Grounded Theory Coding Research Articles

The Experiences of Iranian Middle and Lower Class Living in Inflationary Conditions

One of the most important economic problems in Iran is inflation. The aim of this study was to explore the social consequences of inflation in the lives of middle-class and lower-class people. Some of the questions addressed in this study are: how do participants experience inflation? How do they make a living? What problems are they facing? what are the consequences of inflation for participants? We used a constructivist qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Participants were sampled purposively with different social groups. A total of 27 interviews with participants who belong to the middle-class and lower-class in three cities in Iran in Isfahan, Yazd and Tehran were performed. Data collection was performed through semi-structured interviews. The interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory coding. After analyzing the data, 8 main categories were explored which include: Limitations in relationships, Mental Threat, Frustration, make ends meet, Early Adulthood, Family quarrel, profit-making and Anomy. According to the results, participants are in a bad situation in terms of economy. Inflation and financial problems have had the pervasive impact on the people, especially those who have had a steady and low income.

Constructing a self-management competence model for EFL teachers: A perception-strategy evaluation

Achieving goals and aspirations as well as managing emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in various situations are the key components of self-management competence as specified by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL). Utilizing this definition as a foundation for this qualitative investigation, the study initiated to explore the perceptions and strategies of EFL teachers regarding their self-management competence in the classroom. The maximal goal was to construct a model tailored for EFL teachers. For this purpose, 19 Iranian EFL teachers, selected through convenience sampling, were interviewed via a semi-structured written interview and four focus group sessions. The interviews served to elicit participants' perspectives on the relevant topics. The data analysis method involved three rounds of grounded theory coding - open, axial, and selective coding - to uncover the key elements of the model for EFL teachers' self-management competence. This process revealed three crucial self-management perceptions: emotional, behavioral, and classroom performance management and three primary categories of strategy: self-directed emotion-regulation, student-directed emotion-regulation, and self-awareness strategies. Notably, the centrality of emotional perception and regulation within the findings underscored the significance of the emotional dimension in self-management competence for EFL teachers. These outcomes hold promising implications for improving the psychological well-being of prospective EFL teachers.

Welcome to #SpoonieTok: Understanding and supporting disability expertise storytelling abilities and collective information practices on TikTok and beyond

This work-in-progress poster explores individual and collective storytelling and information creation practices in chronic illness TikTok communities, with the ultimate goal to support these embodied, creative, and multimodal abilities on and off-app through codesigned storytelling support materials. Findings from ongoing data collection and grounded theory coding, include folks’ sharing of disability expertise: using platform features to visualize invisible disability; audio, visual, and community-specific mimetic options. Interviews with 11 community members illuminate how disabled creators on TikTok engage in algorithmically-mediated online health communities, which have slippery boundaries where information can be found serendipitously through algorithmic ranking, and foster opportunities to develop storytelling skills.

Understanding discordance in systematic reviews for treating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A focused umbrella review.

e24111 Background: Despite the abundance of publications on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), we are still lacking effective management options. CIPN-focused systematic reviews (SRs) are increasingly encountered but have not aided much in clarifying treatment guidance. Additionally, there is a rising concern that SRs are now over-saturating the clinical literature, leading to redundant and misleading publications. Umbrella reviews (URs) are an attempt to appraise SRs but do not yet have firm methodologic frameworks. The aims of our UR were to appraise the discordance in recently published CIPN SRs and use content analysis as a method for identifying risks of discordance. Methods: This is a focused UR as part of a larger study to characterize the number of efficacy trials for established CIPN. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search of databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library for publications in English from 1/1/2023 to 11/21/2023. Inclusion criteria were published systematic reviews attempting a comprehensive effort to synthesize any treatment outcomes for established CIPN. The AMSTAR 2 framework was used to appraise results for bias. Measures of randomized controlled trial (RCT) overlap are presented using a novel measure of time-adjusted CA, which accounts for RCT publication dates and SR search dates. Grounded theory coding was used for content analysis on efficacy. Results: We identified 18 SRs containing CIPN treatment RCTs published in less than 1 year, resulting in 32 unique CIPN RCTs. Seven SRs assessed exercise interventions, covering 6 exercise RCTs (41% time-adjusted CA). Five SRs assessed acupuncture, with 9 RCTs (50% time-adjusted CA). One SR searched for all CIPN treatments for pain but missed 4 RCTs. One SR was concerning for spurious data. Bias was variable and imperfect across SRs. Contextual analysis identified the themes of SRs combining preventative and treatment RCTs, confusing comparative vs. controlled trials, and frequent use of p-value only reporting to conclude treatment efficacy as major risks of SR discordance. Conclusions: UR was useful in identifying 32 CIPN RCTs that were not comprehensively identified by SRs. We presented a time-adjusted CA measure to indicate concordance percentage. A higher percentage indicates more re-citation of the same RCTs across SRs, with likely better chances of more concordant conclusions. This measure showed that SRs for CIPN treatment are discordant across the topics of exercise and acupuncture interventions. Content analysis revealed multiple potential causes of discordance. However, SR redundancy was helpful for identifying more unique RCTs. CIPN SR content standards should be developed to minimize discordancy and improve clinical applicability. Clinicians should be cautious when applying CIPN SR recommendations given the high discordance.

“Collateral beauty.” Experiences and needs of professionals caring for parents continuing pregnancy after a life-limiting prenatal diagnosis: A grounded theory study

Background: Caring for parents continuing pregnancy after learning about a severe life-limiting condition in their unborn is challenging. Most existing studies focus on affected families, whereas research on the subjective experience of care professionals is scarce. Aim: We aimed to (1) explore experiences and needs of involved care professionals, (2) obtain information about existing care structures, and (3) identify requirements for a structured perinatal palliative care program. Design: Grounded Theory study using theoretical sampling. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed following the principles of grounded theory coding and situational analysis. Setting: A total of 18 professionals from 12 different services in Munich and surroundings participated in the study: 8 physicians, 3 midwives, 2 nurses, 1 each pregnancy counselor, grief counselor, chaplain, clinical psychologist, and undertaker. Results: Several organizations provide support for affected parents, but inter-institutional communication is scarce. Due to the lack of a dedicated perinatal palliative care program, professionals make immense and partly unpaid efforts to support concerned parents. Providers experience “collateral beauty” in their work despite all the suffering and grief. This includes the development of a humble attitude and feelings of gratitude toward life, the feeling of having a meaningful task and professional as well as personal growth. Requirements for a structured perinatal palliative care program include: fostering peer support, ensuring regular supervision, and enhancing interdisciplinary exchange. Conclusions: Perinatal palliative care demands a high level of personal engagement but is experienced as highly rewarding by care professionals.

Evolução do uso de agentes conversacionais na educação empresarial: Passado, presente e futuro

Abstract Purpose: The primary objective of this article is to answer the proposed research questions by analyzing the publications on artificial intelligence (AI), education, business, and conversational agents (CAs) or chatbots within the Scopus database to identify the most frequent terms used by scholars over the years, as well as to classify the research evolution based on the most important thematic trends. Originality/value: The study contributes to the literature by offering insights into the thematic landscape of AI-related research across multiple domains. By employing a comprehensive methodology, the article provides a nuanced understanding of the intersection between AI, education, business, and CAs. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology comprises two main components. Firstly, topic modeling is applied by the year of publication to summaries of articles meeting the search criteria. Secondly, grounded theory coding was used to categorize generated themes into more meaningful classifications. This dual approach ensures a rigorous data analysis and facilitates the identification of overarching thematic trends. Findings: The results reveal five thematic trends investigated in the analyzed publications: 1. student-centered learning in higher education; 2. interactive methods using the natural language processing (NLP) approach; 3. technological solutions and ChatGPT in a university context; 4. enhancing education through intelligent platforms; and 5. challenges for social and academic integration of AI tools. Additionally, the study proposes a research agenda with some questions as future avenues of inquiry.

The Experiences of Asian Americans Who Intermarry in the United States: A Qualitative Study

Intermarriage is noted to be a difficult adjustment as culture, language, and family expectations can clash. Given the rising intermarried population and the challenges they may face, social workers need an up-to-date understanding of these couples’ experiences to better provide services. Surveys and interviews with 10 Asian women and 3 Asian men who intermarried were conducted from 2020 to 2021. Using grounded theory coding, each author on our biracial (Asian and white) team read interviews and identified themes. We identified five themes from the data: Societal Press, White Privilege, Family Relations, Communication, and Parental Responsibilities. Social work practitioners may employ these results in providing culturally sensitive strength-based services for interracial families.

Adherence to mercaptopurine (6-MP) and habit strength in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

10030 Background: Rates of adherence to mercaptopurine (6-MP) below 90% have been associated with increased relapse in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Habit strength has been associated with medication adherence through multiple mechanisms, including self-efficacy and social norms. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between habit strength, adherence to 6-MP, and health-related quality of life domains. Methods: This was a single center, cross-sectional study. A total of 52 participants, including 11 patients (ages 12-23, mean age 16 ± 4, 45% Female) and 41 parents/caregivers (ages 25-43, mean age 37 ± 5, 80% Female) of patients with ALL under the age of 18. Participants completed the Visual Analogue Scale (VASdose), PROMIS Medication Adherence Scale (PMAS), Self-Regulated Habit Index (SRHI), and PROMIS quality of life measures (PROMIS-CAT). Spearman’s rho correlations were used to assess relationships between variables. Eleven semi-structured interviews of patients and caregivers were conducted and analyzed using Grounded Theory coding and thematic analysis. Results: Overall, 81% (n = 42/52) of participants surveyed had high adherence to 6-MP (VASdose ≥95%); 91% (n = 10/11) of patients and 78% (n = 32/41 of parents/caregivers reported high adherence. The median VASdose and PMAS score were 100% (IQR 97-100) and 39.5 (IQR 38-40) across all participants, respectively. Participants with higher adherence, VASdose ≥ 95% and PMAS ≥ 39.5, reported less physiological stress (p = 0.02), and better cognitive function (p = 0.09) and peer relations (p = 0.08), compared to those with lower adherence. No significant correlation was found between medication adherence rate and habit strength. Emerging themes from qualitative coding included the influence of routine and automaticity on 6-MP as well as adherence strategies. Strategies such as reminders, care team communication, and developing personalized tools were cited by participants as potentially improving adherence in taking or administering 6-MP. Other facilitating participant characteristics included experience with medication administration, self-efficacy, and access to social support. Financial burden, scheduling conflicts, and medication access were common barriers cited by participants. Conclusions: Nearly one-fifth of our participants reported lower adherence to 6-MP (VASdose < 95%), which increases risk of relapse. Medication adherence to 6-MP was not associated with habit strength, but our results show preliminary associations between adherence rates and quality of life outcomes, such as physiological stress. Behavioral interventions are needed to better optimize adherence to 6-MP and improve health outcomes in pediatric ALL.

근거이론 코딩을 통한 수업감상문 분석

본 연구에서는 수학화를 경험할 수 있도록 강의록 형태로 기 개발된 교사교육 교 수단원을 학생들이 스스로 읽고 제출한 감상문에 대해, Charmaz의 연구방법론에 근거한 근거이론 코딩을 통한 질적자료분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 학생들은 강 의록을 통해 수학화를 경험했을 뿐만 아니라 수학적 연결성도 경험하였고, 수학은 항상 하나의 정답만 있으며 수학은 변하지 않는 지식으로 구성되어 있다는 이원론 적 신념을 극복하는 데에도 도움이 되었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 학생들은 강의록을 통해 좋은 교사가 되기 위한 자질에 대해 고민하였는데, 열린 마음을 가 지고 학생들을 대하는 교사, 학생들의 사고력을 향상시키는 교사, 학생이 스스로 성장할 수 있도록 돕는 교사, 왜 수학을 가르쳐야 하는지 목적의식을 가진 교사가 되기를 다짐하였다.

The Formation and Transformation Mechanisms of Deep Consumer Engagement and Purchase Behavior in E-Commerce Live Streaming

With the intensification of competition, it is of great significance for businesses and platforms to explore the formation and transformation mechanisms of deep consumer engagement and purchase behavior in an e-commerce live streaming environment. With the help of Hovland’s persuasion theory and the uses and gratifications theory, this study constructed a model of these formation and transformation mechanisms via the grounded theory coding of interview data from 42 consumers. Our study shows that demand drives consumers to use e-commerce live streaming, and attraction factors, such as the e-commerce anchor (source), the product message (message), and the live streaming medium (channel), can influence consumers’ attitudes, thus reinforcing deep engagement and purchase behavior. This behavior creates feedback to consumer demand generates new purchase motivation in the consumer, and eventually, forms new purchase behavior. Finally, the theoretical contribution of this study to understanding consumer behavior in e-commerce live streaming is discussed; it could be of practical use for merchants and platforms and also highlights directions for future research.

How islamic finance is resilient during the pandemic

During the pandemic, Islamic fnance showed good resilience and contributed to the country’s economy. However, few studies are trying to discover the underlying factors of Indonesia’s Islamic fnance resilience and the appropriate measures to achieve sustainability in Indonesia’s Islamic fnance. Therefore, the purpose is to fnd the underlying factors of Islamic fnance’s resilience in Indonesia during the pandemic and discover what makes Islamic fnance in Indonesia sustainable. After analyzing the data using Straus’ grounded theory coding, the fndings indicate that the flexible structure of Islamic fnance becomes the main factor contributing to the resilience and sustainability of Islamic fnance in Indonesia during the pandemic. Other factors such as a variety of “akad” and government agenda also contribute to its resilience and sustainability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, Indonesia’s government and Islamic fnancial institutions must develop quality human capital and adapt to technological changes. Lastly, it is hoped that this study could contribute to the development of Islamic fnance in Indonesia.

Program Accreditation, Innovation, or Both? – The Interdependencies in Specialized Cancer Care

Objective To understand (a) the determinants of hospitals’ decisions to seek program accreditation and pursue innovation activities in specialized cancer care, (b) whether accreditation and innovation activities help hospitals reach their strategic goals, and (c) how program accreditation and innovation activities influence one another. Data Sources Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with hospital physicians and quality managers (n=25). Study Design Comparative case study of hospitals that provide specialized cancer care in Germany (n=19). Data Collection/ Extraction methods Inductive grounded theory approach and coding of interview transcripts across multiple waves to develop a conceptual model of the relationship between program accreditation and innovation activities, including determinants of both measures at the environmental and organizational levels. Principal Findings The hospitals in our sample engaged in program accreditation and innovation activities in order to achieve quality and financial goals. However, the strategic focus varied across different hospital types. For smaller hospitals, such accreditation was a necessary condition to be able to compete in competitive market environments. Regardless of competition, smaller hospitals benefitted from a positive effect of accreditation on incremental process and product innovation. For larger hospitals, obtaining accreditation was a necessary condition to acquire additional funding, but the influence on innovation activities was limited because these were generally already being pursued with high intensity. Conclusions Seeking program accreditation and pursuing innovation activities are not contradictory strategies for hospitals. Ideally, both can be aligned in such a way that the quality and financial performance outcomes achieved are superior to those that would be possible were only one of these strategies to be pursued or to predominate. Hospital decision-makers must align both activities while taking account of costs and benefits. Policy makers can support access to high quality care by setting incentives for hospitals to acquire accreditation.

Conducting member checking within a qualitative case study on health-related behaviours in a large European city: Appraising interpretations and co-constructing findings.

Although member checking is a well-established strategy for appraising credibility, there is a lack of research reporting procedures and outcomes when using this strategy. In recent years, scholars have implemented new member checking strategies along with several epistemological stances. In this work, researchers conducted member checking in three neighbourhoods with different socioeconomic status in Madrid, Spain. Attendance at member checking meetings was lower than expected. Member checking meetings were conducted in public halls within each neighbourhood and lasted approximately 2 hours. During the first hour, researchers introduced the aim of the meetings and shared summarized research findings with attendees using a slideshow. During the second hour, attendees had the opportunity to comment on any aspect of the research. Researchers used grounded theory coding strategies and a constructivist approach informed the analysis of the transcribed member checking meetings. One core category emerged, and it was named 'Co-constructing findings and side effects of the interaction between researchers and participants in member checking'. Member checking attendees contributed to co-constructing findings by means of underscore and disagreement. It is possible that these meetings might have caused side effects such as unintended comparisons between neighbourhoods and negative health-related behaviours. Attendees wondered how the findings could improve their neighbourhoods. The meetings allowed interaction between participants and researchers and resulted in appraising and co-constructing qualitative research findings. More research is needed to advance knowledge about member checking.

Interactions between children, parents and nurses during postoperative pain management: A grounded theory study.

To explore the interactions between children, parents and nurses during postoperative pain management. Despite the growing evidence relating to postoperative pain management in children and relevant practice guidelines, children still experience moderate to severe pain after surgery. One factor could be related to the relatively unexplored child-parent-nurse interaction. A qualitative constructivist grounded theory methodology. Data were collected from a paediatric hospital in the United Kingdom. Ten children aged between 6 and 11years old who had undergone surgery, 11 parents and 10 nurses participated. Methods included face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using constant comparison technique, memos and constructivist grounded theory coding levels. The COREQ guidelines were followed for reporting. Three concepts emerged from data, "Parents as a communicator for child-nurse interaction", "Parents' emotional turmoil in child-nurse interaction", and "Parents' actions in child-nurse interaction" which constructed the substantive theory of child-parent-nurse interaction during postoperative pain management: "Facilitating or Inhibiting Interactions: Parental Influence on Postoperative Pain Management". The findings highlight an absence of a three-way interaction between children, parents and nurses and a dyadic interaction process between children and nurses was not apparent. Instead, child-parent-nurse interactions were constructed around two dyads of child-parent and parent-nurse interactions with child-nurse interaction constructed via parents. Parents, as a communicator, influenced the entire postoperative pain management processes between children, parents and nurses by facilitating or inhibiting the interaction processes. This study identifies potentially important evidence about the unique position parents hold between their child and nurses as a central pivotal communicator during children's postoperative pain management. This study may help to explain how and why postoperative pain management remains suboptimal. The substantive theory could support improvements in the management of postoperative pain through a much wider recognition of parents' central pivotal communicator role and the complexity of these child-nurse interactions.

A Design Framework for Novice Using Grounded Theory Methodology and Coding in Qualitative Research: Organisational Absorptive Capacity and Knowledge Management

Grounded theory methodology (GTM) is an extensive research methodology that is immensely active in numerous social science research fields. It is by far one of the most popular techniques applied in qualitative research. The challenge in using such methods might appear in their complexity. Several steps of coding and analysis in GTM can be fuzzy and multifaceted for novice researchers specialised in Information Systems (IS) fields, knowledge management, and broad applications of IS. The current study suggests a design framework for novices in qualitative research that presents GTM as a set of techniques characterised graphically, allowing the extraction of grounded results and a set of pragmatic analysed data classifications rather than only concentrating on implementing a grounded “theory”. Hence, the research stresses using the term “grounded techniques”, permitting the creation of grounded categories to strengthen qualitative research results' rigour. The proposed framework meticulously exemplifies how an organised set of phases in a research design can enlighten the novice researcher while conducting a study in knowledge absorptive capacity using a comprehensive GTM process to enforce the understanding of GTM techniques.

Impact of multimedia technology integrated instruction on students' learning satisfaction in bhutanese classroom

In the present world of technology, students grow up with technological devices at home and in schools, which revolutionize the way they learn. Future education technology shall transform teaching and learning by providing teachers and students with a variety of new devices to work with. Thus, the study was designed to examine the impact of multimedia technology-integrated instruction on learning satisfaction of students studying at upper primary level in one of the countryside primary schools in Bhutan. A mixed methods research was adopted to ensure better understanding of the results. Following a purposive sampling technique, 45 students were selected as research samples. Over a period of three months, the participants were taught at least three lessons of science in a week using multimedia technology. Instruments such as open-ended questions and questionnaires were administered to assemble the data. The quantitative data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed and inferred using the inferential statistical t-test with significance p<0.05 and descriptive statistical mean and standard deviation. And qualitative data from open-ended questions were analyzed using the grounded theory coding system. The findings revealed that students were highly satisfied with learning science through multimedia technology, as it not only made the lessons easier to understand and lively to participate in, but also challenging and enjoyable. Furthermore, inferential statistics revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in satisfaction with learning between male and female students. Therefore, the researchers stipulated that the integration of multimedia technology assisted instruction had a large positive impact on increasing student learning satisfaction. The findings of this study were intended to inform curriculum reformers, educational leaders, and teachers with practical evidence that they should propose pedagogical change in classroom teaching and learning using multimedia technology.

Crowdfunding System Models in the African Context: The Susu and Yibima Concepts in Ghana

The study examines the operations of Susu, which is a Ghanaian indigenous crowdfunding concept of fund mobilization in support of micro enterprises. The study further explores a typology of the Susu concept known as Yibima, which is an emerging concept, which has not been explored by existing literature. The key concepts of these indigenous crowdfunding models are critically considered and the study is conducted using qualitative research method. The study presents an inductive approach from data samples using Grounded Theory to develop a theoretical framework for the study. There was a constant comparison of analyzed data, grounded theory coding, observation and personal experience to come out with a theoretical view that Susu bears similarities with crowdfunding and that Yibima is a typology of Susu that has not been explored by other scholars. This assertion is reinforced by the application of inductive reasoning based on interview data. The findings, therefore, reveal that during Yibima campaigns, project initiators make a general appeal to the public (crowd) and these campaigns are launched on social media platforms and funds raised from such campaigns could be used as startup capital for business ventures or for supporting community projects. Following on the reviewed of existing literature and based on Grounded Theory from analyzed data, the study put forward a theory that Susu satisfies all the conditions to be classified as a crowdfunding concept. In addition, the findings also shows that Yibima satisfies the requirements to be a typology of the Susu as a concept.

Sociocultural Attunement to Vulnerability in Couple Therapy: Fulcrum for Changing Power Processes in Heterosexual Relationships.

Increasingly, couple therapists are called to promote equity in their clinical practice, yet little research illuminates the intricacy of doing this work. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical processes involved when therapists facilitate a more equitable balance of power in couple relationships while utilizing a sociocontextual frame of reference. It is part of larger research explicating Socio-Emotional Relationship Therapy (SERT), an approach that places equity and social justice at the core. The sample included 72 SERT sessions with nine heterosoexual couples in which there was an observable power difference between partners. Using Charmaz's (2014, Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis, Sage) grounded theory coding, theoretical sampling, and interpretive methods, we examined therapist/client responses over multiple sessions to explain shifts in the couples' power balance. Analysis identified sociocultural attunement to vulnerability as the core clinical process and detailed five sociocultural expressions: socialized vulnerability, socialized invulnerability, reactive (in)vulnerability, reactive vulnerability, and shared vulnerability. Shifts in power involved each of three therapist stances: (a) identification of the societal power context of vulnerability, (b) therapist leadership and responsive persistence, and (c) facilitating mutual sociocultural attunement to vulnerability to promote shared relational responsibility and influence. Implications address the connections between power and vulnerability in couples work and what therapists can do to more effectively facilitate relational equity.

Integrative Power of Illness: A Qualitative Study of Cancer Patients

Our aim of this study was to explore the constructions of cancer patients about their everyday interactions using an interpretive-qualitative approach. We wanted to know how cancer patients understand their condition and the challenges they face in family and everyday relationships. Accordingly, a basic qualitative research method was used, and interviews were conducted with 21 cancer patients and their caregivers. Participants were selected through the purposeful sampling in Ahvaz City, Iran. The collected data were firstly transcribed and then analyzed by the grounded theory coding analysis. The findings were represented in five main categories included: pressure on relatives, the limitation of relationships, helpful awareness, personal development, and the integrative diagnosis. According to the findings, cancer patients experience many fluctuations to adapt to the disease. During the interaction with family members and other people, patient experiences change in the actions and daily routine while, at the individual and family level, they experienced the limitation of relationships.

Online Teaching During the Covid Pandemic: Attitude of Teachers Towards e-Learning in Bhutanese Classroom

With the development of modern technologies, teaching and learning through e-learning has gained much attention across the world in recent years. However, never in the history of humanity have we ever embraced an intensive use of e-learning across the globe until the outbreak of COVID-19. Like in the rest of the countries, the pandemic (COVID-19) has enforced Bhutan to close all the educational institutions and embrace e-learning widely. Subsequently, to foresee the adoption of e-learning beyond pandemic lockdown;this survey research study was carried out to investigate teachers' attitude towards e-learning and, their preference over classroom teaching and online teaching in Bhutanese primary and high schools. The study involved 127 teachers from 18 schools (3 high schools and 15 primary schools) under Wangdue district. The samples were selected by implementing simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire and open-ended questions were used in data collection. SPSS and Grounded theory coding system were used to analyze the data. The analysis of quantitative data revealed that more than 50% of the teachers preferred e-learning having shown favorable attitude towards it. It was uncovered that not only did usefulness and ease of use of e-learning technology pose significant contribution on teachers' positive attitude towards e-learning but teachers' exposure to computer also incurred a significant positive impact on it. Conversely, reluctance to adopt e-learning could be accredited to lack of ICT facilities and online teaching skill, improper ICT training, notion of e-learning shall not be better in improving the quality of their instructional delivery and environmental factors. While result from qualitative data revealed that teachers preferred classroom teaching over online teaching based on the motives like;classroom teaching being more authentic, comfortable and affordable. To better understand and embrace e-learning system in school positively, it is recommended that teachers must be facilitated with training on e-learning technology. Moreover, aspects that shall boost teachers' favorable attitude towards e-learning must be reinforced. The findings from this study can be handy for the curriculum developers, school administrators and teachers while taking decision on adoption of e-learning.