Groundnut In India Research Articles

Analysing Market Integration and Causality of Oilseed Crops: Key Insights and Challenges in Major Tamil Nadu Markets and Interstate Regions of India

Oilseed crops like Sesame and Groundnut experience significant price fluctuations due to factors like seasonal production patterns, their perishable nature, and risk involved in production and marketing of output. The farmers are further complicated by a lack of information about market conditions, including the timing of arrivals and prices. Market integration, which helps stabilize prices and improve the efficiency of the marketing system. This study focuses on analysing the market integration of major oilseed crops— Sesame, and Groundnut in India from January 2013 to January 2024. Johansen's cointegration test and Granger Causality test were applied to examine how prices in different markets are influence one another. The stationarity of the prices tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. The results confirmed that the prices are cointegrated, showing a strong interdependence between them. The analysis also revealed causal relationships between regions, such as bidirectional causality in the case of Sesame and Groundnut. The findings underscore the importance of further research to address production challenges, improve technical methods, and develop informed policies to manage the issues faced by oilseed crop growing farmers. This will help overcome obstacles in production and ensure a more efficient marketing system.

Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur Levels on Yield Attributes, Yield and Quality of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Background: Groundnut is one of the best known oilseed crops and belongs to the family Leguminosae. However, the productivity of groundnut in India is less as compared to average productivity of world due to uncertainty in monsoon rainfall and incidences of diseases, insect pests and weeds. The main cause of low groundnut production is an unbalanced and insufficient usage of nutrients. Because groundnut is a legume-oilseed crop, it has a high phosphorus, calcium and sulphur demand. Methods: A field experiment consisting of four phosphorus levels (Control, 40, 50, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four sulphur levels (Control, 25, 50, 75 kg S ha-1) was laid out in split plot design to analyze their effect on pod yield, yield components, physiological and quality parameters of groundnut. Result: The results indicated the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 75 kg S ha-1 significantly improved the pod yield and yield components except number of kernels per pod and harvest index, physiological parameters except leaf area index and all the quality parameters. However, the difference between 50 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 50 and 75 kg S ha-1 was found non-significant for most of the studied parameters.

Effect of phosphorus and sulphur levels on biomass partitioning in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Groundnut is an important oilseed crop and belongs to the family Leguminosae. However, the productivity of groundnut in India is less as compared to average productivity of the world. The main cause of low groundnut production is an unbalanced and insufficient usage of nutrients. Because groundnut is a legume-oilseed crop, it has a high phosphorus, calcium, and Sulphur demand. Therefore, this field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2021 at crop physiology field lab, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four phosphorus levels (Control, 40, 50, 60 kg P2O5/ha) in main plots and four Sulphur levels (Control, 25, 50, 75 kg S/ha) in sub-plots with three replications. Result revealed that application of 60 kg P2O5/ha resulted in significantly higher total plant biomass and its partitioning into different plant parts viz, leaves, stem, root and pod at different growth stages in groundnut followed by 50 kg P2O5/ha. Among Sulphur levels application of 75 kg S/ha record higher total biomass and its partitioning at all growth stages followed by 50 kg S/ha. So, to obtain a higher total biomass and its partitioning, the crop may be fertilized with phosphorus and sulphur levels of 50 kg/ha each.

Growth Performance of Groundnut in India-An Instability and Decomposition Analysis

Measuring the trends of growth and variability in agricultural production is important to understand how outputs change over time. The present study analyzed the growth and instability index of groundnuts. The study depends on secondary data, which was collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare [1] for the period 1950-2022. The entire study period is divided into three sub-periods: 1950-51 to 1969-1970, 1971-1972 to 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to 2021-2022. The compound annual growth rate, instability Index and decomposition analysis were used for the analysis. The compound annual growth rates for production, area, and yield are -0.14 percent, 1.05 percent, and 1.2 percent, respectively, groundnut production and yield are increasing and the area in India has changed throughout time. The decomposition of groundnut production in area, yield, and interaction effect showed that the yield effect was responsible for increasing the production of groundnut in India followed by the interaction effect and area effect. The results revealed that the level of instability was high in yield while it was lowest in area. The findings showed that the annual growth rate of productivity of groundnuts also shows an increasing trend during the recent period due to the availability of high-yielding cultivars and the deployment of innovative cultivation technologies. From the result, it is concluded that including the non-traditional areas increases the area under cultivation to sustain and improve groundnut production.

Factors affecting groundnut output in Andhra Pradesh: co-integration and error-correction modeling

Groundnut is an important oilseed crop of India. The area under groundnut in India was maximum (8.0 million ha), however the production was less due to the lowest yield (938 kg/ha) among all Asian countries. Thus it becomes more important to identify the factors affecting groundnut productivity which is directly related to the farmer's income, sustainable supply and the price stabilization. Unless until the factors affecting groundnut productivity are known, the corrective measures can not be initiated. In this paper efforts have been made to examine whether producer's price, area cultivated, fertilizer applied and rainfall have an important effect on groundnut production in Andhra Pradesh using co-integration and error correction modeling. Co-integration and error correction modeling tend to solve spurious regression results obtained from the analysis of macro-economic data and also establish an equilibrium long-run relationship which enables one to carry out a valid inference of the explanatory variables that are responsible for affecting the output of the crop. A stationary test was performed which revealed only rainfall series was stationary at level, while other series become stationary at first differencing applying the unit root test. Johansen co-integration and error correction procedure was adopted which indicates the existence of five co-integrating vectors at 1% level of significance, hence rejecting the null hypothesis of no co-integrating vector. Further, a parsimonious error correction model was applied. The statistical significance of error correction model for groundnut validates the existence of an equilibrium relationship among the variables. The results, therefore, indicate the combined effect of area, fertilizer, rainfall and price jointly affect the output of groundnut in Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, a favorable price policy, assured irrigation and timely supply of fertilizers at remunerative price would help the farmers to allocate more area under groundnut. These measures are necessary to enhance the productivity as well as income of the farmers and also supply of groundnut in the benefit of consumers.

Growth Performance and Interrupted Time Series Approach to Estimate Immediate and Sustained Effects of Oilseeds Mission on Groundnut in India

Oilseeds are mostly grown in marginal lands with inadequate irrigation facilities (only 10% is irrigated) as a result yields tend to be low leading to a widening gap between domestic production of vegetable oil and demand. Production growth in the early eighties was slow due to insufficient technologies and the turning point was the year 1985-86. Since then, oilseeds production in the country has increased due to implementation of technology mission. The present study was attempted to examine the growth performance of groundnut in the major states of India and assess the immediate and sustained effects of oilseeds mission on groundnut production in order to identify the potentials for future expansion of area and scaling -up the yield of groundnut-based production system. Growth and quasi experimental time series analyses were employed to assess the growth performance and intervention’s effects (oilseeds mission) using time series data. Increase in groundnut production has been contributed mainly by increase in productivity. Though the maximum productivity growth was 6.24% per annum in India, overall growth rate in yield was 2.28 % per annum due to yearly aberrations indicating the high instability. Groundnut yield grew by 3.84, 3.06 and 2.16 % per annum respectively in Rajasthan, Madya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for the overall period (1992-93 and 2020-21). However, these states witnessed production shortfalls and production fell by 0.94, 6.42 and 2.05 % per annum, respectively. Except Gujarat the other major states also exhibited negative growth in production and the rate of drop was higher in the Uttara Pradesh (7.91%) followed by Madhya Pradesh (6.42%), Maharashtra (4.94%), Andhra Pradesh (3.69%) and Karnataka (3.03%). Groundnut production in India also fell by 2.13 % per annum mainly due to fall in area and marginal growth in yield. The estimated yield increase was 450 kg/ha in India, which is higher by 48 % after the intervention. The estimated positive and significant coefficient of interrupted time series for India (50.36) reveal that the oilseeds mission has created sustained effects as a result there was a yield improvement. Sustained effects of intervention are noticed in most of the states. Sustaining the productivity in those states with high yield potential and improving the productivity in other major states by prioritizing and disseminating the seeds of suitable varieties and production technologies are vital as there is lackluster response from the farmers in adoption of varieties and technologies.

Methodology for groundnut discrimination based on timeseries of dual-polarimetric SAR parameters

The groundnut, also known as peanut, is a legume crop that is classified as both a grain legume and an oil crop (due to its high oil content). About 85% of the total groundnut in India is sown in the kharif season under rainfed conditions. This makes it extremely difficult to apply the optical remote sensing methodologies for groundnut discrimination and acreage estimation. We develop a remote sensing strategy based on timeseries synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, which is immune to the rainy conditions of the observation period. Further, our work is distinct from the traditional multitemporal SAR backscatter analysis as it incorporates polarimetric parameters such as the alpha angle (α) and the polarimetric radar vegetation index to aid discrimination. These parameters were shortlisted on the basis of maximal sensitivity to groundnut growth stages. Random forest classifier, an ensemble learning-based classifier, is used to carryout the crop classification using these parameters. This approach is contrasted with SAR backscatter-based analysis (using the same RF classifier) and with a Euclidean distance (ED)-based model matching method (with the same polarimetric parameters). A detailed comparative analysis of classification accuracy of groundnut discrimination is carried out using extensive ground truth data over the agricultural fields of Junagadh district in the Gujarat state of Western India. The backscatter-based analysis with RF achieves 86.2% overall accuracy in discriminating groundnut (with the competing cotton crop), whereas polarimetric parameters with ED model matching achieves 76%. Using the proposed method, with dual-pol parameters derived out of Sentinel-1 SAR data, we report 92.7% overall accuracy with a kappa coefficient of 0.81. The major insight is that combining timeseries polarimetric information together with a good machine learning classifier improves the classification accuracy of short crops compared to nonpolarimetric approach.

Growth and Instability Analysis of Groundnut Production in India and Karnataka

Groundnut is grown throughout the tropics and extended to the subtropical countries. India is the second largest producer of groundnut in the world after China. The fact that groundnut crops in India, particularly in Karnataka are mainly covered under rain fed situation, which in turn has to depend on the arrival of monsoon, climatic changes and drought. Hence, the productivity level of groundnut crop was erratic. It was in this backdrop, an attempt was made through the present study to examine the growth and instability of groundnut in India and Karnataka by way of analyzing the time series data of 48 years. The results revealed that the level of instability was marginally higher in groundnut area (8.7 %) during period II compared to period I (2.9%) and period III (7.3%). The variation in production and yield of groundnut was higher during the period III compared to period I and II. Change in the mean area is contributing more to change in average production of groundnut in India and in Karnataka followed by interaction between changes in mean area and mean yield. Change in area variance is the predominant component contributing to the change in variance of production of groundnut in India as well as in Karnataka. From the outcome of the result, it is concluded that the researchers and policy makers have to take more attention to develop location specific cultural practice to increase and sustain groundnut production and yield in the nation.

Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model for Trend and Forecasts Analysis of Area and Productivity of Groundnut in India

Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model for Trend and Forecasts Analysis of Area and Productivity of Groundnut in India

Analysis of Area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut Crop in Telangana

India is the fourth largest oilseed producing country in the world. The present study was carried on based on the secondary data collected from varies websites and directorate of economics and statistics. The results reveled that the compound growth rate of area and production of groundnut in India shows a negative trend while the productivity was positive over the years. In pre bifurcated Andhra Pradesh the annual average production of groundnut during 2011-12 was 1231 thousand tons and the annual average yield per hectare was 873 kg/ha. The area and production of groundnut was high in Rayalaseema region compared to other regions of the state.The area, production and productivity of groundnut in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana was increase over the study year. The annual average production of groundnut crop during 2013-14 was 220 thousand tonnes and annual average yield per hectare during the same period was 1751 kg/ha.

Situation outlook analysis of groundnut in India with special reference to Karnataka

This paper examines the sources of growth in groundnut in India and in Karnataka state. The area growth in groundnut in India and Karnataka is declining. The production growth in groundnut in India is declining but positive while in Karnataka, it is declining and negative. The productivity growth in groundnut in India is steadily increasing while in Karnataka state, it is declining and negative. The traditional groundnut growing areas in Karnataka are replaced by dry land crops like bajra and ragi due to intermittent drought in kharif season. The cost of seed being the major cost component, the farmers are not in a position to afford the loss due to crop failure. TMV-2 is the ruling variety occupied 85 per cent of the area whose average yields are much below the national average. This variety is prone to insect pests, cut worm and leaf minor, groundnut bud necrosis and late leaf spot diseases causing damage to the extent of 25 per cent of the total yield. The existing seed supply system is meeting 126 and 87 per cent of the seed requirement @ SRR of 22.51 and 28.82 per cent at all India and in state level. There is a need to strengthen the existing seed production and supply/distribution system for speedy multiplication of quality seeds of improved varieties of groundnut to the farmers. India has better comparative advantage in the production of groundnut as its export in physical and value terms is increasing from last decade. The groundnut kernels exported to more than 30 countries in both raw and roasted forms.

Analysis of Water Non‐limiting and Water Limiting Yields and Yield Gaps of Groundnut in India Using CROPGRO‐Peanut Model

AbstractTo assess the scope for enhancing productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India, well‐calibrated and validated CROPGRO‐Peanut model was used to assess potential yields (water non‐limiting and water limiting) and yield gaps of groundnut for 18 locations representing major groundnut growing regions of India. The average simulated water non‐limiting pod yield of groundnut for the locations was 5440 kg ha−1, whereas the water limiting yield was 2750 kg ha−1 indicating a 49 % reduction in yield because of deficit soil moisture conditions. As against this, the actual pod yields of the locations averaged 1020 kg ha−1, which was 4420 and 1730 kg ha−1 less than the simulated water non‐limiting and water limiting yields, respectively. Across locations, the simulated water non‐limiting yields were less variable than water limited and actual yields, and strongly correlated with solar radiation during the crop season (R2 = 0.62, P ≤ 0.01). Simulated water limiting yield showed a significant positive, but curvilinear relationship (R2 = 0.73, P ≤ 0.01) with mean crop season rainfall across locations. The relationship between actual yield and the mean crop season rainfall across locations was not significant, whereas across seasons for some of the locations, the association was found to be significant. Total yield gap (water non‐limiting minus actual yields) ranged from 3100 to 5570 kg ha−1, and remained more or less unaffected by the quantity of rainfall received across locations. The gap between simulated water non‐limiting and water limiting yields, which ranged from 710 to 5430 kg ha−1, was large at locations with low crop season rainfall, and narrowed down at locations with increasing quantum of crop season rainfall. On the other hand, the gap between simulated water limiting yield and actual farmers yield ranged from 0 to 3150 kg ha−1. It was narrow at locations with low crop season rainfall and increased considerably at locations with increasing amounts of rainfall indicating that type of interventions to abridge the yield gap will vary with the rainfall regimes. It is suggested that improved agronomic management (such as high yielding cultivars, balance crop nutrition and control of pest and diseases) in high rainfall regimes and rainfall conservation and supplemental irrigations in low rainfall regimes will be essential components of the improved technologies aimed at abridging the yield gaps of groundnut.

Infestation of groundnut by the groundnut leafminer, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and rates of parasitization of this pest in South Africa

The groundnut leafminer (GLM), Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of groundnut in India and some parts of Africa. This is the first study examining the levels of infestation and rates of parasitization of this pest on groundnut in South Africa. A general survey was done of GLM parasitoids at several sites in the groundnut production areas together with a 2-year study of GLM infestation and parasitism levels at the Tshiombo irrigation scheme. GLM larvae or pupae on infested groundnut leaves were collected and held for emergence of moths or parasitoids. Nine species of parasitic Hymenoptera parasitized GLM immatures, which was low in comparison to the large number of parasitoids known to attack the pest in Asia, the origin of the pest. Hypomicrogaster sp. (Braconidae) and Baryscapus sp. (Eulophidae) were recorded for the first time on GLM. Larval parasitization rates ranged between 3.7 and 54.2% and pupal parasitization rates ranged between 4.8 and 43.7%. Mean infestation levels of GLM (larvae and pupae) were between 1.2 and 1.9 (SE ±0.6) per plant during 2006 and 1.0 and 26.9 (SE ±2.8) per plant during 2007. In the second year of the study, the economic threshold for this pest, between 2 and 10 larvae per plant, was surpassed indicating that GLM is an important economic pest on groundnut in South Africa.

Current genetic research on groundnut in India

The progress in genetic improvement of groundnut in India during the last five decades has been possible largely due to understanding and utilizing the information generated on the genetics of various characters of the plant. The current genetic studies on groundnut in India are carried out both on qualitative and agronomically important quantitative characters. Research accomplishments which are noteworthy in these areas have been reported in this paper. However, the genetics of several characters of economic importance has not been analyzed so far. Efforts to incorporate resistance to abiotic and biotic factors have gained momentum and a large number of resistant sources have been identified for each of these constraints. Additional efforts are expected to be made on gaining insight into the genetics of resistance to abiotic stresses and insect pests among biotic stresses, where the available information is meagre. Future studies are also expected to concentrate on unravelling the relationship of economic yield with various other characters, including the physiological and biochemical ones. Molecular marker techniques hold promise for genetic analysis of groundnut, as in other crop plants.

Identification of a Strain of Peanut Chlorotic Streak Virus Causing Chlorotic Vein Banding Disease of Groundnut in India

AbstractA virus disease characterized by chlorotic vein banding, chlorotic line pattern along the margins or midrib of mature leaflets and chlorotic spots/rings was observed on commercial groundnut crops in Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh with an incidence from 1% to nearly 60%. The virus was transmitted by mechanical inoculation in extracts prepared with 0.01 M potassium phosphate butter, pH 8.0 to 21 species from the Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae and Solanaceae, Chenopodium quinoa was found to be a good local lesion host. The virus was neither seed‐transmitted through 1591 groundnut seeds nor aphid‐transmitted by Aphis craccivora, Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum maidis either in non‐persistent or semi‐persistent manner. The virus remained infective in buffered tobacco leaf sap at a dilution of 10−5; in a 10−1 dilution of buffered sap the virus was infective for 2–3 days at 22–29°C or when heated to 65°C for 10 min but not to 70°C.Clarification treatments with organic solvents with 10% chloroform was least damaging. The virus was purified from Nicotiana rustica leaves. Purified virus contained isometric particles of 51 nm in diameter with an electron dense core of 22 nm and two major polypeptides of 76 kDa and 36 kDa. A polyclonal antiserum to this virus was produced. In agar gel double diffusion, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and in electro‐blot immunoassay rests the virus was related to peanut chlorotic streak virus and not to cauliflower mosaic, figwort mosaic and soybean chlorotic mottle viruses.

Occurrence ofGonocephalumsp. (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera) as a pest of groundnut in India

Occurrence of<i>Gonocephalum</i>sp. (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera) as a pest of groundnut in India

Physiological analysis of growth and yield variation of rapeseed and mustard

Rapeseed and mustard crops are the second most important source of edible oil after groundnut in India. The average yield of these crops is around 600 kg/ha which has been static for several years. These low yields are of increasing concern in view of the short supply of oil seeds in India. Considerable breeding efforts are being directed to improving production potential as well as stability of yield in these crops (Prakash, 1980). An understanding of the physiological basis of yield formation can be of great help in selecting for high and stable yields. However, there is little information available on the production physiology of these crops (Mehrotra, Saxena &amp; Moosa, 1976; Bhargava &amp; Tomar, 1982).

The Imperial Agricultural Research Conference

GREAT BRITAIN is an industrial country; but the British Empire, of which it is the head and centre, is an Empire of agriculture, and of extraordinary various agriculture conducted under extraordinarily various conditions. At first sight there is little in common between the production of wheat, livestock, or fruit in England and the great Dominions, the growing of rubber in Malaya, of the oil-palm or ground-nut in India and West Africa, and of the sugar-cane or banana in the West Indies. But in truth all crop- or fruitgrowing and all livestock husbandry rest on the same fundamental principles, though their application may present a very different problem in different countries; and therefore all agriculture has at least one common interest—the elucidation of those principles.