Ground Clearance Research Articles

Design and Testing of a Crawler Chassis for Brush-Roller Cotton Harvesters

In China’s Yangtze River and Yellow River basin cotton-growing regions, the complex terrain, scattered planting areas, and poor adaptability of the existing machinery have led to a mechanized cotton harvesting rate of less than 10%. To address this issue, we designed a crawler chassis for a brush-roller cotton harvester. It is specifically tailored to meet the 76 cm row spacing agronomic requirement. We also conducted a theoretical analysis of the power transmission system for the crawler chassis. Initially, we considered the terrain characteristics of China’s inland cotton-growing regions and the current cotton agronomy practices. Based on these, we selected and designed the power system and chassis; then, a finite element static analysis was carried out on the chassis frame to ensure safety during operation; finally, field tests on the harvester’s operability, stability, and speed were carried out. The results show that the inverted trapezoidal crawler walking device, combined with a hydraulic continuously variable transmission and rear-drive design, enhances the crawler’s passability. The crawler parameters included a ground contact length of 1650 mm, a maximum ground clearance of 270 mm, a maximum operating speed of 6.1 km/h, and an actual turning radius of 2300 mm. The maximum deformation of the frame was 2.198 mm, the deformation of the walking chassis was 1.0716 mm, the maximum equivalent stress was 216.96 MPa, and the average equivalent stress of the entire frame was 5.6356 MPa, which complies with the physical properties of the selected material, Q235. The designed cotton harvester crawler chassis features stable straight-line and steering performance. The vehicle’s speed can be adjusted based on the complexity of the terrain, with timely steering responses, minimal compaction on cotton, and reduced soil damage, meeting the requirements for mechanized harvesting in China’s inland small plots.

Periodic morphing of a NACA6409 aerofoil in ground effect, its wake mechanisms and thrust generation

Abstract The camber morphing of an aerofoil in ground effect was investigated using the FishBAC method and Detached Eddy Simulations with the k-omega SST turbulence model at a Reynolds number of 320,000. The aerofoil was periodically morphed at a start location of 25% chord from the leading edge with a trailing edge deflection range of 0.1% to 3% and morphing frequencies between a Strouhal number of 0.45 to 4 at a constant ground clearance of 10%. Periodically morphing the aerofoil using a sinusoidal function showed that lift and drag increased on the downstroke and decreased on the upstroke in the cycle, resulting in periodic values of lift and drag throughout the cycle. The amplitude of lift and drag increased as the morphing frequency and/or trailing edge deflection increased. It was found that the wake characteristics varied as a function of trailing edge deflection and morphing frequency. For small trailing edge deflections below 0.4% and frequencies below a 2.2 Strouhal number, Kelvin Helmholtz shedding was observed, and above this the wake became chaotic. Large trailing edge deflections showed Von-Karman shedding, where the interaction between the lower counter-clockwise vortex and the ground plane resulted in a jet-like flow that caused forward thrust. For the maximum deflection and morphing frequency tested in this study, reversed Von-Karman shedding was observed, which caused forward thrust from the interaction of the two-shedding counter-rotating vortices. Von-Karman or reversed Von-Karman shedding shows positive thrust generation, however, chaotic shedding should be avoided due to large drag gains. Varying the Reynolds number caused the Strouhal number to change as they depend on the same variables. It was found that the Strouhal number variation had a large effect on the wake, however, the Reynolds number had a minimal effect.

Benchmark problems for simulating Hyperloop aerodynamics

Hyperloop is proposed as the next generation of sustainable high-speed transport. Recently, an increasing body of literature has been amassed on Hyperloop aerodynamics, however, the vast majority of this work is numerical. Experimentally, there are few relevant studies and none are suitable for validating computational approaches. This paper presents three benchmark cases to provide a framework for computational research and to address this significant gap. Benchmark 1 provides experimental data from existing work on a projectile traveling at Mach 1.1 in ground effect. This incorporates many of the flow characteristics of a Hyperloop system, including (i) transonic Mach numbers, (ii) wall confinement, and (iii) shock formation/reflection. These experimental data are compared to Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations with a very good match seen. Next, Benchmark 2 is proposed which extends these simulations toward a baseline Hyperloop pod design operating in an axisymmetric low-pressure tube environment. This is achieved in stages by adding a full tube, scaling up the domain, reducing the air pressure, and introducing a baseline pod design. It is shown that the enclosed tube environment causes the most significant change in aerodynamic characteristics via flow choking. Nevertheless, a number of aerodynamic similarities remain, compared to Benchmark 1. Finally, Benchmark 3 is proposed to explore the impact of ground clearance of the pod. This aspect has a significant influence on the flow by deflecting the wake and the downstream shock pattern. Furthermore, the drag, downforce, and pitching moment are all found to increase with lower ground clearances.

Effects of wind turbine dimensions on the collision risk of raptors: A simulation approach based on flight height distributions

Wind energy development is a key component of climate change mitigation. However, birds collide with wind turbines, and this additional mortality may negatively impact populations. Collision risk could be reduced by informed selection of turbine dimensions, but the effects of turbine dimensions are still unknown for many species.As analyses of mortality data have several limitations, we applied a simulation approach based on flight height distributions of six European raptor species. To obtain accurate flight height data, we used high-frequency GPS tracking (GPS tags deployed on 275 individuals). The effects of ground clearance and rotor diameter of wind turbines on collision risk were studied using the Band collision risk model.Five species had a unimodal flight height distribution, with a mode below 25 m above ground level, while Short-toed Eagle showed a more uniform distribution with a weak mode between 120 and 260 m. The proportion of positions within 32–200 m ranged from 11 % in Marsh Harrier to 54 % in Red Kite.With increasing ground clearance (from 20 to 100 m), collision risk decreased in the species with low mode (−56 to −66 %), but increased in Short-toed Eagle (+38 %). With increasing rotor diameter (from 50 to 160 m) at fixed ground clearance, the collision risk per turbine increased in all species (+151 to +558 %), while the collision risk per MW decreased in the species with low mode (−50 % to −57 %).These results underpin that wind turbine dimensions can have substantial effects on the collision risk of raptors. As the effects varied between species, wind energy planning should consider the composition of the local bird community to optimise wind turbine dimensions. For species with a low mode of flight height, the collision risk for a given total power capacity could be reduced by increasing ground clearance, and using fewer turbines with larger diameter.

Optimization Design and Experimental Analysis of Spraying Device for High Ground Clearance Plant Protection Machine

Optimization Design and Experimental Analysis of Spraying Device for High Ground Clearance Plant Protection Machine

Effect of Trailing Edge and Span Morphing on the Performance of an Optimised NACA6409 Wing in Ground Effect

Abstract A CFD investigation was carried out on a three-dimensional NACA6409 wing in ground effect at a Reynolds number of 320,000. Using a Multi-Objective-SHERPA algorithm, a root angle of 4 degrees angle of attack, a tip angle of 6 degrees, a forward sweep and a tip chord of 20% of the root chord produced an optimum aerodynamic efficiency across all ground clearances. Optimisation showed a gain in aerodynamic efficiency of 41% at h/c = 0.05 ground clearance and a 31% gain at h/c = 0.2 compared to a rectangular planform wing. Next FishBAC camber morphing was applied to the optimised wing varying the morphing start locations along the chord at both the tip and root. A later start location produced the highest aerodynamic efficiency but increased manufacturing complexity. Extendable span morphing was also tested and was found increasing the span from 1c to 1.5c increased the aerodynamic efficiency of the optimised wing by 27.4% at h/c = 0.1. Varying the span from 0.8c to 1.2c in ground effect had a small effect on the drag for small ground clearances, for large ground clearances the total drag decreased as the span increased. Smaller gains were seen when the span morphing was applied to the rectangular wing. The FishBAC morphing was applied in the spanwise direction to morph the wing tip, sealing the flow beneath the wing. Also, the proportion of the morphing wing tip caused the trailing edge to be closer to the ground further enhancing ground effect.

Design and Experiment of an Independent Leg-Type Chassis Vehicle Attitude Adjustment System

In response to the current low work efficiency of soil ridge-working machinery, as well as its poor stability, passability, and adaptability, this paper designs an independent leg-type working platform that can autonomously adjust its vehicle attitude through LiDAR scanning in a soil ridge-working environment. The platform, in terms of its mechanism and structural design, adopts dual parallelogram mechanisms, dual lead screw mechanisms, and independent column leg mechanisms, with a maximum adjustable ground clearance of 107 mm and a maximum wheelbase adjustment of 150 mm. A gyroscope is mounted at the center of the platform for attitude adjustment, ensuring the accurate data collection of the ultrasonic ranging module. Moreover, the platform adopts an adaptive adjustment method based on vehicle attitude and soil ridge shape parameters, obtaining soil ridge parameters through LiDAR and combining ultrasonic ranging module data with stepper motor pulse signals to obtain the absolute vehicle attitude parameters, using first and second linear regression methods to adjust the vehicle attitude and other working parameters. A prototype was also created, and the test data from the soil obtained through experiments show that, after leveling with the gyroscope leveling algorithm, the average value of the pitch angle is up to 0.6154°, and the average value of the roll angle is up to 0.9989°, with the maximum variance of the pitch angle being 0.0474° and the maximum variance of the tilt angle being 0.1320°. After the ultrasonic ranging module data are filtered by the Kalman filter, the maximum variance is 0.0304, and after applying the final fusion algorithm, the maximum variance is only 0.0085. The LiDAR measurement width value deviates from the actual width value by no more than 1.0 cm, and the LiDAR measurement height value deviates from the actual height value by no more than 1.0 cm. The platform’s actual adjusted width deviates from the actual soil ridge width by no more than 2.0 cm, and the platform’s actual adjusted height deviates from the actual soil ridge height by no more than 1.2 cm. This platform can improve the passability, adaptability, and stability of agricultural machinery in soil ridge work and provide technical references for subsequent related research.

Flight behaviour of Red Kites within their breeding area in relation to local weather variables: Conclusions with regard to wind turbine collision mitigation

Abstract Birds and bats are prone to collisions with wind turbines. To reduce the number of bat collisions, weather variables are commonly used to shut down wind turbines when a certain constellation of weather variables occurs. Such a general approach might also be interesting to mitigate raptor collisions. Studies on the relationship between flight behaviour and weather variables are needed. To investigate the flight behaviour of raptors within their breeding area in relation to local weather variables, we used high resolution data of flight tracks of Red Kites collected on a wind energy test site (Germany). Birds were tracked with a laser range finder (LRF) or with Global Positioning System (GPS) transmitters. Weather variables were continuously registered on site. We used generalised linear mixed models to analyse the influence of weather variables and of the measurement method on different flight parameters. Furthermore, we investigated the probability of flying within a virtual rotor height range defined by three hub heights (84, 94 and 140 m; diameter: 112 m). The median flight altitude measured by LRF (52.5 m, 95% CI: 44.9–61.0, N = 2511) was on average 25 m higher than the corrected one resulting from GPS (27.8 m, 95% CI: 24.7–31.2, N = 6792). Flight speed also differed between methods (GPS: 29.2 km/h, 95% CI: 28.2–30.3 km/h; LRF: 25.1 km/h, 95% CI: 24.0–26.3 km/h). The effects of the weather variables were weak. Birds tended to fly less and lower during wet (humid, rainy or foggy) than dry weather, and lower during strong than weak winds. Probabilities of flying within a height range of virtual rotors increased with decreasing hub height, and hence ground clearance. Synthesis and applications: Flight behaviour was highly variable. Flights occurred during all weather conditions at different altitudes throughout the day over the entire season. Further research into the relationship between flight behaviour, weather variables, collisions and other factors is needed as a basis for developing shutdown regimes generally suitable for raptors. The mean flight altitude and speed differed between the measurement methods. Any values resulting from studies should be interpreted in the context of the method.

Wing-to-Wall Distance Effect On The Large-Scale Turbulent Structures Interacting With A Wall

We experimentally investigate the effect of the wing-to-wall distance, also called ground clearance, on the three-dimensional flow generated by a wing at a 4° angle of attack and a chord Reynolds number of 1400. We perform 3D velocity measurements using Particle tracking velocimetry to characterize the wake downstream of the wing, evaluate the evolution of the intensity and the size of the wingtip and secondary counter-rotating vortices, and finally compute the aerodynamic coefficients using momentum balance equations. We extended the control volume method for drag and lift calculation to the case where the transverse plane downstream of the wing does not contain the whole wake. The secondary flow's vorticity isocontours and velocity vectors show a decrease in the downwash and vortex size with the ground clearance ratio (i.e., as we approach the ground). The computation of the circulation shows that this latter decays rapidly streamwise as we get closer to the wall, indicating a dissipation of the kinetic energy contained in the trailing vortices. The aerodynamic coefficients' results based on the control volume method show that the tested wing manifests a two-force regime evolution of the drag coefficient with the ground clearance ratio, as it first decreases when moving far from the ground before increasing as we move farther from the ground. A noteworthy high lift is generated when too close to the ground. Further application of the extended control volume method on DNS data is needed to validate the method.

Numerical Optimization for Aerodynamic Performance of Nose Cone of FSAE Vehicle through CFD

This paper presents the optimization and aerodynamic performance of a Formula SAE vehicle nose cone. The purpose of the study is to minimize drag while simultaneously enhancing downforce to improve traction and acceleration of the vehicle. Numerous CAD models of the nose cone were developed, taking into account factors such as chassis dimensions, ground clearance, and Formula SAE rulebook constraints. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out in ANSYS 2021 Fluent module. The fluid domain was created and meshed using tetrahedral cells, and the flow field was predicted using the Realizable k-ε turbulence model. The simulation results revealed essential information including drag and lift coefficients, as well as pressure and velocity contours. An in-depth analysis of lift and drag coefficients guided the optimization of the nose cone design. The study ultimately identified a nose cone design that yielded the most favorable drag coefficient and is found in the range between 0.2-0.3. The study also observed that the down force is increased by 27%. This design proved highly effective in reducing the vehicle's drag and sufficient downforce to enhance acceleration.

Design and research on structure of plateau hand-held cutting and sun drying machine

With the development of agricultural modernization, accelerating agricultural mechanization has become an important direction for the development of agriculture in China. However, agricultural mechanization is uneven and insufficient in terms of regions, industries, crop varieties, and production stages. Although there are already a large number of agricultural machinery products on the market, most of them are designed for large-scale crops in northern arid lands, lacking machinery suitable for barley and adaptable to small plots and sloping farmlands in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. The development of a barley harvester adapted to plateau mountainous areas contributes to the development of special agricultural machinery in China, improves the uneven development of agricultural mechanization, and promotes agricultural development in plateau mountainous areas. This paper conducts research on the actual terrain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, barley planting conditions, and harvester operational conditions. Based on the production needs of barley agriculture, the design is optimized and improved. Following the principle of overall coordination, the overall structural parameters of the harvester suitable for the operational requirements of plateau mountainous areas are determined. The structural design of key components such as wheelbase, axle spacing, ground clearance, harvesting mechanical arm, and harvesting mechanism is detailed. Additionally, SolidWorks software is used for three-dimensional modeling of the barley harvester. CAE technology is employed to analyze the static and dynamic performance of critical chassis components, validate theoretical calculations, and confirm final structural parameters. Furthermore, a dynamics characteristic model is established based on the optimized parameters to theoretically analyze the stability of the entire machine and verify whether the designed plateau barley harvester meets field operation requirements. Finally, Bluetooth communication technology is utilized to autonomously design control hardware and software, achieving intelligent control of the machinery.

The ankle dorsiflexion kinetics demand to increase swing phase foot-ground clearance: implications for assistive device design and energy demands

BackgroundThe ankle is usually highly effective in modulating the swing foot’s trajectory to ensure safe ground clearance but there are few reports of ankle kinetics and mechanical energy exchange during the gait cycle swing phase. Previous work has investigated ankle swing mechanics during normal walking but with developments in devices providing dorsiflexion assistance, it is now essential to understand the minimal kinetic requirements for increasing ankle dorsiflexion, particularly for devices employing energy harvesting or utilizing lighter and lower power energy sources or actuators.MethodsUsing a real-time treadmill-walking biofeedback technique, swing phase ankle dorsiflexion was experimentally controlled to increase foot-ground clearance by 4 cm achieved via increased ankle dorsiflexion. Swing phase ankle moments and dorsiflexor muscle forces were estimated using AnyBody modeling system. It was hypothesized that increasing foot-ground clearance by 4 cm, employing only the ankle joint, would require significantly higher dorsiflexion moments and muscle forces than a normal walking control condition.ResultsResults did not confirm significantly increased ankle moments with augmented dorsiflexion, with 0.02 N.m/kg at toe-off reducing to zero by the end of swing. Tibialis Anterior muscle force incremented significantly from 2 to 4 N/kg after toe-off, due to coactivation with the Soleus. To ensure an additional 4 cm mid swing foot-ground clearance, an estimated additional 0.003 Joules/kg is required to be released immediately after toe-off.ConclusionThis study highlights the interplay between ankle moments, muscle forces, and energy demands during swing phase ankle dorsiflexion, offering insights for the design of ankle assistive technologies. External devices do not need to deliver significantly greater ankle moments to increase ankle dorsiflexion but, they should offer higher mechanical power to provide rapid bursts of energy to facilitate quick dorsiflexion transitions before reaching Minimum Foot Clearance event. Additionally, for ankle-related bio-inspired devices incorporating artificial muscles or humanoid robots that aim to replicate natural ankle biomechanics, the inclusion of supplementary Tibialis Anterior forces is crucial due to Tibialis Anterior and Soleus co-activation. These design strategies ensures that ankle assistive technologies are both effective and aligned with the biomechanical realities of human movement.

Research and Experiment on Cruise Control of a Self-Propelled Electric Sprayer Chassis

In order to address the issues of poor stability in vehicle speed and deteriorated spraying quality caused by changes in road slope and the decrease in overall mass due to liquid spraying, this study focuses on analyzing the structure and longitudinal dynamic characteristics of a 4WID high ground clearance self-propelled electric sprayer. By utilizing MATLAB/Simulink software, three subsystems, namely, the inverse longitudinal dynamics model, torque distribution model, and motor model, are established. The model takes into account the effects of longitudinal driving resistance, slope, and vehicle roll angle on the distribution of loads among the four wheels during slope driving. A seven-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model is developed. A hierarchical control structure is designed, incorporating an upper-level PID controller and a lower-level fuzzy PID controller, to control the overall system. The control algorithms are tailored to the specific characteristics of the sprayer’s operation, and simulation experiments are conducted under the corresponding operating conditions. Building upon this, a sensor-equipped experimental platform is set up in the self-propelled sprayer manufactured by the team in the preliminary stage. Real vehicle tests are conducted in two scenarios: transition transportation and field operations, with the evaluation of the overall vehicle speed serving as the performance metric to validate the correctness of the model and the control theory.

Research on the optimal speed of vehicles passing speed bumps on the highway based on an immune algorithm

Abstract. With the advancement of vehicle technology, there is a growing demand for vehicle comfort in addition to the focus on safety and functionality. On certain accident-prone sections of highways, such as entrance and exit ramps, tunnels, and downhill stretches, continuous speed bumps are typically installed to remind vehicles to reduce their speed. However, while enhancing safety, these measures also introduce a degree of discomfort for passengers and drivers alike. Vehicle speed and the type of road speed bump are key factors influencing vehicle comfort. In order to improve the ride comfort, this paper investigates the problem of adaptive speed control for vehicles passing over different types of continuous speed bumps and proposes a method for solving the optimal speed. In this research, a 4-degree-of-freedom vehicle suspension model and a road excitation model are employed to simulate vehicle vibrations. Simulation optimisation is performed using MATLAB in conjunction with an immune algorithm to obtain the optimal vehicle speeds for traversing three types of continuous speed bumps – sinusoidal, rectangular, and trapezoidal – while adhering to specified constraints. The simulation results demonstrate that this optimisation algorithm effectively enhances the ride comfort of vehicles when navigating speed bumps. The algorithm, when applied, reduces vehicle vertical displacement, acceleration, suspension deflection, and tyre load to varying degrees when crossing speed bumps. It also reduces tyre ground clearance to some extent, achieving a balance between comfort and safety. Furthermore, the study identifies the range of comfortable vehicle speeds for traversing these three types of speed bumps, providing valuable insights for selecting the appropriate speed bump design on roads with varying speed limits.

Study on Tractive System and Power Conveyance of EV Go-Kart

Abstract: This paper gives an overview on a cognizant strategy while selecting the major components of tractive system and power conveyance of Ev go-kart. This study was compiled according to the rules specified in the 2023-2024 GKDC. Go-Kart is a racing vehicle having very low ground clearance and can be worked on only flat racing circuits. The vehicle is iterative and is based on various engineering and reverse engineering processes depending upon the availability, cost and other such factors. All the parameters like Reliability, safety, Cost, Performance, aesthetics, ergonomics, Standard dimensions & material were also taken into consideration at the same time. We have also taken into account the battery management system, motors and other electrical management systems along with a brief description about their working and specifications. Through detailed analysis of the tractive system components such as motors, controllers, batteries, and drivetrain configurations, this research seeks to identify key parameters influencing the overall performance and acceleration characteristics of electric gokarts. Furthermore, the project evaluates the impact of various factors including motor selection, battery technology, and drivetrain layouts on the overall efficiency and dynamic response of electric go-karts. The findings of this study contribute valuable insights for enhancing the design and performance of electric go-karts, thus advancing the development of sustainable and high-performance recreational and competitive electric go-karts

Vehicle Position Detection Based on Machine Learning Algorithms in Dynamic Wireless Charging.

Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) has emerged as a viable approach to mitigate range anxiety by ensuring continuous and uninterrupted charging for electric vehicles in motion. DWC systems rely on the length of the transmitter, which can be categorized into long-track transmitters and segmented coil arrays. The segmented coil array, favored for its heightened efficiency and reduced electromagnetic interference, stands out as the preferred option. However, in such DWC systems, the need arises to detect the vehicle's position, specifically to activate the transmitter coils aligned with the receiver pad and de-energize uncoupled transmitter coils. This paper introduces various machine learning algorithms for precise vehicle position determination, accommodating diverse ground clearances of electric vehicles and various speeds. Through testing eight different machine learning algorithms and comparing the results, the random forest algorithm emerged as superior, displaying the lowest error in predicting the actual position.

Design of Medical Self-Propelled Walking Tricycle as a Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Tool

Patients recovering from a stroke may not be able to use all rehabilitation equipment due to their poor muscle strength and coordination. This study proposes to design a self-propelled walking tricycle that is a non-motorized three-wheel vehicle in a delta configuration without a pedal. This study was conducted by considering the post-stroke patient needs. It was done using two analysis methods, finite element analysis, and rapid upper limb analysis, to justify the reliability of the design. The results show that the maximum stress is 38.8 MPa in the connection area of the seat tube and down tube, while the maximum deformation is 0.399 mm in the seat post. The tricycle is constructed with 153 mm of ground clearance. Therefore, patients can lift their legs and drive the tricycle by swinging their legs repeatedly, like walking. The proposed self-propelled walking tricycle can be considered as a rehabilitation tool that can train the lower extremities. It could be used for strengthening the muscles and improve body coordination for the recovery process.

Material Optimization in Formula One Seat Fit Based on Structural and Biomechanical Analysis

F1 drivers have reported that they suffer a long-term lower back pain due to ‘Porpoising’ effect, it is a series of bounce that is generated due to Aerodynamic downforce. This downforce is part of drag reduction principle that pulls the air underneath the vehicle, thereby creating an incredible speed of 200 to 230 mph. Also at 200 mph speed, the driver experiences a high amount G-forces up to six times during the race. This can be simply avoided by increasing the ground clearance of vehicle but at the same time it also reduces the max speed of the vehicle. Hence, without compromising the speed, Design optimization is done for driver’s seat-fit through Computational methods of Biomechanical modelling and simulation for determining the optimum Seat Angle for Postural Ergonomics. As an additional Reinforcement and Shock absorption in seat material to protect driver’s spine from the resulting dynamics, Material optimization is done by selecting Graphene as the suitable material over the existing Carbon fiber material. Finite element method was carried out for structural analysis of seat-fit model. The stress, strain and deformation values were found to be lesser in Graphene model when compared to Carbon fiber. The simulation results will provide a solution for eliminating the higher risk of spine injury or pathological condition of a sportsman and thereby improves the sporting performance. Key Word: Motorsports, Computational Biomechanics, Ergonomics, Design optimization, Material optimization, Finite element analysis, Spine Injury prevention

Improving the Efficiency of Ground Clearance for Cemetery Land and Cemeteries in Nhon Hoi Economic Area, Binh Dinh Province, Case Study of the Southwest Urban Area Project in Nhon Ly Commune

Improving the Efficiency of Ground Clearance for Cemetery Land and Cemeteries in Nhon Hoi Economic Area, Binh Dinh Province, Case Study of the Southwest Urban Area Project in Nhon Ly Commune

Environmental management for car accident precaution and remote notification

Cars have been utilized as reliable means of transportation beyond the capacity of motorcycles. However, the misuse and abuse of these vehicles through unsafe practices like speeding and reckless driving poses a great risk that results in accidents – and sometimes – with casualties. In such unfortunate circumstances, the importance of prompt accident notification is extremely important for the driver. This notification should encompass vital accident details and precise location information. Thus, the implementation of a comprehensive system for accident warnings and the remote transmission of accident data emerges as an imperative safety measure. In this system, accidents are assessed based on the vehicle's slope relative to the road and speed. The vehicle's slope is measured using ultrasonic sensor, which calculates the ground clearance distance at two different locations of the vehicles. The two sensors will provide warning when there is a difference of more than 3 cm. Speed is measured using GPS, with the limit set at 90 km/h. If crashed occurs, Airbag Sensor gives logic ‘1’, then GPS will take current coordinates and date of the accident, then sends it via SIM800L in SMS format to registered number. Thus, the dangerous condition signed by 4,7 cm difference marked by Red LED and formed 7o angles which caused by excessive maneuver while GPS has 95% accuracy with speedometer. Thus, this voice output sure be great while quiet environment which output quality is 45dB at conversation environment.