larvae resulting from a cross between male batik grouper and female tiger grouper. Activities include egg handling, larval rearing, feed management, water quality management, grading and harvesting. Observations were carried out at the CV hatchery unit. Jaya Utama Abadi for 3 months from 15 February to 15 May 2021. Data obtained from survey activitieswith an apprenticeship pattern, namely taking part in rearing activities for beautiful hybrid grouper larvae. Primary data is collected through interviews and direct observation in the field, while secondary data is obtained through data or activity reports and other supporting literature, then processed.and analyzed quantitatively descriptively. Observation result The fertilized hybrid eggs are then hatched in a larval rearing tank using a volume of 6 m3 water of 5 unitswith a total number of eggs spread of 50,000 eggs/tub, or a total of 250,000 eggs, it produces an average hatchability of 54.4%, until they develop into 136,000 larvae and succeed in achieving a harvest with an average size of 3 cm/head of 11,900 eggs and a level of SR 88 %.

Effect of Giving the Active Ingredient Jellyfish Alkaloids (Bougainvillia sp.) Through Immersion Method on Changes in the Amount of Protein Plasma of Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) Infected with Vibrio harveyi

The purpose of this study was to obtain information regarding the potency of the alkaloid active ingredient in jellyfish (Bougainvillia sp) on the immune response of tiger grouper fry infected with Vibrio harveyi bacteria through the immersion method by observing changes in appearance and the amount of plasma protein in tiger grouper infected with bacteria. V. harveyi. The research results obtained explained that the immunostimulant ingredients from jellyfish alkaloids (Bougainvillia sp.) given by immersion can stimulate non-specific and fish-specific immunity. This is characterized by an increase in the amount of protein found in fish blood plasma after administration of alkaloids. Besides that, it can also be seen that the administration of this alkaloid is able to inhibit the infection power of Vibrio harveyi. It is proven that in fish given alkaloid immunostimulants, the amount of protein that appears can be more and the protein content is also high. With a larger protein, it will be able to further stimulate non-specific immunity so that later various antibodies as specific immunity in fish will also be formed. This research ultimately concludes that jellyfish alkaloids (Bougainvillia sp) can be used as immunostimulants to inhibit bacterial attacks Vibrio harveyi in tiger grouper seeds with the optimal dose through immersion method that can be applied is 10.22 ppm. As a follow-up to the results of this study, it is suggested to carry out further research on the application of immunostimulants using jellyfish alkaloids (Bougainvillia sp.

The affect of different light color of physiological conditions of cantang grouper seed (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus lanceolatus) with different size

This study consisted of four treatments and three replications, namely the treatment without the addition of light (WL), the addition of green light (G), the addition of blue light (B) and the addition of red light (R). The grouper seeds used are 5-13 cm in size from Gondol Bali. The results showed that fish fry measuring 5-13 cm prefer blue light compared to other light. A total of 56.67% of fish fry choose blue light, followed by green light as much as 25.56%, red light by 11.11% and the lowest in the treatment without light that was 6.67%. The addition of blue light in the rearing container gave the best growth response at a size of 5-13 cm, and the lowest growth response was given to the treatment with the addition of red light. While the number of rod cells was more than cone cells in all treatments with 5-13 cm cantang grouper seed size. However, the highest number of rods and cones was in the treatment WL compared to other treatments. However, the highest growth response occurred in the treatment B and followed by the treatment G, it is presumed that the cone cells found in treatments B and G were dominated by double cone cells which were very sensitive to color, compared to cells. single cone, so that cantang grouper fry respond more quickly to the feed given. While the treatment WL was more dominated by single cone cells.

KAJIAN TEKNIS PENDEDERAN IKAN KERAPU CANTANG (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus >< Epinephelus lanceolatus) SECARA INTENSIF DI BPBAP SITUBONDO

Grouper production in Indonesia can be supported by hybridization technology which can produce grouper species with relatively faster growth and more resistance to disease. Cantang grouper is a type of grouper fish that was engineered by crossbreeding between female tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and male grouper Kertang (Epinephelus lanceolatus). The purpose of this study was to determine the stages and technology of nursery grouper Cantang which was carried out at BPBAP Situbondo. The method used in this research is the method of observation, participation, and interviews. The primary data needed in this study are data on infrastructure, data on the number and size of seeds, feed management, water quality management, and harvesting. The data is presented with a descriptive method by discussing the data that has been obtained compared to the theories that have developed at this time. The results of this study indicate that cantang grouper nursery activities start from tank preparation, water filling, seed selection and distribution, feed management, water quality, fish pest and disease control, grading, and harvesting of cantang grouper seeds. During the practice period, the seeds were spread from hatcheries with a stocking density of 3000 to 5000 individuals in one tank with a size of 4 x 2.5 x 1 m, or the equivalent of 300 to 500 individuals/m3. The distribution of seeds is carried out after the acclimatization process, namely the adaptation process before releasing the seeds. After the seeds are removed, the tub is given an antiseptic to prevent disease in the seeds. There are several factors that can affect the growth rate of seeds, namely water quality management and feeding. During the maintenance period, a flowing water system is used, so that the water used is continuously renewed. In the morning, the seeds are flushed and soaked using fresh water, with the aim of releasing mucus on the seeds so as to reduce the potential for disease outbreaks. Nursery grouper at BPBAP Situbondo can run optimally by paying attention to the stages of cultivation, especially in the feed management and water quality management.

Growth Performance of Humpback grouper Cromileptes Altivelis Culture With Cage System

Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis is seawater that lives in tropical waters, especially in Indonesia. This fish has high economic value and is the most expensive grouper fish in Indonesia. Humpback grouper seeds can be used as ornamental fish or raised for consumption fish. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of humpback grouper cultivated with the cage system. During the maintenance, fish were fed with 1-5% feed ratio. Fish were reared from 30g to 200g in size, and a feed conversion ratio of 2 was obtained with a survival rate of 94%. The fish were started to be given mixed feed with a 3-4% feed ratio, consisting of 15% pellets and 85% fresh fish which had been cut according to the fish mouth opening. The next maintenance starts from fish measuring 200g to reaching 500g with a survival rate of 93%. The profit obtained from harvesting 12 times in one year is IDR 590 587 187 years-1, R/C Ratio 1.80, the payback period is 1.7 years, break event point IDR 376 100 576, BEP unit 895kg, and price cost of production (HPP) Rp 233 312kg-1.

Determining of water bioremediation dosage in recirculating water system for Cantik Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus microdon) nurseries

The use of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) in nurseries of cantik grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus microdon) has the potential to make the culture environment more stable and maximize production perfomance, but the work of RAS decreases with the accumulation of waste in the water used. Remediation of water with microorganisms (bioremediation) can improve the performance of RAS. This research aims to determine the best dose of commercial probiotics in water bioremediation to be used in nurseries of cantik grouper seeds. This research was conducted for 7 days using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Treatment doses of probiotics tried: 3 ml/m3, 6 ml/m3, 9 ml/m3 and 12 ml/m3. The container used was a concrete tank measuring 1 m × 2 m × 0.8 m filled with 1 m3 of seawater and 3.2±0.3 cm of cantik grouper seeds with a density of 500 fish/m3. The addition of probiotics up to 12 mL/m3 had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the survival rate of cantik grouper fish for 7 days of rearing, ranging from 99.1% to 99.3%. The best results of the bioremediation process were obtained with the addition of 6 mL/m3 probiotics with the lowest range of ammonia and nitrite about 0.0896–0.9303 mg/L and 0.0977–8.4880 mg/L. The addition of a probiotic dose of 6 mL/m3 can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio spp. in water at the beginning, middle, and end of maintenance reached 2, 48, and 140 CFU/mL.

SURVIVAL RATE of TIGER GROUPER LARVA (Epinephelus fucoguttatus) HOUSEHOLD SCALE ON THE NORTH COAST of BALI

Tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) hatchery at the household scale has contributed to the increase in national grouper seed production. The main problem in tiger grouper cultivation is the availability of superior seeds. Where superior tiger grouper seeds must have fast growth, be resistant to new environments, low FCR, have perfect morphology and be resistant to. Superior seeds of tiger grouper can be seen from the value of Survival Rate (SR), where superior seeds will have a much higher SR when maintained. The purpose of this study was to determine the Survival Rate of tiger grouper hatchery in household-scale hatcheries located on the North Coast of Bali as the main parameter and water quality as a supporting parameter. Methods of data collection is done by using 4 ways: survey, active participation, observation, and interviews. Survival rate data analysis was carried out by performing calculations based on the SR calculation formula and analyzed descriptively. The results of observations of water quality are classified as good for the value of Salinity (33-35 ppt), Temperature (28-29.4 oC), and DO (6-6.5 ppm). While the pH value can be said to be not good for tiger grouper hatchery and rearing with a pH value of (7.3-7.4). The result of the calculation of the Survival Rate is 20% with a total of ± 24,000 seeds. From the percentage of survival rate, it can be said that the survival rate of tiger grouper larvae in this household-scale hatchery is still low. However, it should be noted that a low survival rate in grouper hatcheries does not always affect the value of profits and losses of a grouper hatchery business.

Broodstock Health Management for Cantang Grouper (Epinephelus sp.) in BBRBLPP Gondol Bali

Fish health is an important problem faced by Cantang grouper (Ephinephelus sp.) Hatcheries. Broodstock health management needs to be managed properly so as not to decrease the quality and production of Cantang grouper seeds. Cantang grouper broodstock health management includes the process of maintaining grouper broodstock, feeding, disease control and water quality management. The data collection method is done by recording the results of active participation, interviews and observations. Broodstock grouper cantang are maintained in ponds made of concrete with sizes ranging from 150 meter kibik and a depth of 3 meter. Pond cleaning is carried out once or twice a month with the addition of 2 kg of chlorine / 150 tons of water. Grouper broodstock is fed 10 kg for 24 broodstock. feed in the form of trash fish, squid, mackarel, vitamin C and vitamin E. The types of diseases that often attack grouper broodstock are Criptocaryon irritans, Benedia sp and Vibrio alginolyticus. Water quality parameters measured in grouper broodstock ponds are salinity and temperature. The water salinity in broodstock ponds ranges from 34 - 35 ppt and temperatures range from 27-31 derajat celcius.

Artificial Feeding with Different Protein Content in Seed Coral Trout Grouper, Plectropomus leopardus in Controlled Tank

Coral trout grouper seed have high economic value, but the population in nature has started to decline. The purpose of this study was to obtain a good quality of feed on the growth and stability of seeds of coral trout grouper. Research has been done with experiment container used is fiber tank with size 1m³ counted 6 tanks. The test animals used in the study were the grouper seeds from the culture. The treatments were A = protein content in 48% feed, and treatment B = feed pellet import protein content in feed 55%. Coral trout groupers are kept in fiber tanks. Density of each tank 200 etc /m³ The study used a descriptive design with 2 treatments, each treatment repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA and at the end of the research was done profit ratio analysis. The results showed that both treatments were significantly different (P <0.05) on survival and daily growth (GR). The highest survival and daily growth in treatment B (SR 97.45%; GR 0,26g/ day) followed by treatment A (SR 85,50 %; GR 0,15g/day). From the economic analysis the best profit B/C ratio was 1.51 treatment B, and followed treatment A was 1.09.

Whole Cell Vaccine Vibrio Alginoliticus with Microcapsul Particle Alginate Process to Improve Cantang Grouper’s Life Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus-Lanceolatus

Grouper cultivation is still constrained by the availability of seeds due to diseases caused by bacteria. Vibriosis is a disease caused by bacterial infections of the Vibrio genus such as Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus which are the most common in hatcheries. Whole Cell Vaccine (WCV) contains endotoxin components as antigens to stimulate antibody formation, including lipopolysaccharide from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. There is a problem of oral vaccination which can damagewhen it enters the low pH digestive system. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research to find out the ability of the Whole cell vaccine (WCV) of Vibrio alginoliticus bacteria by microencapsulation method of alginate gel as an oral alginate particle vaccine Vibrio alginoliticus to increase the survival of the grouper seeds of Epinephelus sp. This study used four types of treatment, namely control (-) without vaccine, control (+) using alginate only, dosage treatment 0.025 mg/5gr BB fish/day and 0.05 mg/5gr BB fish/day. The results of the Whole Cell Vaccine using alginate gel microcapsules process can increase the life range of cantang grouper seeds by 80% at 0.05 mg/5gr BB fish/day and 73% at 0.025 mg/5gr BB fish/day.

Engineering of Papaya Simplicia Nanoparticles for Grouper Fish (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus lanceolatus) feed

Abstract: Fish growth descriptions constitute the parameters which are influenced by internal and external condition. The external factors include water quality, feed quality and feed quantity. Feed quality including the simpicia papaya particle size which contains protease enzyme and saponin as additional ingredients for grouper feed. Currently, grouper’s growth is relatively low, when in fact the protein content of its feed is high. This research aims at obtaining data on charachter particle of papaya simplicia powder and the grouper’s absolute weight and grouper’s protein efficiency ratio which is fed with simplicia papaya powder. The research is conducted using Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions (A: 60 μm simplicia papaya 3.5% application, B: 100 nm simplicia papaya 3.5% application, C: 60 μm simplicia papaya 2% application, D: 100 nm simplicia papaya 2% application, and E: 0% without simplicia papaya). Simplicia papaya powder was made from dried papaya, then mashed using disc mill and filtered with sieves measuring 60 μm and 100nm and the grouper cultivation is done in a Floating Net Cage in Pangandaran Regency. The addition of papaya simplicia at A and B to the grouper’s feed has some highest average daily gain by 3.70 % and 3.73 %. The characteristics of simplisia papaya powder size 60 μm and 100 nm do not have a different effect on the growth performance of grouper seeds.

CULTURAL FISH CULTIVATION IN FLOATING NETWORK IN KELURAHAN BELAWAN SICANANG KOTA MEDAN

Grouper is one of the non-oil and gas export commodities that has the potential to be developed. As fish, fish consumption is much needed for restaurants and luxury hotels. The weight range of 500 - 100 grams / head, especially in living conditions, has a high price compared to in the form of dead fish.In 1999, research and development for multi-species harchery carried out jointly by the Gondol Marine Aquaculture Research Center with JICA first successfully produced mass of duck grouper seeds, cromileptes altivelis and tiger grouper seeds (Kawahara, et. Al ., 2000; Sugama et.al., 2001). Whereas to mass produce sunu grouper seeds in 2005. Technology development has been disseminated to government and private hatcheries, so that the production of duck grouper seeds has increased dramatically and more than 1 million seeds in 2001 (Kawahara and Ismi, 2003). This technology is also applied to the production of tiger grouper seeds, Ephinephelus fuscoguttatus by private hatcheries. In 2002, tiger grouper seed production was more than 2.6 million. For sunu groupers up to now, more than 0.5 million in 2006.Belawan Sicanang Village Medan Belawan District Medan City is an island surrounded by several tributaries which empties into the Deli River. 40% of the population are fishermen who are looking for shrimp or fish in the river and land pond farmers. Grouper is one of the fish that lives naturally in the waters of Belawan Sicanang Village which has high economic value. But environmental damage such as logging of mangroves due to the low alternatives of community livelihoods, changes in the function of land, continuous capture of the land causes the grouper population to continue to decline.The use of the river for floating cages in grouper aquaculture can reduce the reduced supply of groupers from the natural habitat of fishermen's catches produced by this region. Cheaper cost analysis compared to terrestrial aquaculture can improve the welfare of fishermen and support culinary commodities in the development of Mango Sicanang ecotourism which is being promoted by the community and the local government.

Survival Rate and Growth Response of Humpback Grouper Seeds (Cromileptes altivelis) on Acclimatization to the Freshwater

Successful biodiversity cultivated in freshwater fish is farmed whitefish, tiger shrimp, vannamei shrimp and. While the grouper duck (Cromileptes Mozambique) export market prospects have never tried. This research would like to know how the seed of acclimatization grouper duck into fresh water against the survival rate and growth response. Using random design complete 5 x 4 treatment, seed samples with long range 12 cm, weight 22 gr. Acclimatization of habitat in salinity of 30 ppt ppt 4. Moderate decrease in salinity 0.0 A0 is the ppt/day (controls), A0,5 (0.5 ppt/day), A1 (1 PPT/day), A1.5 (1.5 ppt/day), and A2 (2 ppt/day). Data were analyzed with the survival rate of the t test (P ≤ 0.05) the results show a decrease in salinity of 0.5 ppt/day 35% real different with controls 92.5%, but is superior than the three other treatments (A1, A1.5 and A2) dead all before reaching 4 ppt. While the growth rate data were analyzed with anova followed duncan test (P ≤ 0.05) the results show A0.5 0.60% no different with real control of 0.61% real but different (fastest) compared to three other treatments (A1, A1.5 and A2). The conclusion is grouper duck capable cultivated in brackish water 4 ppt (mesohalin) through acclimatization with decreased salinity of 0.5 ppt/day.

Uji Toksisitas Surfaktan Linear Alkilbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) Histologi Insang dan Hati Benih Ikan Kerapu Bebek (Cromileptes altivelis)

Kristianti et al, 2019. Toxicity of Linear Alkilbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) Surfactant Gills and Liver Histology of Humpback Grouper Seed (Cromileptes Altivelis). JLSO 8(1):107-116.LAS is surfactant that is most commonly used because this surfactant is the main cleaning substance contained in detergent. Waste of detergent can give side effects in the tissue of organisms, especially on the gills and liver of fish. The aims of this research were to analyze the toxic effects arised from LAS surfactant to the survival of fish seed experiment with different concentrations, to determine levels of LAS surfactant that are capable to be tolerated and to analyze the gills and liver damage arising from LAS surfactant to fish seed experiment. The test of LAS surfactant toxicity on fish seed experiment was conducted using the laboratory of experimental method, while the testing of gills and liver histology of fish seed experiment with paraffin method and Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The results showed that LAS surfactant gave toxic effects on Humpback Grouper Seed (Cromileptes altivelis) and gave effect such damage to the gills and liver histology. Toxicity and tissue damage rose as the increase of LAS surfactant concentration. LAS surfactant levels were able to be tolerated by Humpback Grouper Seed test not more than 0,253 mg/l.

Engineering of Papaya Simplicia Powder in different size for Grouper Fish (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus lanceolatus) feed

Fish growth descriptions constitute the parameters which are influenced by internal and external condition. The external factors include water quality, feed quality and feed quantity. Feed quality including the simpicia papaya particle size which contains protease enzyme and saponin as additional ingredients for grouper feed. Currently, grouper’s growth is relatively low, when in fact the protein content of its feed is high. This research aims at obtaining data on charachter particle of papaya simplicia powder and the grouper’s absolute weight and grouper’s protein efficiency ratio which is fed with simplicia papaya powder. The research is conducted using Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions (A: 60 μm simplicia papaya 3.5% application, B: 100 nm simplicia papaya 3.5% application, C: 60 μm simplicia papaya 2% application, D: 100 nm simplicia papaya 2% application, and E: 0% without simplicia papaya). Simplicia papaya powder was made from dried papaya, then mashed using disc mill and filtered with sieves measuring 60 μm and 100nm and the grouper cultivation is done in a Floating Net Cage in Pangandaran Regency. The addition of papaya simplicia at A and B to the grouper’s feed has some highest average daily gain by 3.70 % and 3.73 %. The characteristics of simplisia papaya powder size 60 μm and 100 nm do not have a different effect on the growth performance of grouper seeds.

GROWTH AND BLOOD PROFILE OF CORAL TROUT GROUPER Plectropomus leopardus SEEDS IN DIFFERENT SALINITIES

The information about the optimum and tolerable salinity to support in the success of coral trout grouper’s seed culture is still limited until now. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of different salinity on growth, survival, feed conversion (FCR) and the profile of blood (hematocrit and hemoglobin) of coral trout grouper seed. The seed with total length 6.0 ± 0.5 cm and body weight 3.2±0.3 g were used as tested animals. Five different salinity treatments, namely: 10±1 ppt (A), 16±1 ppt (B), 22±1 ppt (C), 28±1 ppt (D), and the sea water (34 ppt) as a control (E) were undertaken in this study, with three replications for each treatment. Salinity values were reach by adding freshwater into the tested seawater. Water changing system in this study was performed in recirculation process, with 25% of water replacement every 7 days. The result of this study showed that the survival rate values were 100% for all treatments, indicating that coral trout grouper seed can be cultured in the range of salinity between 10 to 34 ppt. The highest total length and body weight were recorded from treatment C (22 ppt), as well as noted to gain the lowest FCR. Correspondingly, the seed in treatment C also founded to have in the greatest amount of hematocrit and hemoglobin. Optimum salinity for rearing of coral trout grouper seeds with total length 6 cm was 22 ppt. Keywords: salinity, growth, survival rate, feed conversion, blood profile

THE EFFECT REPLACEMENT OF OXYGEN ON TRANSPORTATION SEEDS GROUPER WITH CLOSED SYSTEM

The location of grouper aquaculture are usually far from the seed source so it takes a long time to transport the seeds. The research purposes was to extend the time by replacing oxygen so the seeds can reach the destination that is located far away with high survival and healthy condition. Previously conducted preliminary research that is transportation with a different length of time 24 hours; 36 hours; 48 hours and 60 hours. The best results of the preliminary study are 24 hour transport which is then used in the main research. In the main study, fish seeds were transported for 24 hours later, oxygen was replaced by: oxygen in disposable plastic bags replaced with new oxygen. Then repackaged to continue transport up to 12 hours; 24 hours; 36 hours and 48 hours. Trasportation conducted with closed system with car. Seeds used were cantik grouper hybrid seed i.e., a crossbreed between female tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and male marbled grouper (Epinephelus microdon), a size of 7.0 ± 0.54 cm, with a density of 125 fish / boxes. Grouper seeds were packed with 0.8 mm thick plastic bags, 120cm x 53cm wide, filled with 10 liters of sea water, oxygen is added with a volume ratio of water: oxygen is 1: 3, then put in 75 x 40 x 30 cm styrofoam box. The best result is after fish is transported 24 hours, then replaced oxygen and transported again for 24 hours, so that transportation time can be extended up to 48 hours, with survival rate 98.4%. Keywords: grouper seeds, oxygen replacement, transportation

THE EFFECT REPLACEMENT OF OXYGEN ON TRANSPORTATION SEEDS GROUPER WITH CLOSED SYSTEM

<p><em>The location of grouper aquaculture are usually far from the seed source so it takes a long time to transport the seeds. The research purposes was to extend the time by replacing oxygen so the seeds can reach the destination that is located far away with high survival and healthy condition. Previously conducted preliminary research that is transportation with a different length of time 24 hours; 36 hours; 48 hours and 60 hours. The best results of the preliminary study are 24 hour transport which is then used in the main research. In the main study, fish seeds were transported for 24 hours later, oxygen was replaced by: oxygen in disposable plastic bags replaced with new oxygen. Then repackaged to continue transport up to 12 hours; 24 hours; 36 hours and 48 hours. Trasportation conducted with closed system with car. Seeds used were cantik grouper hybrid seed i.e., a crossbreed between female tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and male marbled grouper (Epinephelus microdon), a size of 7.0 ±</em><em> </em><em>0.54 cm,</em><em> with a density of 125 fish / boxes. Grouper seeds were packed </em><em>with 0.8 mm thick plastic bags, 120cm x 53cm wide, filled with 10 liters of sea water, oxygen is added with a volume ratio of water: oxygen is 1: 3, then put in 75 x 40 x 30 cm styrofoam box. The best result is after fish is transported 24 hours, then replaced oxygen and transported again for 24 hours, so that transportation time can be extended up to 48 hours, with survival rate 98.4%.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> grouper seeds,</em> <em>oxygen replacement, transportation</em></p>

The Use of Carotene Materials as the Source of Red Color Pigmentation on Leopard Grouper Larvae (Plectropomus leopardus)

Carotenoid is one of nutrition factors which can improve red color pigmentation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the best type of carotene which can increase red pigment performance and to evaluate how long the effect should be retaining in order to maintain red color performance on leopard grouper seeds. This study consisted of 2 experiments; those were the effect of various kinds of carotene materials in feed addition and the effect of the termination of the addition of carotene materials in the feed toward red color performance on leopard grouper seed. The treatments given to the first experiment were the provision of various kinds of carotene materials which were type of A. Haematococcus pluvialis , B. Phaffiarhodozyma , C. Astax Oil, D. Control (without carotene materials) and the treatments to the second experiment are A. Leopard grouper seed – phaffia was still given additional Phaffia rodhozyma , B. Leopard grouper seed – haematococcus was still given additional Haematococcus pluvialis , C. leopard grouper seed (from larvae - phaffia / haematoco ccus ) was terminated from carotene materials addition. The first experiment was applied from larva up to D60 seed and for the second experiment was the follow-up response from the first experiment conducted on D60 seed up to D150. Based on the study result, it indicates that carotene materials of Haematococcus pluvialis type gave the best color performance improvement (P value 4.71 x 10 -7 < 0.05). The provision of carotene materials intake decreases color performance both visually and total contain of carotene (P value 5.97 x 10 -5 < 0.05) (Tabel 1). Carotenenoids should be continuously given as trigger to maintain red color performance on leopard grouper seed. There was protein band in the range of 82.1 – 84.2 kDa which was assumed as protein expression of astaxanthin

IMPROVEMENT IN NUMBER AND QUALITY PRODUCTION OF SEED GROUPER FISH BY NATURAL FEED ENRICHMENT

ABSTRACT Some researches on grouper seed production have been conducted and their results have been adopted by the farmer. Currently, grouper seeds for mariculture purposes can be provided from hatchery. However, seed abnormality is still the major problem in the hatchery. Therefore, an improvement for survival rate and quality of grouper seed production is very important. The aim of this study was to improve the production and reduce the abnormalities on grouper seed stock through enrichment of larvae feed (rotifer and artemia) with DHA and EPA, Vitamin and Calcium. The larvae of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) were reared with and without enrichment. The experiment were held in concrete tank with volume of 10 m3 filled with sea water 7-8 m3. Grouper eggs were stocked at a density of 10 eggs/l, larval were reared until the juvenile age of 45 days. Treatment were repeated three times. The data was analysed with descriptive statistic. The results showed that humpback grouper larvae reared with enriched rotifers and artemia produced better survival rate (26.81%), lower seed abnormality (26.10%), and better percentage of bigger size of seeds with grade A (20.3 %), B (39.2%), and C (40.5%). Meanwhile, treatment without feed enrichment produced lower survival rate (17.57%), higher abnormality (40.20%), and lower percentage of big size of seeds with grade A (9.7%), B (26.0%), and C (64.3%). Keywords: groupers, quality, enrichment, improvement, production