Groups Of Rootstocks Research Articles

Studies of rootstocks for stone fruit breeds (sweet cherry) in the condition of Hissar valley in Tajikistan

This paper is about studying the rootstocks for stone fruit breeds (sweet cherry) in condition of Hissar valley in Tajikistan. Each type of rootstock has its own biological characteristics and imposes specific requirements for growing and development, both during reproduction in the mother plantation and during the growth of trees. For example, the root system in sour cherry is more superficial that of wild sweet cherry. Therefore, the care of trees grafted on sour cherry and wild cherry and of mother plantation bushes of these rootstocks cannot be same. Besides, there are very significant differences among the individual groups of rootstocks. Wild cherry, Mahaleb cherry and Lubskaya cherry are used as rootstocks in the conditions of the Hissar Valley in Tajikistan. High specificity of sweet cherry cultivar varieties depends on the rootstocks. Phenological observation were carried out in our experiments during years 2013-2018 in order to study their winter resistance, yield capacity and fruit quality. The same care for root and grafted plants was carried out during the entire observation period. At the same time a certain ratio between the leaf system of the rootstock and the graft was maintained by trimming the crown. As a result of the evolution and selection, we have identified the wild cherry forms which are distinguished by the highest yields. The most valuable cultivar varieties are Napoleon cherry and Bagration cherry. Compotes made of these varieties have received high evaluation in tasting.

Graft compatibility for new releasedPrunusrootstocks

Graft compatibility for new Prunus rootstocks recently introduced into the Spanish market or under selection in public and private programmes is assessed in nursery trials. Part of the evaluated material belongs to the Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC) selection program in Zaragoza, Spain. Another group of rootstocks under test is from the private nursery Agromillora Iberia, S.L. Some of those rootstocks showed good adaptation to Mediterranean growing conditions and resistance to root-knot nematodes. As control, peach-almond (‘GF 677’), peach × P. davidiana (‘Cadaman’), other interspecific plum-based rootstocks (‘Damas GF 1869’, ‘Ishtara’) and different plum species (P. cerasifera: ‘Adara’; P. domestica: ‘Constanti 1’; P. insititia: ‘Adesoto’ and other ‘Pollizo de Murcia’ clones, ‘Saint Julien A’) are used. New evaluated rootstocks include: ‘Densipac R 20’ (P. besseyi × P. cerasifera), ‘Nanopac R 40’ (P. dulcis × P. persica), ‘Replantpac RR’ (P. dulcis × P. cerasifera), ‘AP 45’ [(P. besseyi × P. salicina) × P. armeniaca], ‘Aprimed AP 65’ [(P. armeniaca L. × P. cerasifera Ehrh) × P. pumila L. var. besseyi], and ‘LC 52’ (P. cerasifera × P. maackii), among others. To determine graft-compatibility, commercial cultivars of different Prunus species were budded on some of the evaluated rootstocks. They include: ‘Moniqui’ and ‘Portici’ (apricot); ‘Lauranne’, ‘Nonpareil’, ‘Penta’ and ‘Soleta’ (almond); ‘Angeleno’ and ‘Golden Japan’ (Japanese plum); ‘Big Top’ and ‘Sumergrand’ (nectarine) and ‘Aida’, ‘Carmen’, ‘Cordia’, ‘Ferrovia’, ‘Kovics’, ‘Krupnoplodnaja’, and ‘Sandor’ (cherries). Several degrees of graft incompatibility have been observed for the ‘translocated’ type of incompatibility. In general, peach-almond hybrids and slow-growing plums (P. domestica and P. insititia plums as ‘Adesoto’ and other ‘Pollizo de Murcia’ clones) were graft-compatible with peach, almond and Japanese plum tested cultivars. However, in the case of P. cerasifera, P. besseyi and interspecific hybrids with these species, performance differed substantially depending on the evaluated genotype.

Mineral composition of leaves and fruits of apple ‘Fuji’ on different rootstocks in the region of São Joaquim-SC

Abstract This work evaluated the mineral composition of leaves and fruits of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) ‘Fuji’ on different rootstocks. The experiment was conducted from 2008 to 2011 in the municipality of São Joaquim (SC). The treatments evaluated rootstocks: CG.008, CG.24, CG.56, CG.058, CG.210, CG.213, CG.757, CG.814 and CG.969 of the American series Cornell Geneva (CG); JM.2 and JM.7 of the Japanese series Japan, Morioka (JM); and M.7, M.9 and M.26 of the English series, EMLA (M). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four repetitions. Annually, the leaves were collected for the chemical analysis. Only in the years 2009 and 2010, the fruit samples were collected to determine nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The leaf Ca content differed between rootstocks, especially for CG.213 and CG.969, which presented a higher content of the nutrient. However, there were no differences between rootstocks in terms of Ca content in the fruit, which confirms the low ratio between the contents in leaves and fruits. Ratios between nutrients, mainly (K+Mg)/Ca, are more sensitive to the Ca content to discriminate groups of rootstocks about possible risk of physiological disorders in the fruits.

Genotypic Effect of Rootstock and Scion on Grafting Success and Growth of Kola (Cola nitida) Seedlings

Kola (Cola nitida) is an important economic cash crop for many West and Central African countries. It has several medicinal uses in the pharmaceutical industries and also plays a major role in traditional marriages among Islamic communities across West and Central Africa. The crop is extensively cultivated in Nigeria and Ghana. However, it exhibit signs of total and partial sterility as well as self incompatibility when propagated from seeds in most cases. Therefore, grafting is seen as a method of choice in addressing the problem stated above. Though grafting accounts for some degree of success, there is the need to assess genotypic and physiological factors that account for high or low grafting success. Genetic and physiological factors (such as rootstock age) affecting grafting success and growth in kola (C. nitida) were investigated in two separate experiments. In experiment I720 kola seedlings were raised from unselected kola nuts and sown at two monthly intervals. Four groups of seedlings (180/group) i.e. 6, 8, 10 and 12 months old were thus produced. Three different scions (A1, A12 and JB1) measuring (5-10 cm) were grafted onto the four age groups of rootstocks, namely, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months. Experiment II consisted of 540 seedlings raised from three main crosses (JX1/9 × JX1/11 * B1/142 × B1/151, JX1/9 × JX1/11 * B2/177 × B2/156 and JX1/9 × JX1/11 * GX1/46 × GX1/53). Grafting was done after six months using the same set of scions as described in experiment I. Experimental design used was 3 × 4 and 3 × 3 factorial designs in completely randomised design with three replicates for experiment I and II respectively. The fixed effects were the different genotype and age of rootstock at grafting whilst the response variable was the percentage of successful grafting two months as well as growth at six monthly intervals. Results from the study showed that grafting onto 6 months old stocks gave the highest percentage success and growth of grafts followed by 8, 10 and 12 months old rootstock in that order in both trial years. The study revealed also a significant rootstock and scion interaction (P < 0.05). We conclude that successful grafting in kola depends on rootstock genotype such as JX1/9 × JX1/11 * GX1/46 × GX1/53 and has been proven suitable for use in future kola propagation studies. Nonetheless, suitable rootstock with high grafting success does not translate into vigorous scion growth.

Influence of different rootstocks on the vegetative and reproductive performance of &lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; L. Malbec under irrigated conditions

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims&lt;/strong&gt;:Atrial of cv. Malbec grafted to six different rootstocks (Harmony, SO4, 1103 P, 140 Ru, 3309 C and Cereza) and own rooted cv. Malbec (ORMa) was carried out with the aim to study the influence of rootstock on the vegetative and reproductive performance of cv. Malbec. Another objective was to study the relationship between below ground (i.e., rootstock) and above ground (i.e., scion) growth under irrigated conditions, typical of Argentine viticulture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and results&lt;/strong&gt;: Four groups of rootstocks could be distinguished according to their vegetative and reproductive performance. The first group (Cereza and 3309 C, as ORMa) showed intermediate yield and high vegetative expression (VE). The second group (SO4 and 1103 P) was characterized by high yield and intermediate VE. The third group (140 Ru) displayed intermediate yield and low VE. Finally, the fourth group (Harmony) showed low yield and low VE. 140 Ru showed the highest number of roots, while 1103 P, SO4 and Harmony showed the lowest number. Harmony showed a greater skin to berry ratio than 1103 P and a lower berry weight (1.56 g) than the rest of the treatments (1.7 g on average).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Rootstocks influenced the biomass partitioning between leaves, grapes and roots: 140 Ru promoted root and reproductive development; Cereza, 3309 C and ORMa promoted vegetative development; SO4 and 1103 P promoted grape yield; and Harmony promoted root development.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significance and impact of the study&lt;/strong&gt;: The absence of a general behavior pattern highlights the need to accurately assess the performance of each rootstock for each zone and each &lt;em&gt;Vitis&lt;/em&gt; variety, in order to choose the most appropriate scion-rootstock combination.&lt;/p&gt;

Horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange onto twelve rootstocks

Despite its outstanding position, the Brazilian citriculture is established on a very limited pool of varieties that limits its expansion and restricts the fruit availability throughout the year. This situation determines the urgent necessity of developing alternative scion and rootstock cultivars, with good performance under local conditions. ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is a late-harvest cultivar, suitable both for the juice processing industry and the fresh fruit market, being described as tolerant to citrus canker ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.), and less affected by citrus variegated chlorosis ( Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). A study was conducted in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid ‘Rangpur’ lime ( Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo ( P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates ( P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’, and ‘Flying Dragon’ ( P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ mandarin ( C. reticulata Blanco); the ‘Sunki’ mandarin ( Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the ‘Rangpur’ limes ( C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange ( C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo ( P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo ( C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 7 m × 4 m spacing, in a randomized block design, with five replications and two plants per plot. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, tree tolerance to drought and to citrus variegated chlorosis, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. Trees grafted onto the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate were smaller in size, but had largest yield efficiency when compared to those grafted onto other rootstocks. Lower alternate bearing index was observed on trees budded onto ‘Cravo FCAV’ ‘Rangpur’ lime. Both ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstocks and the ‘Sunki’ mandarin induced higher tree tolerance to drought. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate induced better fruit quality and higher tolerance to citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) to ‘Folha Murcha’ trees. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three groups of rootstocks with similar effects on ‘Folha Murcha’ tree performance. Among the 12 evaluated rootstocks, the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate has a unique effect on plant growth, tolerance to drought and CVC, fruit yield and fruit quality of ‘Folha Murcha’ trees, and may be better suited for high-density plantings.

667 Apple Rootstocks for the Next Century

Rootstock breeding programs in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Japan have all released apple rootstocks in the recent past that are potentially important to the worldwide apple industry in the next century. Several of these programs are continuing to breed new rootstocks. Each program has focused on different breeding objectives, thus giving a wide range of horticultural characteristics among this new group of rootstocks. All programs have focused on the horticulturally important traits of productivity, dwarfing and precocity but certain programs have also emphasized other characteristics such as propagability, stress tolerance, disease resistance or insect resistance. Commercialization of this new group of rootstocks is proceeding at an extremely fast pace due to the worldwide networking of fruit tree nursery companies and the use of plant patents. This presents a large job for research and extension personnel to properly test rootstocks for adaptability to different growing areas before they are planted on a large scale. The national rootstock testing project (NC-140) composed of researchers from most apple growing states and provinces in the U.S. and Canada is collecting rootstocks from around the world and conducting uniform field trials that give performance data from a wide variety of climates and soils. This information becomes the basis for local rootstock recommendations in North America. This presentation reviews the most promising rootstocks from around the world and summarize the research information from North American and worldwide trials.

Evaluation of rootstocks for Eureka and Lisbon lemons in replant ground in New South Wales

The yield, growth, fruit quality, and graft compatibility of 2 lemon cultivars Eureka and Lisbon [Citrus limon (L.) Bum. f.], budded onto several new rootstocks, were studied in replant ground.Promising rootstocks for Eureka lemon were 2 new hybrids bred at Gosford, New South Wales, 3798 (Scarlet mandarin x Poncirus trifoliata) and 4017 (Smooth Seville x P. trifoliata), and also Benton citrange and Nelspruit hybrid 639. Trees on the sour orange group of rootstocks including Xingshan, Dai Dai and Baggan yielded 44-63% less than trees on rough lemon rootstocks; but their fruit quality, as evidenced by juice per cent, OBrix, and citric acid (kg/t), was better. The performance of Lisbon lemon was tested on 10 selections of F'. trifoliata, and although trees on Flying Dragon were smaller and yielded about 50% less than on Swingle, Christiansen, Large Flower, and selection 22, results were not significantly (P&lt;0.05) different.

Experimentos de cavalos para citros. IV

Os resultados obtidos em dois experimentos de cavalos para limoeiro Eureka, nos Estações Experimentais de Ribeirão Prêto (10 colheitas) e de Limeira (12 colheitas) são apresentados nesta publicação. Em Ribeirão Prêto empregaram-se como variedades-cavalos os seguintes: as laranjeiras azêda e agro-doce, a laranjeira azêda, os limoeiros cravo e rugoso da Flórido, a limeira da Pérsia e o trifoliata. Em Limeira forom empregados: as laranjeiras caipira, lima e azêda, os limoeiros cravo, rugoso nacional e rugoso da Flórida, a limeira da Pérsia e o colamondim. As plantas enxertadas em calamondim (Limeira), trifoliata e limoeiro rugoso da Flórida (Ribeirão Prêto), tiveram pequena duração, morrendo logo depois das primeiras colheitas. As produções verificadas em Ribeirão Prêto, em todos os covolos, forom muito inferiores às obtidas em Limeira. Os cavalos de laranjas azêda e agro-doce determinaram maiores produções em Ribeirão Prêto; os de limão cravo e de laranjas doces proporcionaram maiores produções da que os de limão rugoso, em Limeira. As plantas enxertadas em Limeira da Pérsia ocuparam a pior posição em Ribeirão Preta e intermediária em Limeira. O limoeiro rugoso da Flórida influenciou as características dos frutos, aumentando a espessura da casca e reduzindo a porcentagem de suco, de sólidos solúveis e de acidez. As laranjeiras azêda e agro-doce exerceram influência oposta. O limoeiro cravo ocupou posição intermediária entre êsses dois grupos. Nas duas Estações Experimentais o cavalo de trifoliata apresentou sintomas de incompatibilidade na região da enxertia. As plantas enxertadas sôbre laranjeiras azêda e doce mostraram, em maior proporção, os sintomas de "shell bark".