Grounding Pad Research Articles

Evaluation of pulsed field ablation lesion characteristics using an in vitro vegetable model.

In vitro models to evaluate cardiac pulsed field ablation (PFA) have not been well established. We sought to create a standardized vegetable model and staining protocol for assessing unipolar PFA using a surface electrode. We exposed potato slabs to unipolar PFA in a saline bath using a 3.5mm electrode catheter and grounding pad connected to a custom-built high-voltage generator. Lesions were clearly visualized after staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) using a timed protocol to reveal a necrotic center and a periphery of electroporated cells with intact mitochondria. Lesion volume increased linearly with increasing voltage and logarithmically with repetitive PFA applications. The findings observed in this vegetable model using a TTC staining protocol are consistent with findings observed with cardiomyocytes.

KAJI NUMERIK GROUND PAD SHOE KENDARAAN TEMPUR DENGAN MODEL MATERIAL HYPERELASTIC

One of the important components on a combat vehicle is the ground pad shoe (GPS) or track pad. GPS that has been developed at this time mostly uses rubber material. Rubber raw materials themselves are found in Indonesia in large amount. Indonesia left 3 million tonnes of natural rubber unprocessed in 2018. On the other hand, natural rubber research is quite expensive and takes a long time to become a product. To make rubber products is needed special molds and tests. To solve the high costs and long time involved in rubber research, it is necessary to carry out numerical research. In this study, a numerical study of GPS rubber for combat vehicles was carried out with a hyperelastic material model. The research was conducted experimentally and numerically. Tensile testing is carried out on imported GPS samples which are then used as comparison data for numerical studies. The Mooney-Rivlin, Neo-Hookean, Yeoh, and Ogden hyperelastic models were varied to get the stress and strain values ​​closest to the experimental test. The results of the numerical study show that the best hyperelastic model for the imported GPS rubber model is the Neo-Hookean model. The tensile strength of GPS according to the experimental tensile test results is 16.93 MPa, while the result of the finite element method (FEM) is 16.75 MPa. The GPS modulus 200% according to the experimental tensile test results is 14.7 mm/mm, while the FEM result is 15.3 mm/mm. The difference between the FEM and experimental test values ​​for tensile strength and modulus 200% are below 5%. Maximum stress on GPS is 4,4 MPa and safety factor 3,8.

Electrosurgery in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Bench to Bedside

AbstractElectrosurgical generator units (ESUs) are instrumental in modern therapeutic gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, converting household alternating current into high-frequency current to generate thermal energy within tissues. This review elucidates the essentials of electrosurgery, exploring the thermal effects on tissue, current resistance, voltage, current density, duty cycle, crest factor, and the distinctions between monopolar and bipolar circuitry. The concept of duty cycle, the proportion of time electrical current is delivered, and crest factor, the ratio of peak to root mean square voltage, are essential while comparing differently named modes across various commercially available ESUs. This article discusses the practical applications of electrosurgery in therapeutic GI endoscopy procedures, including endoscopic sphincterotomy, polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, and peroral endoscopic myotomy. It outlines recommended modes and settings for ESUs across various procedures, emphasizing the balance between cutting and coagulation to achieve optimal outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. The review further addresses special considerations for the use of grounding pads and the management of patients with implanted cardiac devices during electrosurgical procedures. This article concludes with a call for a deeper understanding of electrosurgical principles and their application in GI endoscopy to ensure patient safety and procedural success, backed by references to relevant literature and detailed tables summarizing electrosurgical modes and settings for various therapeutic interventions.

Shaving Skin at Grounding Pad Site to Avoid Skin Burns in Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures: A Case Report

Shaving Skin at Grounding Pad Site to Avoid Skin Burns in Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures: A Case Report

Hazards Of Monopolar Diathermy Plate In Surgery.

Respected Madam, I would like to draw attention to the hazard of severe skin burns from the using the monopolar diathermy plate electrode during surgical procedures. Diathermy operates in two modes. The monopolar mode where the current enters the patient’s body through an active electrode and exits via a grounding pad attached to the patient.(1) During a recent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy of a 30-year-old lady with a complex mass, the grounding pad for the electro-cautery had been applied to the left foot, which was found to have third degree burns after completion of the procedure. Similarly, an elderly diabetic lady presented to our outpatient department with the history of a 32 days old non-healing lesion on her left thigh and a Pfannenstiel incision on her abdomen. She had undergone a complete abdominal hysterectomy in another health care centre. During the surgery, the grounding pad was placed on her left thigh which suffered partial thickness burns. According to the patient’s history, the lesion was coin sized at the beginning, but due to poor glycemic control, it continued to involve the surrounding healthy tissue, including the bone. She had previously undergone multiple debridements for the lesion and was advised hip disarticulation after a thorough assessment by the senior management at our department. Even though the procedure was carried out, she, unfortunately, could not survive a few days following the disarticulation. The reason for the burns was a loose application of the grounding pad to the skin of the patient resulting in heat generation and sparking at the site preventing the current to pass safely causing skin burns. To prevent this, the grounding pad should be firmly applied to the skin preferably with crepe bandage. Some other ways to help prevent such complications are adhesive grounding pads and utilization of diathermy machines alarm system.(1)Surgical briefing with the entire perioperative team is necessary so that each individual understands their role in preventing electrosurgical hazards.(2) In addition to this, case reporting of surgical burns to the national database is necessary for implementation of such preventive measures.(3)

A tunable water antenna

AbstractThis paper presents a pure water antenna with frequency reconfigurability, which is composed of a water resonator, L‐shaped feeder, and metal ground pad. An L‐shaped feeding structure is designed so that the working frequency can be adjusted by changing the water level of the resonator. The cross‐stack periodic water radiator structure improves the radiation efficiency by 2–4 dB compared with simple rectangular structure. The working frequency of this antenna is around 1 GHz, and will decrease by 17 MHz for every 5 mm increase in water level, which proves the feasibility of this antenna for water level monitoring. It has the potential for application in the field of wireless environmental monitoring for the Internet of Things.

In-Vehicle Sensing System to Sense the Ground Pad Configuration in the V2G Mode of EV

This paper presents a sensing system in the vehicle pad that detects the ground pad type and helps to enable the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation of an electric vehicle (EV). In this work, two commonly used vehicle pad types, i.e. circular pad (CP) and double-D pad (DDP) are considered together with bipolar pad (BPP) ground pad. BPP has to be correctly configured to magnetically couple to CP or DDP type pads in the EV. Otherwise, the efficiency of V2G wireless power transfer will be very low. It will be highly beneficial if a simple scheme is available that can independently sense the ground pad configuration from the vehicle side. The proposed system senses the change in the magnitude and spatial pattern of the magnetic field directly below the vehicle pad and reliably detects the ground pad and senses the configuration of it. During sensing, the vehicle pad is excited at a very low current at the resonance frequency of the pad, and the magnetic field is observed using magnetoresistance (MR) sensors integrated in the vehicle pad. The magnitude of the field changes, mainly, due to the frequency bifurcation effect (FBE) while the field pattern gets modified due to the induced current in the ground pad. A prototype of the proposed system was built in the laboratory and tested and its performance was evaluated. The results showed that the BPP ground pad configuration can be reliably sensed from the vehicle side, for both CP and DDP types of vehicle pads, thus validating the functionality and practicality of the proposed approach and the sensing system.

PO-04-045 HOW TO VISUALIZE BIPOLAR ABLATION CATHETERS ON 3D MAPPING FOR BIPOLAR RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION AND MINIMIZE FLUOROSCOPY

Bipolar radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) strategy using two ablation catheters may require prolonged fluoroscopy time because of challenges with catheter positioning. Intracardiac echocardiographic images may only offer limited views to help maneuver both ablation catheters. To simultaneously visualize both ablation catheters on the 3D mapping system for localizing the ablation target and minimizing fluoroscopy. A bipolar RFCA system was set up with connections to the grounding pad and two distal pins connected to the distal electrodes of the THERMOCOOL SMARTTOUCH® SF ablation catheter (Biosense Webster) with 1-6-2mm spacing (Figure A). Case 1: A 51-year-old male with familial HCM presented with VT storm for which he was externally cardioverted. The patient underwent VT ablation during which the VT was localized to LV summit. Due to difficulty achieving transmural lesions with unipolar ablation, bipolar RFCA with two ablation catheters on posteroseptal RVOT and below the RCC was performed with successful elimination of the clinical VT. The distal 3rd and 4th electrodes on the second ablation catheter was connected to our bipolar circuit, which was visualized on CARTO® 3D mapping (Biosense Webster) (Figure B). Case 2: A 62-year-old male with a CRT-D for cardiac sarcoidosis and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, and a recent endocardial VT ablation in the setting of VT storm presented with multiple ICD shocks. Patient underwent repeat ablation with further endocardial substrate modification and epicardial ablation. With the second ablation catheter on the epicardium, the distal 3rd and 4th electrodes were visualized, and the dome of the catheter tip was created on CARTO® (Figure C). The patient underwent an extensive endocardial and epicardial ablation but remained inducible with slower VT for which he underwent further heart transplant evaluation. Utilizing a novel bipolar RFCA set-up that allows visualization of both ablation catheters on the 3D mapping system may offer better target localization and less fluoroscopy exposure.

Inadvertent burn from a grounding pad of electrosurgical device during surgery: A potentially serious concern for patient safety!

Inadvertent burn from a grounding pad of electrosurgical device during surgery: A potentially serious concern for patient safety!

Low-Cost High-Fidelity Minimally Invasive Myomectomy Model for Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Simulation

<h3>Study Objective</h3> The objective of this video is to demonstrate the creation and use of a low-cost, high-fidelity model for simulating a minimally invasive myomectomy. <h3>Design</h3> N/A. <h3>Setting</h3> A simulation center within an academic medical institution. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> N/A. <h3>Interventions</h3> Residents trialed a high-fidelity model created from a porcine tongue and small potatoes to represent a fibroid uterus. A grounding pad was affixed to the model in order to allow for the use of energy sources. A laparoscopic tower as well as a simulation robot was used to carry out the procedure. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> The model was used to demonstrate the four components of a minimally invasive myomectomy: 1) planning and placement of the hysterotomy, 2) incision, 3) extraction of the fibroid, and 4) suturing the fibroid bed. Residents who used the model "agree"-d to "strongly agree"-d on a 5-point Likert scale that the model simulated in vivo tissue, and all felt that using the model helped them feel more comfortable participating in a minimally invasive myomectomy in the future. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Use of this novel high-fidelity myomectomy model allowed medical trainees to feel more comfortable participating in a minimally invasive myomectomy. Future directions for this model include validating the model in a larger population of trainees and surgeons with various experience levels and using this model to simulate entry into the endometrial cavity.

LBODP061 A Pilot Trial Of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Technology In The Perioperative Period

Abstract Objective To evaluate use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology in the perioperative setting by comparing CGM with concurrent point of care fingerstick blood glucose (BG) or arterial BG values, as indicated, in patients with hyperglycemia and/or diabetes mellitus undergoing surgery. To assess if grounding device correlated with loss of CGM signal as a prior study of CGM in the perioperative period noted intermittent signal loss during operative time. Methods A prospective cohort analysis of 94 participants with hyperglycemia and/or diabetes mellitus undergoing surgery of 3 hours duration was conducted using Dexcom G6 and/or Freestyle Libre 2. 0 CGM. CGMs were placed preoperatively and compared to standard of care BG checks in the perioperative setting. Correction insulin was administered based on fingerstick glucoses. Of those consented, 18 were excluded resulting in 76 enrolled subjects. Results Preliminary data for use of CGM in perioperative period analyzed 50 participants with Freestyle Libre 2. 0 CGM, 20 participants with Dexcom G6 CGM, and 6 participants with both devices worn simultaneously. Lost sensor data occurred for 3 participants wearing Dexcom G6 CGM and 10 participants wearing Freestyle Libre 2. 0 CGM, which affected 2 of the participants wearing both devices simultaneously. The absolute difference of Dexcom G6 CGM glucose readings compared to BG readings was 29.17 mg/dL (SD = 22.15). The absolute difference of Freestyle Libre 2. 0 CGM glucose readings compared to BG readings was 26.94 mg/dL (SD = 24.16). There was not a significant difference in averages of absolute change in glucose when comparing Dexcom G6 CGM to Freestyle Libre 2. 0 CGM when utilized simultaneously. Grounding devices utilized Megadyne grounding pad for use of bipolar cautery, monopolar cautery, and surgeries with da Vinci robot. Of the 13 participants with lost data, 3 patients had bipolar cautery reported as being used at least once and 10 participants with lost data utilized monopolar cautery. None of the 6 participants with surgery utilizing da Vinci robot had loss of CGM data. Conclusion Both Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 2. 0 CGMs were able to be utilized in the perioperative setting and generally functioned well. Use of CGM provided more glycemic data and better characterized glycemic trends than individual BG readings. It is anticipated that this technology could improve prevention of hypoglycemic events and better glycemic control in the perioperative setting. Use of CGMs in the perioperative setting is a novel area of application that warrants further evaluation of this technology. Presentation: No date and time listed

Sensor-Based Automated Detection of Electrosurgical Cautery States.

In computer-assisted surgery, it is typically required to detect when the tool comes into contact with the patient. In activated electrosurgery, this is known as the energy event. By continuously tracking the electrosurgical tools’ location using a navigation system, energy events can help determine locations of sensor-classified tissues. Our objective was to detect the energy event and determine the settings of electrosurgical cautery—robustly and automatically based on sensor data. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of using the cautery state to detect surgical incisions, without disrupting the surgical workflow. We detected current changes in the wires of the cautery device and grounding pad using non-invasive current sensors and an oscilloscope. An open-source software was implemented to apply machine learning on sensor data to detect energy events and cautery settings. Our methods classified each cautery state at an average accuracy of 95.56% across different tissue types and energy level parameters altered by surgeons during an operation. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of automatically identifying energy events during surgical incisions, which could be an important safety feature in robotic and computer-integrated surgery. This study provides a key step towards locating tissue classifications during breast cancer operations and reducing the rate of positive margins.

The investigation of the signal radiation mechanism of differentGSG‐pads connection methods

AbstractGSG‐PADs are mostly used structures in Integrated Circuits design. As the operating frequency increases, the coupling effect between the input and output GSG‐PADs is enhanced significantly. This causes signal energy leakage and impacts on the performance of adjacent devices in the system. Beyond microwave frequency, the coupling effect between the input and output of the GSG‐PADs is not only negligible but also varies in magnitude with respect to the connection methods of the GSG‐PADs in the circuit. Therefore, investigating the signal radiation properties of different GSG‐PADs connection methods is essential. Hence, three structures with different input and output ground PAD connection methods have been experimented. Based on the theoretical analysis of the electromagnetic field distribution between the pad network, a corresponding equivalent circuit model has been developed for the three structures. To validate the proposed model, the test structures were fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS process and measured up to 67 GHz. The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the magnitude of return loss and that of insertion loss are less than 0.013 and 0.003, respectively, when the measurement result is compared with the performance results of the proposed model. Finally, establish the complete model of the DUT and test pads to further verify the accuracy of the proposed two‐port GSG‐PADs model. Hence, the findings of the investigation can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing related layout in integrated circuit design.

High-Efficiency Excitation of Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Through Rectangular Waveguide Using Dipole Antenna

In this communication, a high-efficiency rectangular waveguide-to-spoof surface plasmon polaritons transmission line (SSPPs TL) transition operating within terahertz frequencies is demonstrated. Terahertz signal fed by the rectangular waveguide is first coupled to the planar circuit through the dipole antenna. And then a taper and double-sided SSPPs TL are used to transform the resonant mode in the dipole antenna to the SSPPs mode and achieve impedance and momentum matching. The high transmission performance of the SSPPs TL is obtained by etching a series of periodically corrugated grooves on the metal strip in the top layer and a ground pad connected to the convexity of the rectangular waveguide is employed in the bottom layer. A back-to-back transition prototype was fabricated on a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -thickness quartz substrate and designed for a terahertz device with WR-4.3 standard rectangular waveguide. The measured results show that the insertion loss is lower than 2 dB from 195 to 250 GHz, and the in-band return loss is better than 10 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the rectangular waveguide-to-SSPPs TL transition using a dipole antenna for the first time, which has potential applications for plasmonic-integrated circuits and systems in the terahertz range.

Peri-Operative Management of Patients with Continuous Alcohol Monitoring Devices: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Continuous alcohol monitoring devices are worn among offenders who have been referred by the court and are designed to keep track of alcohol consumption. Also, named transdermal alcohol sensors, these devices measure the concentration of alcohol in perspiration every 30 minutes and can give a continuous estimation of alcohol levels over time [1]. Notably, very little prospective data exists to guide the management of a patient with a monitoring device in a surgical case that necessitates the use of monopolar or bipolar electrocautery. We encountered a patient who had chosen to undergo an elective robotic hysterectomy, and it was not until the patient reached the operating room that the continuous alcohol monitoring system was discovered on her ankle. Prior to the surgery, several layers of gauze were packed between the device and the patient’s skin, and a grounding pad was placed on the contralateral buttock. No adverse outcomes were encountered during the operation and the patient was safely discharged.

Unexplained Intraoperative Hypertension and an Electrocautery Burn: A Case Report

Inadvertent electrocautery burns can occur in any patient under general anesthesia. Here we report on a 30-year-old man who underwent arthroscopic surgery on his hip under general anesthesia and experienced a deep second-degree burn from the grounding pad. Our aim is to increase awareness of this avoidable risk associated with electrocautery equipment among surgeons and anesthesiologists. Unexplained hypertension during surgery under general anesthesia may suggest an electrocautery burn.

An Investigation for Large Volume, Focal Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption with High-Frequency Pulsed Electric Fields.

The treatment of CNS disorders suffers from the inability to deliver large therapeutic agents to the brain parenchyma due to protection from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, we investigated high-frequency pulsed electric field (HF-PEF) therapy of various pulse widths and interphase delays for BBB disruption while selectively minimizing cell ablation. Eighteen male Fisher rats underwent craniectomy procedures and two blunt-tipped electrodes were advanced into the brain for pulsing. BBB disruption was verified with contrast T1W MRI and pathologically with Evans blue dye. High-frequency irreversible electroporation cell death of healthy rodent astrocytes was investigated in vitro using a collagen hydrogel tissue mimic. Numerical analysis was conducted to determine the electric fields in which BBB disruption and cell ablation occur. Differences between the BBB disruption and ablation thresholds for each waveform are as follows: 2-2-2 s (1028 V/cm), 5-2-5 s (721 V/cm), 10-1-10 s (547 V/cm), 2-5-2 s (1043 V/cm), and 5-5-5 s (751 V/cm). These data suggest that HF-PEFs can be fine-tuned to modulate the extent of cell death while maximizing peri-ablative BBB disruption. Furthermore, numerical modeling elucidated the diffuse field gradients of a single-needle grounding pad configuration to favor large-volume BBB disruption, while the monopolar probe configuration is more amenable to ablation and reversible electroporation effects.

Proactive Modulation in the Spatiotemporal Structure of Muscle Synergies Minimizes Reactive Responses in Perturbed Landings.

Stability training in the presence of perturbations is an effective means of increasing muscle strength, improving reactive balance performance, and reducing fall risk. We investigated the effects of perturbations induced by an unstable surface during single-leg landings on the mechanical loading and modular organization of the leg muscles. We hypothesized a modulation of neuromotor control when landing on the unstable surface, resulting in an increase of leg muscle loading. Fourteen healthy adults performed 50 single-leg landings from a 30 cm height onto two ground configurations: stable solid ground (SG) and unstable foam pads (UG). Ground reaction force, joint kinematics, and electromyographic activity of 13 muscles of the landing leg were measured. Resultant joint moments were calculated using inverse dynamics and muscle synergies with their time-dependent (motor primitives) and time-independent (motor modules) components were extracted via non-negative matrix factorization. Three synergies related to the touchdown, weight acceptance, and stabilization phase of landing were found for both SG and UG. When compared with SG, the motor primitive of the touchdown synergy was wider in UG (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in UG the contribution of gluteus medius increased (p = 0.015) and of gastrocnemius lateralis decreased (p < 0.001) in the touchdown synergy. Weight acceptance and stabilization did not show any statistically significant differences between the two landing conditions. The maximum ankle and hip joint moment as well as the rate of ankle, knee, and hip joint moment development were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the UG condition. The spatiotemporal modifications of the touchdown synergy in the UG condition highlight proactive adjustments in the neuromotor control of landings, which preserve reactive adjustments during the weight acceptance and stabilization synergies. Furthermore, the performed proactive control in combination with the viscoelastic properties of the soft surface resulted in a reduction of the mechanical loading in the lower leg muscles. We conclude that the use of unstable surfaces does not necessarily challenge reactive motor control nor increase muscle loading per se. Thus, the characteristics of the unstable surface and the dynamics of the target task must be considered when designing perturbation-based interventions.

Intravaginal Pulsed Contractile Radiofrequency for Stress Urinary Incontinence Treatment; A Safety Study.

Introduction: Radiofrequency (RF)-based stress urinary incontinence (SUI) treatment, which has quickly attracted attention, is administered in an office setting. This pilot-safety study assessed the efficacy of transvaginal RF treatment in the quality of life (QOL) and frequency of incontinence episodes in women with SUI. Methods: Twenty-eight women suffering from SUI were treated with an intravaginal quadric applicator while a grounding pad was attached in front of their pubes. The first phase is thermic, which will heat up the vaginal wall up to 40°C for 10 minutes. The second step is contraction to stimulate an aerobic exercise of pelvic floor muscles for 20 minutes (pulsed contractile RF at 20-40 watts and 1000-300 kHz with a modulation of 1 to 300 Hz for muscle exercise). It was scheduled for one session per week for 3 sessions. Patients had follow-up visits before and 1, 6 and 12 months following the treatment for one-day voiding diary, Persian version of urinary incontinence QOL questionnaire (I-QOL), Q-tip test, 24 hours-pad test and daily incontinence episodes' number. Results: The patients' mean age, duration of incontinence and median vesical leak point pressure were 41.6±9.6 years, 5.48±6.84 years and 140 cm H2 O respectively. Significant changes were observed in the mean I-QOL total score and the pad test. Also, a notable reduction was observed in the number of daily leakage episodes and the Q-tip test at any follow-up visit (P=0.001). Conclusion: Preliminary results suggest that transvaginal RF is a convenient method of SUI treatment. Significant changes were observed in the mean I-QOL total score and the pad test. Also, a notable reduction was observed in the number of daily leakage episodes.

Measurement and Analysis of Through Glass Via Noise Coupling and Shielding Structures in a Glass Interposer

In this article, we first measured through glass via (TGV) noise coupling and the effectiveness of shielding structures in a glass interposer. To analyze the noise coupling between signal TGVs, an open-ended structure is adopted. Glass interposer test vehicles were fabricated to verify the noise coupling between signal TGVs. With these test vehicles, noise transfer functions between signal TGVs were measured. Based on these measurement results and the equivalent circuit model, the noise coupling between signal TGVs was analyzed. To suppress this TGV noise coupling, shielding structures for the TGV noise coupling were proposed and verified. The proposed shielding structures include the variation of signal TGV pitches and the number of grounded shield TGVs, ground pads, and guard rings, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed shielding structures was verified up to 20 GHz in frequency-domain measurements. Using the proposed shielding structures, the noise transfer function decreased by 9.4 dB at 5 GHz. Also, the effectiveness of the proposed guard ring structure was verified by a time-domain coupling noise simulation with clock signals at frequencies of 1 GHz. The proposed guard ring successfully suppressed the clock noise coupling between signal TGVs by 60.5% and 69.2% when a signal TGV pitchis 300 and 900 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu {\text{m}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , respectively.