Ground Glass Fiber Research Articles

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane-Based Polymer Rubber Concrete Modified Ground Glass Fiber Using Response Surface Methodology

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane-Based Polymer Rubber Concrete Modified Ground Glass Fiber Using Response Surface Methodology

Effectiveness of binary and ternary blended cements of class C fly ash and ground glass fibers in improving the durability of concrete

Class C fly ash (CFA) has been used extensively as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to partially replace cement in concrete. However, to meet the concrete durability demand, such as to mitigate alkali-silica reaction (ASR) or sulfate attack, higher amounts of CFA are required, which results in a slower strength gain and longer setting time. Studies have shown that ground glass fiber (GGF) is quite an effective SCM if it is finely ground. This work explores the performance of binary and ternary blends of GGF and CFA with portland cement. Pozzolanicity of the combinations was first assessed by the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and strength activity index (SAI). Then, drying shrinkage, resistance to sulfate attack, and alkali-silica reaction were evaluated. Results showed that GGF could significantly alleviate the shortcomings of CFA, both in terms of strength and durability, even when GGF is introduced in ternary blends at modest levels.

Study on the effect of selected parameters on the alkali-silica reaction of aggregate in ground glass fiber and fly ash-based geopolymer mortars

In this study, the effect of selected parameters on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) of aggregate in ground glass fiber (GGF) and fly ash-based geopolymer mortar was investigated. This work focuses on three main objectives: 1) to study the effect of the binder composition, 2) to study the effect of the ASR accelerating environment, and 3) to study the effect of the chemical/mineralogical composition of aggregate, on the ASR behavior of geopolymer mixtures. To study the effect of paste composition on the ASR behavior of GGF-based geopolymer mortars were compared to a fly ash-based geopolymer mixture and an ordinary Portland cement mixture. To investigate the effect of curing condition, mortar bars were cured in two ASR accelerating environments; mortar bars were either immersed in a high alkali solution or exposed to a high relative humidity environment. To evaluate the effect of the chemical composition of aggregate, two types of ASR-reactive aggregate, one mainly composed of glassy silica and one mainly composed of limestone with chert impurities were used for the ASR study, and the results were compared to a mixture with non-reactive limestone aggregate. To evaluate the ASR behavior of geopolymer mixtures, length expansion, and the change in dynamic modulus of elasticity (DME) of mortar bars that were exposed to either of the ASR accelerating conditions were monitored for ten weeks. Based on the results obtained from this study, both geopolymer mixtures showed lower levels of expansion in comparison to the OPC mixture. However, despite the lower expansion level, a significant loss in DME was observed for fly ash-based geopolymer specimens made with siliceous aggregate and cured in a high alkali environment. Finally, curing the specimens in a high relative humidity environment did not seem to be an effective procedure in the evaluation of the ASR behavior of aggregate, as this method failed to discriminate the ASR-reactive aggregate used in this study.

Synthesis and characterization of ground glass fiber reinforced polyurethane-based polymer concrete as a cementitious runway repair material

This work investigates the fabrication and improvement of the polyurethane (PU)-based polymer concrete (PC) for rapid cementitious runway repair. To overcome the low strength and moduli typically exhibited by the PU binders, the ground glass fiber (GGF) particles were employed to enhance the final mechanical parameters of the PU-based PC. A series of laboratory characterization and mechanical tests were conducted to analyze the structure and properties of the PU/GGF composites and the PU-based PC. The experimental results ascertain the enhancing mechanism of GGF particles, and a suitable GGF content is obtained. The present work reveals that the GGF particles can be a reinforcing filler for the PU-based PC.

Evaluation of Selected Durability Properties of Portland Cement Concretes Containing Ground Glass Fiber as a Pozzolan

Glass fibers are produced in large quantities around the world for the production of fiber glass composites and for other reinforcement applications. However, considering the stringent quality requirements a significant quantity of waste is produced in the production process that does not meet required specifications of the final product in terms of the physical properties, although the chemical composition of the glass fiber waste is identical to that of the in-spec glass fiber. At present, this waste is largely disposed of in landfills. This glass fiber waste has the same chemical composition as the good glass fiber, and is rich in silica, alumina, and calcium oxides. Considering the requirements of a typical pozzolanic material, waste glass fiber could be ground to a fine powder for use as a pozzolan. In this study, the effect of using ground glass fiber (GGF) as a pozzolan in concrete at different cement replacement levels (10, 20, and 30% by mass) on selected durability properties of mixtures over a span of two years was investigated. For this purpose, the resistance of GGF-containing mixtures against the alkali–silica reaction, sulfate attack, and drying shrinkage was evaluated and compared with two control mixtures, including a mixture with 100% Portland cement and a mixture having 25% class F fly ash. Results of this research showed that the replacement of Portland cement with GGF resulted in significant improvements in the durability properties, and the mechanical properties were comparable with those of control mixtures.

Influence of selected parameters on compressive strength of geopolymer produced from ground glass fiber

In this study, ground glass fiber (GGF), manufactured by milling waste glass fiber, was used to produce geopolymer mixtures. The effect of using different alkali content and different combinations of alkali activator solutions on the compressive strength and micro-structure of GGF-based geopolymer mixtures were investigated and compared with fly ash-based geopolymer mixtures. Furthermore, the effect of temperature (from ambient to 110°C) and duration of heat-curing on the compressive strength and micro-structure of GGF-based geopolymers was studied. Results of this study showed that for all the levels of alkali content, GGF-based geopolymers showed a higher compressive strength in comparison to the fly ash-based specimens; prepared with a same solution and heat-curing method. It was also seen that the strength gain in GGF-based geopolymers does not depend on the presence of sodium silicate in the activator solution; and high compressive strength (as high as 80MPa) can be achieved by using sodium hydroxide solution alone. The temperature of heat curing was also seen to affect the early-age (i.e. 3–7days) strength of the GGF-based samples, but had no significant effect on the later-age (i.e. 28–56days) strength. Finally, it was concluded that GGF has a good potential to be used as a precursor to produce high strength geopolymers even at the low curing temperatures as the ambient temperature (23°C).

Efficiency of Ground Glass Fiber as a cementitious material, in mitigation of alkali-silica reaction of glass aggregates in mortars and concrete

Millions of tons of waste glass are produced annually around the world. In the absence of an effective recycling method, much of the waste glass is disposed in landfills. Utilization of this material as an aggregate source in concrete mixtures has been widely explored in the past in reducing the burden of the waste glass on landfills. However, the susceptibility of this material to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in concrete has been the main barrier against its widespread use. Alternatively, waste glass in a finely ground form can be used as a pozzolanic additive in concrete that can potentially counter the negative effects of crushed glass aggregate.Waste glass fiber is one of the materials that can be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), if it is milled in to a fine powder. Results from earlier studies have shown the promising performance of this material as an SCM in improving mechanical properties of concrete. In this study the effectiveness of Ground Glass Fiber (GGF) in mitigation of ASR in mixtures containing crushed glass aggregates is investigated. In this study, the accelerated mortar bar tests (ASTM C1260-ASTM C1567) and the miniature concrete prism tests (AASHTO TP110) were conducted on mixtures containing crushed glass aggregate as a reactive aggregate in combination with GGF at different cement replacement levels. Simultaneously, a finely ground glass powder derived from soda-lime glass (GLP) and metakaolin were also investigated in this study. The findings from this investigation showed the superior performance of GGF in mitigating ASR compared to GLP and MK. The beneficial effects of GGF were attributed to its high aluminum content and high specific surface area. While MK was found to be similarly effective as GGF at lower dosage levels, difficulty associated with workability of mixtures containing MK at higher dosage levels was found to be a limiting factor. Mixtures containing GLP were found to be not as effective as either MK or GGF in mitigating ASR at equivalent dosage levels.

Comparison of strength and durability characteristics of a geopolymer produced from fly ash, ground glass fiber and glass powder

Strength and durability characteristics of geopolymers produced using three precursors, consisting of fly ash, Ground Glass Fiber (GGF), and glass-powder were studied. Combinations of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as the activator solutions, and the effect of different sodium and silica content of the activators on the workability and compressive strength of geopolymers was investigated. The parameters used in this study were the mass ratio of Na2O-to-binder (for sodium content), and SiO2-to-Na2O of the activator (for silica content). Geopolymer mixtures that achieved the highest compressive strength from each precursor were assessed for their resistance to alkali-silica reaction and compared against the performance of portland cement mixtures. Test results revealed that GGF and fly ash-based geopolymers performed better than glass-powder-based geopolymer mixtures. The resistance of GGF-based and fly ash-based geopolymers to alkali-silica reaction was superior to that of portland cement mixtures, while glass-powder-based geopolymer showed inferior performance.

A comparative study on the durability of geopolymers produced with ground glass fiber, fly ash, and glass-powder in sodium sulfate solution

An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the performance of geopolymers made with three different precursors consisting of fly ash, Ground Glass Fiber (GGF), and Glass-Powder (GLP) exposed to sodium sulfate solution. Precursors were activated using either sodium hydroxide solution or combinations of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution with varying levels of sodium and silica content. Among the mixtures with each of the three precursors, mortar mixtures with the highest compressive strength were selected to test their resistance against exposure to a 5% sodium sulfate solution. Changes in the weight and compressive strength of the specimens were monitored up to 120days of exposure. In addition, change in the microstructure of geopolymer samples and mineral phases was investigated using SEM-EDX and XRD analyses, respectively. Further, techniques such as mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to study the pore structure and the leachability of elements from geopolymers, respectively. Results of this study revealed that the GGF and fly ash-based geopolymers performed significantly better in comparison to the GLP-based geopolymer, when exposed to the sodium sulfate solution. The durability of GGF and Fly ash based geopolymer samples could be related to their stable alumino-silicate gel that develops upon geopolymerisation as well as the low amount of calcium oxide in the geopolymer systems. On the other hand, the poor performance of the GLP-based geopolymer could be related to the less stable geopolymerisation products which result in increased porosity, and the high amount of available alkalis present in the raw GLP.

Rheological and hardened properties of mortar incorporating high-volume ground glass fiber

The present research investigates the performance of mortar prepared with high-volume ground glass fiber (GGF) incorporated as partial replacement of Portland cement. Several binary and ternary mixtures with up to 50% cement substitution were investigated to evaluate rheological properties, heat of hydration, strength development, drying shrinkage, electrical resistivity, and carbonation. The incorporation of up to 50% GGF was found to reduce yield stress by up to 50% compared to control mortar without any GGF. On the other hand, this resulted in up to 100% increase of plastic viscosity of mortar in comparison with the Reference mortar cast with 100% Portland cement. The rate of structural build-up at rest of the tested mortars, that reflects the thixotropic nature of the mortar, decreased from 7.1 to 0.8Pa/min with cement substitution by 50% of GGF. Reduction in 91-day compressive strength from 34 to 28MPa was observed with 50% cement substitution by GGF. The coefficient of pozzolanic activity of mortar cast with 10% to 50% GGF ranged from 0.18 to 0.71 at 91days, compared to mixtures containing 50% cement substitution with Class F fly ash (FA-F), Class C fly ash (FA-C), or blast furnace slag (SL) where the 91-day coefficient of pozzolanic activities were 1.80, 1.46, and 1.21, respectively. The incorporation of 10% to 50% GGF reduced the 91-day drying shrinkage by 0–20%. At 50% GGF replacement, the electrical resistivity was enhanced from 10 to 88kΩ.cm at 91days, while the carbonation coefficient increased by about 100%. The incorporation of 15% or 25% GGF in ternary systems containing either FA-C, FA-F, or SL was effective in enhancing compressive strength, with values ranging between 34 and 49MPa. The best performance was observed in the case of the GGF/FA-C ternary binders, followed by the GGF/SL, and GGF/FA-F systems where 91-day compressive strength gains of up to 45%, 28%, and 10%, respectively, were observed compared to the Reference mixture with 100% Portland cement.

Role of Ground Glass Fiber as a Pozzolan in Portland Cement Concrete

Millions of tons of fiberglass are produced annually for a variety of applications. Because of stringent quality requirements and operational characteristics of the manufacturing plants, a significant quantity of fiberglass that does not meet required specifications of the industry ends up as waste in landfills. This study investigated the use of ground glass fiber (GGF) that had been discarded by plants because it did not meet prescribed standards, as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for portland cement. Three replacement levels (10%, 20%, and 30% by mass) for portland cement in paste, mortar, and concrete mixtures were studied. Mechanical and durability properties of the mixtures were compared with two control mixtures: a mixture made up of 100% portland cement and a mixture with 25% Class F fly ash as a cement replacement material. It was observed in these studies that even though replacement of portland cement with GGF did not lead to any significant changes in the mechanical behavior of hardened concrete, there were significant improvements in durability properties at replacement levels up to as high as 20%. The use of GGF was found to improve significantly the resistance of mortar mixtures to alkali–silica reaction and sulfate attack. In addition, the use of GGF as an SCM significantly reduced the chloride ion permeability of concrete. Results of this study show that using GGF as an SCM can result in a better durability performance compared with a mixture with a similar level of Class F fly ash.