Ground Tile Research Articles

Structural Characteristics and Microstructure Analysis of Soft Soil Stabilised with Fine Ground Tile Waste.

Using ceramic tile waste as a soil stabiliser in road construction is a potential solution to dispose of the waste material while providing a cost-effective alternative to traditional stabilising agents. The ceramic tile waste, when crushed and mixed with soil, helps to improve the strength and durability of the road base. However, the effectiveness of the ceramic tile waste as a soil stabiliser depends on the type and size of ceramic tiles used and the soil properties being stabilised. This study investigated the effect of ground tile waste on the plasticity, compatibility, and mechanical properties such as the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile test (IDT), flexural test (FS), and microstructural analysis. A range of soil mixtures was prepared by adding the different percentages of fine tile waste (TW): 5% to 40%. Including tile waste in the soil led to a decrease in its water-holding capacity, reducing the optimum moisture content required for optimal compaction. Meanwhile, the maximum dry density increased. The UCS, IDT, and FS improved when the optimum 15% of TW was used in the mixes. However, the strength decreased after 20% of the TW addition. This effect was particularly pronounced in the presence of excessive TW contents in soil samples without a pozzolanic reaction. Reusing tile waste as a soil stabiliser can significantly reduce the costs of purchasing new materials and helps to conserve natural resources and reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal.

Assessment of a cogeneration system for ceramic industry by using various exergy based economic approaches

This study presents various exergy based economic analyses of a gas turbine cogeneration system (COGEN) for a ceramic tile plant for five different reference environment temperatures. Specific Exergy Costing (SPECO) method, which uses fuel-product exergy approach and flow costs, and Exergy-Cost-Energy-Mass (EXCEM) method, which considers exergy loss and destruction with cost association, are used. It has been found that the irreversibilities due to chemical combustion reactions, occurring in the combustion chamber (CC) of the gas turbine unit, wall tile (WD) dryer and ground tile dryer (GD), have negative effects for the destructed exergy cost rate of themselves and overall system. In addition, depending on the destructed exergy cost ratio, the exergy based economic factor rates of these components are found to be lower than others. While the increase of the COGEN's and all of its components' destructed exergy cost rates are direct proportionally to the increase in the environment temperature, they are inversely proportional to the exergy based economic factor. As a result of the SPECO method, in the EXCEM method, the exergy cost parameters of the CC are much higher than the other components at all reference environment temperatures because of the high destructed exergy value of the CC. The system needs to be optimized in terms of eliminating the irreversibilities encountered intensively in the components such as CC, WD, GD. Consequently, these results show that the focus should be on the CC first, then on the WD and GD.

Life cycle assessment based exergoenvironmental analysis of a cogeneration system used for ceramic factories

In this study, the life cycle assessment based exergoenvironmental analyses are performed to the air compressor (AC), combustion chamber (CC), gas turbine (GT), wall tile dryer (WD), ground tile dryer (GD) and hot air pipeline (PL) included cogeneration system (COGEN) used for ceramic tile factories. Five different environment temperatures are considered for the assessment. Firstly, fuel-product based exergy analysis is performed to the system, and environmental impact parameters are assigned to the exergetic values. The environmental impact rates are found high due to irreversibility rate and low exergy efficiency, especially in the components such as CC (106503.793 mPts/GJ at 30 °C), WD (51914.721 mPts/GJ at 30 °C) and GD (62771.217 mPts/GJ at 30 °C) where chemical combustion reactions occur. Depending on the exergy destruction rate, the relative differences of environmental impact rates in these components are found to be quite higher than other components. The exergy efficiencies of WD (17.430 % at 30 °C) and GD (23.131 % at 30 °C) are lower than other components, and the maximum average specific environmental impacts of fuel are calculated for these components which are calculated as 5549.409 mPts/GJ and 5106.257 mPts/GJ at 30 °C, respectively.

Advanced exergy analyses and optimization of a cogeneration system for ceramic industry by considering endogenous, exogenous, avoidable and unavoidable exergies under different environmental conditions

In this study, the conventional and advanced exergy analyses are performed to the cogeneration system (COGEN) that consists of gas turbine unit and spray dryers in ceramic factory under five different environment conditions for the optimization. According to exergy analysis, the maximum exergy efficiency of the COGEN is found as 29.850% at 30 °C environment temperature, while the maximum exergy destruction rate is calculated as 17810.61 kW at 30 °C environment temperature. According to advanced exergy analysis, combustion chamber (CC) may not be the only component to be focused on for exergy destruction. Because, the exergy destruction rate can be caused by its own internal reasons (endogenous) as well as other components (exogenous). In other words, the relationship between components can be revealed. Chemical reactions occurring in CC, wall tile dryer (WD) and ground tile dryer (GD) cause an increase in endogenous exergy destruction rate of the COGEN system. Due to the improvement potential increase in components, the exergy efficiency of the whole system (COGEN) increases to between 45% and 47% with an increase of approximately between 15% and 17% for five different dead temperatures. Also, the unavoidable exergy destruction rates of the CC and air compressor (AC) are much higher than their avoidable exergy destruction rates. In particular, the avoidable exergy destruction of the WD and GD has been shown to have a significant effect on other components.

A practicable learning under conversion of plastic waste and building material waste keen on concrete tiles

Plastic is utilized in day today life at present almost 56 lakhs ton of plastic waste delivered in India every year. Plastic are all things considered non-degradable in this manner, they may be take several years to decay. This is a result of the intermolecular bonds that set up plastic, whose structure protect that the plastic neither expend nor separate. As home grown blend assets have gotten exhausted in light of unnecessary call for underway industry & the measure of arranged waste fabric continues developing, analysts are investigating the utilization of elective materials which exact save natural sources & store the environmental factors. In this examine, utilization of molten plastic waste as complete substitution of cement & broken glasses as partial substitution of mixture with nice river s& for the manufacturing of building production enter inclusive of roof tile, ground tile & hollow plastic block is a partial way to environmental & ecological troubles. Quality manipulate check of samples of prepared fabric are carried out &as compared with the standard material specification. This investigation took a gander at the possibility of waste glass consideration as fractional FA substitution frameworks. Properties of cement fusing waste glass as halfway replacement for FA measures of 15% were researched. Here the excellent residences of asphalt squares concerning squander plastics & the arrangement considerations for black-top square joining waste plastic sacks is included. It could be a shelter to current society & situation. The essential point is to use the plastic nature being developed fields with limited additions. It will be obviously a cost reasonable & can be applied in different structures.

A study of the mechanical properties and appearance of efflorescence in paving bricks under different curing environments

Taiwan has witnessed rapid economic development in recent years, and with urban development, the planning and design of compressed paving units and pervious ground tile structures are focused on the demand for esthetic appearance in addition to practical functioning and legal requirements for strength and water permeability. In this study, the efflorescence appearance of structures was effectively reduced using calcium carbonate crystallization from the water purification and softening process to fill the pores in generic high-pressure bricks. The same water-to-binder ratio of 0.35 was used for three different mix proportions, and 20 cm × 20 cm × 6 cm general high-pressure bricks, calcium carbonate high-pressure bricks, and pervious bricks were made under a 50 kg/cm2 molding pressure at a concrete-brick-making plant. The samples were cured in five different environments with curing times of 2, 7, 28, 56 and 91 days. The effect of the curing age, the curing environment and the brick type on the hardness, solidity and appearance of efflorescence of the bricks were analyzed in terms of the compressive strength, the ultrasonic pulse velocity, and the coefficient of permeability, using Paint.net image analysis, scraping rate tests, SEM analysis and EDS analysis.The test results showed that the compressive strengths of the general high-pressure bricks, the calcium carbonate high-pressure bricks and the pervious bricks were 46.78 MPa–84.97 MPa, 56.89 MPa–100.23 MPa and 35.38 MPa–59.20 MPa, respectively. The ultrasonic pulse velocities were 3296 m/s–4524 m/s, 3567 m/s–5703 m/s and 2623 m/s–4319 m/s, respectively. The coefficient of permeability of the pervious bricks was larger than 1 × 10–2 cm/sec. Quantitative analysis of efflorescence using Painet.net image analysis and scraping rate tests showed that the ratio of the efflorescence to the total area at the surface or bottom of the bricks and the scraping rate were larger for curing on hardened concrete than under other curing conditions. The efflorescence that was generated on the bottom layer of the bricks was higher than that on the surface layer by 5.31%–19.82%. Microscopic analysis of the specimens (SEM) showed the existence of many crystalloid Ca (OH)2 colloids that accounted for 20–25% of the cement volume. EDS analysis showed that Ca was the main element in efflorescence, at 6.64%, which was much higher than the percentage of other elements. To summarize the results, curing in a cling film seal can inhibit efflorescence crystallization.

Thermodynamic based economic and environmental analyses of an industrial cogeneration system

This paper presents first and second laws of thermodynamics based environmental and enviroeconomic analyses as well as thermoeconomic and environmental assesments of the natural gas fired cogeneration system of the ceramic manufacturing plant including wall and ground tile dryers and a gas turbine system in a factory building. The environment temperatures are assumed as 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C. The thermoeconomic values are found to be 2766.132 kW h/$ for the ground tile dryer, 2479.726 kW h/$ for the wall tile dryer, 1595.575 kW h/$ for the combustion chamber, 543.212 kW h/$ for the cogeneration (overall) system, 239.074 kW h/$ for the gas turbine, while the air compressor is zero. The maximum total exergoeconomic parameter is calculated to be 11331.659 kW h/$ for the combustion chamber at 30 °C environment temperature. The increasing in the environment (dead state) temperature leads to increase in the total exergoeconomic parameter for the combustion chamber, air compressor and cogeneration system; while these parameters decrease for both of the dryers. For gas turbine, there is no correlation between temperature (dead state) and total exergoeconomic parameter. Furthermore, environment and enviroeconomic parameters are determined as 27580.74 kg-CO2/day and 399.92 $/day for the wall tile dryer, and 41900.32 kg-CO2/day and 607.55 $/day for the ground tile dryer, respectively.

Energy, exergy and sustainability assessments of a cogeneration system for ceramic industry

In this study, energy, exergy and sustainability analyses are applied in the ceramic sector to simulate gas turbine based cogeneration plant model. The cogeneration system mainly consists of a proposed gas turbine unit, a wall tile dryer and a ground tile dryer. The energy analysis is performed, and then the exergy and sustainability analyses are applied for the five different dead state (environment) temperatures varying from 10 °C to 30 °C (interval of 5 °C). It is found that the most energy efficient components are determined as the air compressor and combustion chamber, while the minimum one is obtained to be wall tile dryer (7.98%). The maximum sustainability and exergy efficiency (89.46%) are determined for the air compressor as at 10 °C dead state temperature. The cogeneration (overall) system has 17.51% energy efficiency; while its maximum exergy efficiency is found to be 29.98% at 30 °C environment temperature. The sustainabilities of the components are also directly proportional to their exergy efficiencies. Furthermore, the utilization of the gas turbine unit included cogeneration system can provide 0.1115 m3/s and 0.0732 m3/s natural gas saving for the ground and wall tile dryers, respectively.

The impact of changing the land surface scheme in ACCESS(v1.0/1.1) on the surface climatology

Abstract. The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model has been coupled to the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) within the existing framework of the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS), replacing the Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES). Here we investigate how features of the CABLE model impact on present-day surface climate using ACCESS atmosphere-only simulations. The main differences attributed to CABLE include a warmer winter and a cooler summer in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), earlier NH spring runoff from snowmelt, and smaller seasonal and diurnal temperature ranges. The cooler NH summer temperatures in canopy-covered regions are more consistent with observations and are attributed to two factors. Firstly, CABLE accounts for aerodynamic and radiative interactions between the canopy and the ground below; this placement of the canopy above the ground eliminates the need for a separate bare ground tile in canopy-covered areas. Secondly, CABLE simulates larger evapotranspiration fluxes and a slightly larger daytime cloud cover fraction. Warmer NH winter temperatures result from the parameterization of cold climate processes in CABLE in snow-covered areas. In particular, prognostic snow density increases through the winter and lowers the diurnally resolved snow albedo; variable snow thermal conductivity prevents early winter heat loss but allows more heat to enter the ground as the snow season progresses; liquid precipitation freezing within the snowpack delays the building of the snowpack in autumn and accelerates snow melting in spring. Overall we find that the ACCESS simulation of surface air temperature benefits from the specific representation of the turbulent transport within and just above the canopy in the roughness sublayer as well as the more complex snow scheme in CABLE relative to MOSES.

Mobile Robot Self-Localization System Using Single Webcam Distance Measurement Technology in Indoor Environments

A single-webcam distance measurement technique for indoor robot localization is proposed in this paper. The proposed localization technique uses webcams that are available in an existing surveillance environment. The developed image-based distance measurement system (IBDMS) and parallel lines distance measurement system (PLDMS) have two merits. Firstly, only one webcam is required for estimating the distance. Secondly, the set-up of IBDMS and PLDMS is easy, which only one known-dimension rectangle pattern is needed, i.e., a ground tile. Some common and simple image processing techniques, i.e., background subtraction are used to capture the robot in real time. Thus, for the purposes of indoor robot localization, the proposed method does not need to use expensive high-resolution webcams and complicated pattern recognition methods but just few simple estimating formulas. From the experimental results, the proposed robot localization method is reliable and effective in an indoor environment.

DUSTY EXPLOITING of CHAFF PADDY UPON WHICH HARD MIXTURE TILE SOIL IN KARANG PENANG SAMPANG

Chaff Paddy is external shares from paddy item. about/around 20 % from paddy wight is paddy chaff and more or less 15 % from composition lock up is lock up paddy which is always yielded is each time burned. ( Hara - 1986). Ash Lock up Paddy have pozolan element and contain silica. silica represent worthwhile chemicals and its application is very wide of strarting electronic area. mechanic. medical, building till other area. One of the silica serbuk exploiting is upon which ceramic making mixture of art ( hara. 1986). Dusty waste of this paddy chaff will be developed for the materials of bangunnan that is upon which mixture making of clay tile in Rock Penang Coat with lacquer so that can yield qualified Hat land;ground tile as according to SNI 03-2095-1998. Used by Mixture composition is heavy comparison 10 TL : 0 ASP ( control), 10 T : 1 ASP, 10 TL : 2 ASP, 10 TL : 3 ASP, 10 TL : 4 ASP, 10 TL : 5 ASP. Dusty of Chaff Paddy to be used is beforehand sieved so that become refinement and clear of small stones and fibre so that/ to be easy to in course of and mixture printing of tile, is later; then mixed with clay and processed with printing of tile result of from tile printing;mould dried until tile is ready to burned, hereinafter process combustion of rose colored tile until. refinement as according to specification in SNI 03-2095-1998. Examination relate at SNI 03-2095-1998 about visible quality, decision of size measure, form, limber strength and absorbtion. From is sixth of mixture composition indicate that energy diffuse dusty clay tile water of terendah paddy chaff at III mixture ( 10 TL : 2 ASP) equal to 6,28 % below/under SNI 03-2095-1998 equal to 15 % and enter in storey;level quality of II. Strong flex highest at III composition ( 10 TL : 2 ASP) equal to 169,95 Singk / cm enter in storey;level quality of II tile and limber strength of minimum at VI composition ( 10 TL : 5 ASP) equal to 133,67 Singk / cm ( SNI 03-2095-1998 min. 110 Singk / cm2

Composition of Montan Wax

IN a previous communication1 we described the separation, identification and determination of the methyl esters of the long-chain fatty acids present in montan wax. This work was afterwards confirmed by Wollrab, Streibl and Sorm2, who also used a flame ionization detector. They, however, used a chromatographic column containing 5 per cent ‘Apiezon L’ on ground tile and preconditioned by vacuum sublimation at temperatures of up to 350° C and operated at 335° C. These authors recorded the presence in montan wax of all the straight-chain normal fatty acids in the range C22–C34 that we had previously identified, and in addition the C33 acid which we had not at that stage reported.