Use Of Groundwater For Irrigation Research Articles

Hydrogeological trends in an alluvial valley in the Brazilian semiarid: Impacts of observed climate variables change and exploitation on groundwater availability and salinity

Study regionMimoso Alluvial Valley, Semiarid Brazil. Study focusThis study aims to assess the influence of climate variability and exploitation on groundwater accessibility, quantity and quality, based on a spatiotemporal data analysis from long-term monitoring field campaigns, conducted monthly from 2000 to 2019. This study successfully identified representative stable monitoring points, piezometers and wells, for piezometric and salinity levels employing the technique of relative differences, taking into account aquifer hydraulic properties. Trend analysis was then carried out adopting the Mann-Kendall Method, Sen's Slope test, Pettitt test, and the Seasonal Trend decomposition through the Loess (STL) method. Principal Component Multivariate Analysis (PCA) was also employed to validate long-term analysis of annual groundwater levels, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and pumping rates. New hydrological insights for the regionThe spatial-temporal variability of salinity is closely linked to the salt balance in regions with low hydraulic permeability and groundwater use for irrigation. Groundwater salinity presented a strong link between rainfall and groundwater levels. A temporal rise in evapotranspiration alongside declines in rainfall and groundwater levels was observed, potentially exacerbating groundwater scarcity alongside intensified aquifer exploitation. Furthermore, groundwater salinity presented a decreasing trend for the pumping wells and no trends for piezometers. This could potentially disrupt future irrigation plans and cause long-term water shortages in a region already under severe water scarcity. Hence, groundwater pumping constitutes a positive management alternative for controlling groundwater salinity in the domain.

Spatial Prediction of Groundwater Potential of Upper Tigris Basin Mapping in the Turkey with GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) Method

The Upper Tigris region in the Middle East is in Turkey and this study shows it to be an area with significant water resources that enable agricultural activities in the region. Since the GAP irrigation project has not been completed yet, there is an extensive use of groundwater for irrigation. This situation threatens the groundwater potential of the basin in a negative manner. Therefore, determination of groundwater potential should be evaluated properly instead of approving the groundwater potential of the region with observation wells, which is a more costly method. In this study, the groundwater potential of the basin was calculated by the GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method via main elements affecting groundwater formation. The GIS-based-AHP method is used for identifying the groundwater potential zones of the Upper Tigris Basin as an alternative to expensive and time-consuming method of well drilling. There are 8 key criteria taken into account; Geomorphology (GM), Geology(G), Line Density (LD), Slope (SL), Drainage Density (DD), Land Use (LU), Rainfall (R), and Soil Type (ST) and the individual weight of each criterion was evaluated by the AHP technique and utilized by the “Spatial Analysis Overlay Weighted Method” obtaining the “Groundwater Potential Index (GWPI)”. The GWPI values obtained is used to classify the Upper Tigris Basin into five categories as follows: 319 km2 of the basin has very poor potential (3.8%); 2217 km2 has poor potential (26.7%); 2800 km2 has moderate potential (33.7%); 2200 km2 has good potential (26.5%); and finally, 763 km2 has very good potential (9.2%).

The Groundwater Resources in the Mazovian Lowland in Central Poland during the Dry Decade of 2011–2020

This article addresses the issue of droughts in recent years in Poland and their impact on the state of groundwater resources. This paper presents the challenges arising from the increasing demand for the use of groundwater for irrigation in agriculture, supplementing water shortages, and potential threats to the water supply of rural waterworks. The main part of this paper focuses on a small catchment area in the Mazovian Lowland, which is one of the driest regions in the country. This article includes definitions, characteristics, and causes of hydrologic and hydrogeologic droughts during the period 2011–2020. In the discussed area, there is generally one groundwater level of the Quaternary age, primarily recharged by rainfall infiltration, which is utilized by all dug wells and a number of drilled wells. The source material consisted of daily measurements of groundwater levels with a free surface from three piezometers located in different land use areas (forest, agricultural, and sparse development). Additionally, daily flows of the Zagożdżonka River at the Płachty Stare gauge station were examined, where the drying of the riverbed in the upper reaches has been observed in recent years. This study investigated the dynamics of hydrogeologic droughts in renewable groundwater resources and the rate of their decline in relation to hydrologic droughts of surface waters.

The Effect of Drought Phenomenon on the Surface of Groundwater Aquifer in Qazvin Plain in Iran

As one of the most catastrophic atmospheric events, drought affects various aspects of the environment. Groundwater resources are one of the sectors that are influenced by long-term droughts and have received insufficient attention compared to other aspects of the environment. Rainfall data collected by 23 metrological stations for 20 years (2005, 2010, 2015, 2020) was used to investigate the drought event and its situation in Qazvin Plain, the central plateau of Iran. Drought characteristics are evaluated using the 24-month standardized precipitation index (SPI). The results of SPI indicated that insufficient precipitation, excessive use of groundwater for irrigation, and utilization of uncontrolled wells caused a significant reduction in groundwater aquifers from 2015 to 2020. To assess the performance of the SPI, a five-year moving average of available precipitation data was calculated, and the result confirmed the outcomes of the SPI. Appropriate geostatistical interpolation methods are used to generate maps of drought zoning. Based on the results of this investigation in the northeastern part of the study area, June and November had the highest and lowest rates of drought, respectively. The linear regression between the annual average of precipitation and the changes in groundwater aquifer level exposed a significant correlation of R2 = 0.4253. Furthermore, linear regression between 24-month SPI and groundwater aquifer level indicated a correlation of R2 = 0.614. Considering the results of this study, the reduction of groundwater aquifer levels in Qazvin Plain from 2015 to 2015 exposed a significant negative difference compared to previous years (2005 to 2010).

Modelling the impacts of climate change and management options on sustainable groundwater use in an irrigated agriculture landscape

Declining groundwater resources are a big concern for irrigated agriculture worldwide. This study investigated the causes of declining groundwater and how future climate and management measures impact the groundwater resource in Bangladesh. A conceptual hydrological model (NAM) was used to quantify catchment runoff, groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration loss and a hydraulic model (MIKE11) was used to quantify changes in river flow. The models were calibrated using observed water level, discharge, groundwater level (GWL) and actual evapotranspiration (ET). The modelling encompassed five contrasting climate scenarios of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) and a management scenario of additional surface water irrigation. The results show that GWL is declining across 16 administrative districts in the northwest region of Bangladesh. On average, the annual decline varies from 20 to 30 mm except for two southern districts where the annual decline was more than 80 mm. Declining rainfall and increasing use of groundwater for irrigation were the principal causes of declining GWL across the region. Under the climate change scenarios, modelled groundwater conditions improve due to increased rainfall. The increase in river water extraction for irrigation also produced positive outcomes for GWL (i.e., lessening the declining rate).

Powering Qatar’s agricultural growth: Examining the link between electricity prices and development

This study analyzes the impact of electricity prices on the development of the agriculture sector in Qatar, using annual data from 2003 to 2019. Its findings contribute to addressing a gap in current literature and offer valuable perspectives on the sector’s obstacles and potential prospects. An extended Cobb-Douglas production function was employed as a theoretical framework, in conjunction with several econometric techniques, including Fully Modified Least Squares, Dynamic Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegration Regression, and Gets, to analyze the persistent relationship between electricity prices, and the gross value added of the agriculture sector. Our research found that electricity prices exert a positive effect on agricultural development. Although the magnitude of the impact was small over the long term, it remained statistically significant. Specifically, the elasticity of the electricity prices ranged between 0.097–0.11, whereas the elasticity of another examined variable, labor productivity, was also positive and ranged between 0.67–0.74. These empirical findings support the ongoing government policy to reform energy prices, increase vegetable production using modernized hydroponic systems, and reduce groundwater use for irrigation, among other policies to sustain food production. Clearly, if these policy options are managed properly, the agriculture sector can play a significant role in diversifying the economy, maintaining environmental conditions and improving food sustainability.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE TELEGHMA PLAIN, ALGERIA

The Teleghma plain is located in northeastern Algeria, in the upper valley of Oued Rhumel. It is characterised by a semi-arid climate with average annual precipitation of 300 mm/ year. The shallow aquifer of Mio-Plio-Quaternary is powered mainly by carbonate formations of the Eocene surrounding the région. The uncontrolled use of groundwater for irrigation has caused water stress in the area which has threatened the degradation of water quality. On the other hand, the intense use of chemical fertilisers for agriculture aims has caused groundwater pollution by nitrates where concentrations exceeded the standard limit recommended by the world health organisation.

The impact of climate change, population growth and development on sustainable water security in Bangladesh to 2100

There are concerns that groundwater use for irrigation and for urban water supply is unsustainable in some parts of Bangladesh, particularly in the agriculturally productive northwest region. We use an integrated population – GDP – food – water model to examine water demand to 2100 in Bangladesh in development scenarios relevant to food and water security. The results indicate that irrigation water demand is projected to increase in coming decades, but later in the century it may decrease due to increasing crop yields and a falling population. The increased demand is greatest in the northwest region and, if unchecked, would increase concerns there about the unsustainable use of groundwater. The growth in demand is determined particularly by growth in crop yields, population growth and the fraction of food demand satisfied by imports. An extreme hot-dry climate change scenario has a lesser impact. This suggests that, in principle, Bangladesh can offset the impacts of climate change on irrigation water demand through its domestic policies. Urban water use currently also leads to concerns over unsustainable groundwater use. Our results suggest that urban water demand is likely to grow proportionately significantly more than irrigation water demand. Alternative sources for urban water are therefore urgently required.

STUDYING THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER DEPLETION ON SURFACE VEGETATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA USING REMOTE SENSING

Abstract. The fertile soils of the Mississippi Delta physiographic province allow for the region to be a large producer of cotton, soy, rice, and other crops for commercial use. However, the extensive use of groundwater for irrigation raised concerns about the possible depletion of groundwater in this region. Therefore, it is important to understand the potential impact of groundwater depletion on surface vegetation in the Mississippi Delta region. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data provides the opportunity to monitor the changes in the groundwater surface through recording gravity fluctuations over the entire planet, with data released every month. Pairing information provided by GRACE with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, it is possible to see if there is a correlation between the changes in the groundwater levels over a period from 2011 to 2020, and the overall vegetative health of the region. This paper presents the obtained preliminary results of this study.

Irrigation water demand and elasticities: a case study of the High Plains aquifer

The agriculture of the Texas High Plains (THP) region is primarily dependent on groundwater irrigation. Changing weather patterns along with competing demands for water resources and other anthropogenic effects have dramatically increased withdrawals from the Ogallala aquifer. In addition to on-farm changes, policy tools based on off-farm mechanisms are equally indispensable in addressing sustainable groundwater use in the THP. One such policy tool is water pricing using estimates of price elasticity of irrigation water demand. This paper estimates the elasticity of irrigation water demand in the THP and assesses the influence of water price on major inputs used in dominant irrigated crops such as corn and cotton. Using the translog profit function on an annual county-level dataset of THP crop production, spanning 23 years (1998–2020), we find that irrigation water demand is price elastic for cotton (η = – 1.58) but inelastic for corn (η = – 0.81). Our findings suggest that a non-uniform pricing policy could be a useful tool to promote the efficient use of groundwater for irrigation.

Agricultural Irrigation Effects on Hydrological Processes in the United States Northern High Plains Aquifer Simulated by the Coupled SWAT-MODFLOW System

Groundwater use for irrigation has a major influence on agricultural productivity and local water resources. This study evaluated the groundwater irrigation schemes, SWAT auto-irrigation scheduling based on plant water stress (Auto-Irr), and prescribed irrigation based on well pumping rates in MODFLOW (Well-Irr), in the U.S. Northern High Plains (NHP) aquifer using coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model simulations for the period 1982–2008. Auto-Irr generally performed better than Well-Irr in simulating groundwater irrigation volume (reducing the mean bias from 86 to −30%) and groundwater level (reducing the normalized root-mean-square-error from 13.55 to 12.47%) across the NHP, as well as streamflow interannual variations at two stations (increasing NSE from 0.51, 0.51 to 0.55, 0.53). We also examined the effects of groundwater irrigation on the water cycle. Based on simulation results from Auto-Irr, historical irrigation led to significant recharge along the Elkhorn and Platte rivers. On average over the entire NHP, irrigation increased surface runoff, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and groundwater recharge by 21.3%, 4.0%, 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively. Irrigation improved crop water productivity by nearly 27.2% for corn and 23.8% for soybean. Therefore, designing sustainable irrigation practices to enhance crop productivity must consider both regional landscape characteristics and downstream hydrological consequences.

Sustainable groundwater use in the Eastern Gangetic Plains requires region-specific solutions

This study aimed to examine whether conservation agriculture can be applied across the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) as a strategy to ensure that groundwater use for irrigation remains sustainable as demands increase. The study analysed the groundwater balance in the EGP at sub-region, district and field scales using MODFLOW, a water balance model, and the APSIM model, respectively and evaluated the current state of groundwater development aiming to address sustainability concerns. Long-term groundwater use and aquifer reserves reveal the significant influence of groundwater extraction on the current state of the water balance. In the Indian and northwest Bangladesh sub-regions, accelerated extraction may result in groundwater mining in areas where potential maximum recharge has already been achieved or exceeded, while further development of groundwater may be possible in areas where actual recharge is still less than potential recharge. At district level, the water supply versus demand situation shows a large annual surplus in the East but a deficit in the West. Conservation Agriculture (CA) and Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) irrigation practice exert varying impacts on water demand; crop transpiration (Ep) is generally higher in CA compared to Conventional Tillage (CT), while soil evaporation (Es) is similar in both practices. Net evapotranspiration, although very similar in both practices, is generally greater in CA. AWD has a limited effect on Es but reduces the percolation rate and therefore irrigation requirement of Boro rice. In conclusion, the cause–effect associations between irrigation water use and groundwater sustainability are not spatially uniform across the EGP, nor will they likely be so under further agricultural development associated with increased water demands. The study suggests that the cause–effect interactions between irrigation water use and groundwater sustainability cannot be generalized across the EGP and, therefore, CA or AWD should not be applied uniformly across the region.

Delineation of Drainage Pattern and Water Projects - A Geographical Overview

In the context of present study the term Delineation means bordering of any kind of area by using scale and reveals in maps. In the context of present study the term Delineation is refer to mapping the drainage and check dams in the study area. The region is drained by the Arunavati River a northern tributary of Tapi, flowing towards the south. River Aner in the east marked an eastern boundary, which flows towards south while in the west Nandurbar district and in the east Jalgaon district. The Northern boundary is marked by Madhya Pradesh. The basaltic lava flows in the hilly tract are not favorable for groundwater development but give rise to perennial and seasonal springs. The contact of the basaltic lava flows with alluvial mountain front deposit is demarcated by a major fault. The alluvial deposits are further subdivided into (a) Talus and Scree deposits bordering in the Satpura foothills and (b) Alluvium consisting of sand clays gravel. Secondly, Evapotranspiration is an important parameter to decide the quality of water is available for plant growth. Evapotranspiration in this tehsil is higher during the plant growth period, thus reducing the availability of water for plant growth. Drought Prone Taluka the semi-arid tracts of the State which receives rainfall between 750 to 1000 mm are drought-prone areas. The Shirpur taluka comes in the drought-prone area of the State. The annual normal rainfall is 617 mm received over period of 36 days during south west monsoon. A surface water resource in the Taluka is unevenly distributed. This resource is also not assured as it depends on rainfall. Irrigation projects in the Taluka cover the only small area in southeastern part of the Taluka. Because of this, the use of groundwater for irrigation, drinking water, and an industrial purpose has increased many folds. In entire taluka intensive development of groundwater has led to critical situations resulting in manifestations of problems like declining ground water levels, shortage of water supply, etc. This situation warrants for taking up programmers to augment groundwater resources on strong lines in the whole taluka. In this paper, groundwater resources in different formations of the entire taluka, industrialization, problems caused due to excessive utilization of groundwater, method store adopted in conserving the scarce resources and recharging the aquifers have been discussed.

The impact of irrigation return flow on seasonal groundwater recharge in northwestern Bangladesh

Irrigation is vital in Bangladesh in order to meet the growing food demand as a result of the increasing population. During the dry season, groundwater irrigation is the main source of water for agriculture. However, excessive abstraction of groundwater for irrigation causes groundwater level depletion. At the same time, the loss from excessive irrigation could end up contributing to aquifer recharge as return flow. Therefore, investigating the influence of irrigation on groundwater is important for the sustainable management of this resource. This study aims to assess the impact of irrigation on groundwater recharge in the northwest Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. A semi-physically based water balance model was used to simulate spatially distributed groundwater recharge with two scenarios (with and without irrigation). To evaluate the effect of irrigation, groundwater recharges from these two scenarios were compared. The result showed that the use of groundwater for irrigation increased over the study period whereas, there was a persistent trend of decrease in groundwater level during the study period. Groundwater provides 91% of overall irrigation in the study area. However, on average, about 33% of the total irrigation becomes return flow and contributes to groundwater recharge in the dry season. Irrigation return flow is around 98% of the total recharge during the dry season in this region. The spatially distributed seasonal return flow varies from 305 to 401 mm. In brief, irrigation has a significant role in groundwater recharge in the study area during the dry season. Hence, proper irrigation water measurement and management are necessary for sustainable groundwater resource management in this region.

The Effect of Drought Phenomenon on the Surface of Groundwater Aquifer in Qazvin Plain in Iran

As one of the most catastrophic atmospheric events, drought affects various aspects of the environment. Groundwater resources are one the sectors that are influenced by long-term droughts and received insufficient attention compared to other aspects of the environment. Rainfall data collected by 23 metrological stations for 20 years (2005, 2010, 2015,2020) was used to investigate the drought event and its situation in Qazvin plain, the central plateau of Iran. Drought characteristics are evaluated using the 24-month standardized precipitation index (SPI). The results of SPI indicated that insufficient precipitation, excessive use of groundwater for irrigation, and utilization of uncontrolled wells caused a significant reduction in groundwater aquifers from 2015 to 2020. To assess the performance of the SPI, a five-year moving average of available precipitation data was calculated, and the result confirmed the outcomes of SPI. Appropriate geostatistical interpolation methods are used to generate maps of drought zoning. Based on the results of this investigation in the northeastern part of the study area, June and November had the highest and the lowest rate of drought, respectively. The linear regression between the annual average of precipitation and the changes of groundwater aquifer level exposed a significant correlation of R2 = 0.4253. Furthermore, linear regression between 24-month SPI and groundwater aquifer level indicated a correlation of R2 = 0.614. Considering the results of this study, the reduction of groundwater aquifer levels in Qazvin plain from 2015 to 2015 exposed a significant negative difference compared to previous years (2005 to 2010).

Dryland irrigation increases accumulation rates of pedogenic carbonate and releases soil abiotic CO2

Agricultural fields in drylands are challenged globally by limited freshwater resources for irrigation and also by elevated soil salinity and sodicity. It is well known that pedogenic carbonate is less soluble than evaporate salts and commonly forms in natural drylands. However, few studies have evaluated how irrigation loads dissolved calcium and bicarbonate to agricultural fields, accelerating formation rates of secondary calcite and simultaneously releasing abiotic CO2 to the atmosphere. This study reports one of the first geochemical and isotopic studies of such “anthropogenic” pedogenic carbonates and CO2 from irrigated drylands of southwestern United States. A pecan orchard and an alfalfa field, where flood-irrigation using the Rio Grande river is a common practice, were compared to a nearby natural dryland site. Strontium and carbon isotope ratios show that bulk pedogenic carbonates in irrigated soils at the pecan orchard primarily formed due to flood-irrigation, and that approximately 20–50% of soil CO2 in these irrigated soils is calcite-derived abiotic CO2 instead of soil-respired or atmospheric origins. Multiple variables that control the salt buildup in this region are identified and impact the crop production and soil sustainability regionally and globally. Irrigation intensity and water chemistry (irrigation water quantity and quality) dictate salt loading, and soil texture governs water infiltration and salt leaching. In the study area, agricultural soils have accumulated up to 10 wt% of calcite after just about 100 years of cultivation. These rates will likely increase in the future due to the combined effects of climate variability (reduced rainfall and more intense evaporation), use of more brackish groundwater for irrigation, and reduced porosity in soils. The enhanced accumulation rates of pedogenic carbonate are accompanied by release of large amounts of abiotic CO2 from irrigated drylands to atmosphere. Extensive field studies and modelling approaches are needed to further quantify these effluxes at local, regional and global scales.

Groundwater and reservoirs interaction in its use for irrigation, Case study: Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

The use of groundwater for irrigation in the Wajo Regency has been going on since the 2000s. The use of groundwater has the potential to cause high production costs, which can reduce farmers’ income. The Government of Wajo Regency provided a solution to this problem through the reservoir development program. However, the impact of the construction of reservoirs on environmental conservation is not yet known. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research that aims to determine reservoirs’ effect to fulfill plant water needs and their impact on the environment. The study was conducted by direct measurement in the field of the observed variables. Some data are obtained in real-time using sensors such as rainfall, groundwater level changes, surface water level, and evaporation data. Data were analyzed using the water balance approach. The results showed that the construction of reservoirs to meet the water needs of plants could reduce the radius of the influence of groundwater extraction for irrigation which has so far reached 50-100 m, as well as reducing the decrease in groundwater level during pumping, which originally reached more than 5 m. The reservoir can increase the groundwater level as indicated by the increase that occurs when the surface water level increases.

Systematic discrimination of irrigation and upheaval associated salinity using multitemporal SAR data

The increasing salinization in the soil profile by irrigation water and groundwater upheaval is a widespread issue and considered as a major threat to agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions. The present study aimed to propose a systematic SAR simulation involving the imaginary part of dielectric constant measurements of two consecutive seasons (dry and wet) to quantify and discriminate the irrigation-induced and upheaval-associated salinity from total salinity levels and investigate its impact on crop growth. The Sentinel-1 data of C-band frequency (5.36 GHz) acquired for both the dry and wet spells from 2015 to 2019 was instrumental in the present study. The total soil EC (Electrical Conductivity) was quantified from the imaginary part of dielectric constant (ε″) using semi-empirical microwave simulation “DSDM-SS”. Irrigation-induced salinity (εIrrigation″) and upheaval-associated salinity (εUpheaval″) were extracted from ε″ by proposing a site-, and climatic-specific novel model. The εUpheaval″ and εIrrigation″ have shown promising statistical significance with the in-situ soil EC (R2 = 0.89, p = <0.001, rMSE = 1.08, Bias = 0.584) and groundwater EC measurements (R2 = 0.85, p = <0.001, rMSE = 1.28, Bias = 1.16). The study found that the rate of salinity increase over time due to irrigation (77%) was considerably higher than the upheaval (42%) process. This demonstrated that the intensive use of groundwater for irrigation has a higher impact on vegetation vigor (θ = −0.87) than the upheaval process. The study revealed that crop failure in the dry season was provoked by osmotic stress and waterlogging conditions.

Influence of irrigation of winter wheat by subirrigation method on the reclamation regime of lands

Due to the rapid growth of the world's population and intensive economic development, the demand for natural resources, including water and land, is growing day by day. According to the UN, around the world, wheat is grown on an area of 217.71 million hectares, and at the same time, 6.4-7.8% of the total area is using the subirrigation method. The article presents the results of experiments on the widespread use of groundwater for irrigation of lands with a low level of groundwater and salinity of 1-3 g/l in the conditions of meadow gray soils of the Syrdarya region.

Evaluation of the Groundwater Quality for Irrigation: Case Study of Hilla district, Babylon Province, Iraq

A crisis of water scarcity in the world encouraged researchers, especially in the arid areas to know the nature and quality of all its sources regardless of surface water. The groundwater evaluation for irrigation was suggested by using the model of Water Quality Index for Irrigation (WQIIR) in the ArcMap/GIS Software. This model was applied to 48 wells distributed throughout the Hilla district, Babylon, Iraq. The samples of EC, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl−1, Na+1, HCO3−1, and SAR for groundwater were collected from these wells during wet and dry seasons in 2016. The generated maps in GIS for the WQIIR model in both seasons were divided into categories based on restriction’s groundwater use for irrigation. These categories consisted of Severe Restriction (SR), High Restriction (HR), Moderate Restriction (MR), Low Restriction, and No Restriction. The areas values and their classification of restriction’s groundwater use for irrigation related to the five categories that resulted within the generated maps in GIS using the WQIIR model in the wet season (in km2) were: 42.79 (SR), 407.05 (HR), 377.77 (MR), 32.39 (LR) and 0.23 (NR) respectively and for the dry season were as follows: 42.79 (SR), 407.05 (HR), 377.77 (MR), 32.39 (LR) and 0.23 (NR) respectively. The areas and the classification categories of restriction groundwater for irrigation calculated based on the values resulted from the WQIIR model have shown variation in the dry and wet seasons.