Gross Motor Abilities In Children Research Articles

Implementation and outcomes of a quality improvement project to systematically assess the gross motor skills in school-aged children with cystic fibrosis.

Limited data exist on the gross motor abilities of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The objective of this research project was to implement a systematic gross motor assessment in children with CF ages 4-12 years. Secondarily, we aimed to assess demographic characteristics associated with gross motor delays. Physical therapists aimed to evaluate at least 50% of eligible children (4-12 years) at our CF Center over 1 year using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2). Delays are defined by scores less than 18th percentile. Demographic and clinical data included body mass index, hospitalizations, genotype, and comorbidities. Basic descriptive statistics summarized patient information. Parametric and nonparametric methods compared groups of interest. Linear regression assessed associations between BOT-2 measures and clinical characteristics. The BOT-2 evaluation was successfully implemented with 69% of eligible patients being evaluated. Forty-five (62.5%) scored below average. Impaired strength (22.2%) was most common, followed by impaired balance (16.7%), running speed and agility (15.3%), and bilateral coordination (8.3%). 15.5% scored below average on their total motor composite score (TMC). Increased age, comorbidities and hospitalizations were associated with a lower TMC. The BOT-2 was successfully implemented as part of routine CF care to screen for gross motor delays in children. Results suggest that a high percentage of children with CF, especially older children with comorbid conditions or a history of hospitalization, have impaired gross motor function. These findings support the need for routine gross motor evaluations and physical therapy interventions within pediatric CF clinics.

Sensory integration versus Masgutova neuro-sensorimotor reflex integration program on controlling primitive reflexes and gross motor abilities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy.

An abnormality in muscular tone, lack of postural control, and a lack of coordination are all linked to the retention of primitive and immature postural reflexes. The Purpose of this study aimed of detecting which therapeutic approach is more effective in integrating retained primitive reflexes, either Masgutova neuro-sensorimotor reflex integration or Sensory integration (SI) program. Forty children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) (11 girls and 29 boys), involved in the current study and their ages ranged from 3 to 6years old. They were divided at random into two groups (A and B), patients in the study group (A) (n=20) were treated by Masgutova neuro-sensorimotor reflex integration program (MNRI) while those of study group (B) (n=20), were subjected to Sensory integration program (SIP), A standardized physical treatment regimen was provided to both groups (Stretching exercise, Strengthening exercise, and facilitation of developing motor milestones) All children were evaluated by using GMFM-88 and (PDMS-2) reflexes subtest before and after treatment that lasted for three successive months at a frequency of three sessions per week. There was a statistically substantial increase in GMFM scores and control of primitive reflexes post treatment in each group compared to those of the pretreatment mean values (p>0.05). There was also a statistically non-significance difference between group A and group B regarding post treatment results (p>0.05). SI and MNRI programs can equally be used in the treatment of children with spastic CP who suffer from retained primitive reflexes and delayed gross motor function.

Effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilisation and Neurodevelopmental Therapy on Gross Motor Function and Trunk Control in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Protocol for a RCT

Introduction: The Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilisation (DNS) technique uses feed forward feedback to involuntarily activate the diaphragm and deep abdominal muscles prior to purposeful movement in humans. It is an efficient approach for facilitating deep core muscle activation of the underactive muscle chain consisting of the Internal Oblique (IO), transverse abdominals and diaphragm, thereby enhancing age appropriate jumping, walking and standing, in participants with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy (SDCP), whereas the primary goal of Neurodevelopmental Therapy (NDT) is to facilitate more normal movement patterns for performing performance skills and rectifying abnormal postural tone. Need of the study: Even though studies have been done in the past, utilising DNS and NDT in children with diplegic CP, for improving core stability, balance, posture and diaphragmatic movement; however, Gross Motor Function (GMF) and trunk control are the aspects that have not been aimed with DNS. There is scarcity in the literature related to impact of DNS on GMF and trunk control in children with diplegic CP. As DNS has specific role on core strength it can be a valuable in the management of trunk control. Because no study comparing the impact of DNS and NDT on trunk control and functions of gross motor in diplegic children has been found; there is a strong need to perform a study to evaluate the same. Aim: To compare the impact of DNS to NDT on gross motor performance and trunk control in children with SDCP. Materials and Methods: It will be a Randomised Clinical Trial (RCT) with the assessor blinded, conducted in the Outpatient Department of Physiotherapy, AVBRH Sawangi, Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from July 2022 to April 2023. Following the baseline assessments, children with SDCP (n=36) will be enlisted and randomly assigned into two groups, groups A and group B. Group A will be treated using conventional therapy along with NDT; group B will be given conventional therapy as well as DNS. Treatment will be given for four weeks, five days a week. On the first and the last day of the intervention, primary outcome measures Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and secondary outcome measure Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) will be employed (on the first day and after the completion of four weeks). Mini-mental Scale Examination (MMSE) will be used as inclusion criteria for the children. Statistical analysis will be carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27.0. Conclusion: The present study is expected to prove that DNS approach to be successful in enhancing the control of the trunk and gross motor abilities in children with SDCP.

Oro-motor skills and gross motor abilities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy following electrical stimulation

Feeding difficulties are common in children with diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Swallowing difficulties, extended feeding times, poor postural control, frequent chocking/coughing, trouble drinking, and frequent vomiting are the most common feeding challenges. The dysfunctional daily eating activities among these population result in reduced quality of life, limited functional performance, and they become dependent in most of oral health care and mealtimes.The specific nature and severity of the feeding problems may differ to some degree, in relation to sensorimotor impairment, gross and fine motor limitations. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on oro-motor skills and gross motor abilities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy and to find out if there was a relationship between them. Eighteen children with diplegic cerebral palsy aged from 3 to 5 years from both sexes participated in this study. They received a designed physical therapy, oromotor exercises for 60 minutes followed by electrical stimulation for 40 minutes. The treatment was conducted two sessions per week for three successive months. Data obtained from both groups pre treatment and post treatment regarding Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), Oral Motor Assessment Scale (OMAS).

The Application of Taiso Radio Gymnastic in Improving Gross Motor Ability of Children Aged 5-6 Years

The objective of this study was to obtain the data on the improvement of gross motor ability of children aged 5-6 years with taiso radio gymnastics. This research was included in the experimental research type. The population in this study were children aged 5-6 years at RA Diponegoro Kertanegara, Purbalingga. The respondents in this study were 33 children. The method of data collection in this study was the observation instrument of gross motor ability of children aged 5-6 years. Then the method of data analysis used were descriptive and hypothesis testing with Paired Sample t-Test. The results of this study indicated that the gross motor ability of children aged 5-6 years after being given treatment which was in the form of Taiso Radio gymnastics from an average of 92.91 to an average of 106.48. This was given a pretest treatment of gross motor ability of children aged 5-6 years in the fair category with a percentage index of 12.12% and a good category with a percentage index of 87.88%. After being given treatment (posttest) there was an increase in gross motor ability of children aged 5-6 years into a good category with a percentage index of 81.81% and a very good category with an achievement index of 18.19%. Therefore, taiso radio exercise is effective in increasing gross motor ability of children aged 5-6 years. Based on the results of the Paired Sample t Test calculation, the researcher obtained values -table > count > table, which was (-14.544 < -2.036 or 14.544 > 2.036), with sig = 0,000, so that was rejected and was accepted. It meant that there were differences in the gross motor ability of children aged 5-6 years after being applied to Taiso Radio gymnastics. The difference can be seen from the value of sig 2 tailed <0.005 which was 0,000.

Relationship between primitive reflex values and gross motor abilities in children with spastic cerebral palsy

Primitive reflexes are basically present in normal growth and these reflexes are background of gross motor development in the children. However, Cerebral palsy in the children had motor activity disruption. This study aims to determine the relationship between primitive reflex value and gross motor ability level in the children with spastic cerebral palsy. The study was used correlative research method with cross sectional design. The study population were children had spastic cerebral palsytipe who undergone therapy. The samples were 30 children who met the inclusion criteria such as children with spastic cerebral palsytipe who undergone therapy at Physiotherapy clinic, aged below than 8 years and willing to be respondents. The primitive reflex assessment used reflex value scale and gross motor skills is assessed based on Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) level. The result found there was significant relationship between primitive reflexes and gross motor skills in 6 times of primitive reflexes such as ATNR (p=0.015), STNR (p=0.028), Moro (p=0.035), Neck righting (p=0.001), parachute (p=0.019) and foot placement reaction (p=0.015). Meanwhile, there was not significant relationship between extensor thrust and gross motor skills, p=0.164.

MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI RANGSANGAN AUDIO DI TK IBUNDA KUBANG

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop motoric skills of early childhood by using audio stimulation at Ibunda Kubang Kindergarten in Kerinci Regency. The type of this research was PTK (Classroom Action Research). The procedures of this study were divided into 2 cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. The instrument of this research used observation and documentation sheets. Then, the data collection techniques were carried out by observation, gross motor ability tests and documentation. Next, the results showed that the gross motor ability of children in the learning process seemed developed by using Audio Stimulation in the childer of group B at Ibunda Kubang Kindergarten, Kerinci Regency. Audio Stimulation can develop children's gross motor ability as an increase in each cycle. In cycle I, there was an increase in children's gross motor ability for each meeting, but the minimum completeness criteria (KKM) had not reached yet. They were namely the first aspect 21.4%, the second aspect 28.6% and the last aspect 21.4%. Whereas in the second cycle there was an increase and the results had fulfilled and for KKM it was established. they were 21.4% to 85.7% (at fisrt aspect), 28.6% to 85.7% (at the second aspects) and the last aspect 21.4% to 78.6 %. Audio Stimulation can develop children's gross motor ability at Ibunda Kubang Kindergarten. So this Audio Stimulation is good to be used for improving the gross motor ability of children. Keywords: developing, motoric ability of early childhood, audio stimulation

Peningkatan Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun Melalui Metode Senam Fantasi

This research was conducted based on findings in the field regarding the gross motor abilities of children in A Muharram group that have not been optimal. It is necessary to find the appropoate method to develope their gross motoric skills. Gross motoric skill development is very important for early childhood because it can affect their future. One of various ways to develop their motoric skills is through fantasy gymnastic method. This study aims to improve the gross motor skills of children aged 4-5 years through fantasy gymnastic methods. The method used is a classroom action research method. The subjects of this study were nine children aged 4-5 years of Muharram group consisting of five boys and four girls in early childhood education of Bina Bangsa Islamic School of Serang. The data collection techniques are conducted through interviews and observations using designed form of interview and observation sheets. The data analysis techniques used interactive model by Miles and Huberman. The percentage result obtained from the pre cycle was 34,70% (bad), then increased in cycle I to be 62,80% (good) and then in cycle II to be 87,50% (very good). It can be concluded that the fantasy gymnastic method can improve gross motor skills of children aged 4-5 years of early childhood education of Bina Bangsa Islamic School of Serang. The result propose the use of gymnastic and other method to be used in the other aspects of motoric development.

Immediate Effect of Vertibrace Dynamic Orthosis on Gross Motor Function in a Child with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Study

Children with spastic cerebral palsy usually display a decline in their gross motor functional abilities as compared to their peers of the same chronological age. Orthosis has been used widely to manage spasticity, prevent contractures, maintain the range of motion and improve motor function. The purpose of the study was to see the immediate effect of Vertibrace Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthosis on gross motor function abilities of a child with spastic cerebral palsy. A child with spastic cerebral palsy level I on gross motor function classification system was selected to wear the Vertibrace Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthosis. Gross motor abilities were assessed before and afterwearing the orthosis using the gross motor function measure. Vertibrace Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthosis showed an immediate improvement in the gross motor abilities by 3% in the child with spastic cerebral palsy with regard to kneeling, walking, running and jumping. Hence, Vertibrace Dynamic Orthosis can be prescribed for enhancement of gross motor abilities in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Further randomized control research about the effects of Vertibrace Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthosis is recommended by assessing a larger number of subjects and evaluating different variables.

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK KASAR ANAK MELALUI BERMAIN DENGAN MEDIA HULAHOOP PADA ANAK KELOMPOK B PAUD AL-SYAFAQOH KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

The problem in this research is whether through the activity of playing with media hula hoop can improve motor abusive ability of child. The purpose of this Classroom Action Research is to develop gross motor skills in the jumping of children on the strength and balance effects on the group B children in PAUD Al-Syafaqoh Rejang Lebong District. This study proved that playing with hula hoop media can improve the development of gross motor abilities of children. Evidenced by the increase of Rough Motor Capacity in children, seen in the first cycle meeting I on the aspect of strength and balance aspects of the average value reached 2.27 with the criteria Enough, then in cycle II The third meeting reached 4.3 with the criteria Good.

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK KASAR ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN MELALUI PERMAINAN BOLA BESAR DI TK ISLAM NUSANTARA

Rough motor skills are the ability of the body to use large muscles, which involves the whole body such as the muscle activity of the hands and feet in locomotor, non locomotor and manipulative action. One of the activities that can be used is through big ball game.Based on the result of pre-research analysis, the percentage of gross motor ability of children is 27%, cycle 1 is 41%, while at the end of cycle 2 the percentage of gross motor ability improvement of children is 97%. This research is shown to be seen from the change of motor ability of roughly very good class in cycle 2. It can be seen that children are already able to develop rough motor movement through various media with balance, flexibility, children able to train the muscles of the hands and feet, the coordination of foot and eyes, and hand and eye coordination. In the process of learning, children now look very enthusiastic. As has been stated in the interpretation of the results of analysis that this research is said to succeed if there is a minimum increase of 75%. So at the end of this 2nd cycle of research is said to be very successful because the percentage of increase obtained to 97%. This exceeds the minimum limit set by researchers and collaborators. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the rough motor skills of children aged 5-6 years in Islamic Nursery Kindergarten by using a large ball game increased and the results of the process of great ball game improvement is very good.

Relationship of cognitive functions and gross motor abilities in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy

ABSTRACTSpastic diplegic cerebral palsy can be accompanied by a myriad of symptoms affecting other body systems including cognitive dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between cognitive functions in the form of selective attention and figural memory domains with standing and walking motor abilities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy. The research design was a correlational study. Tasks assessing cognitive function and gross motor abilities were carried out with a sample of 50 children. The data demonstrated the presence of correlation between selective attention and figural memory domains of cognitive function with standing, walking running, and jumping subscales of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) scale at different ages, and this correlation was significant between selective attention domain and gross motor abilities. The outcome measurements of the current study provide original evidence based on the necessity of including cognitive and physical impairments in the examination and evaluation of children with diplegic cerebral palsy in research and clinical settings.

Bola Tangkup: A Media to Stimulate Gross Motor Skills’ Children with Visual Impairment

This study aims to determine how the development of media “bola tangkup” and test the effectiveness of the media “bola tangkup” sphere to stimulate the gross motor ability of blind children. The method used the Research and Development (R & D) but is more focused on the development of procedural models by Borg & Gall simplified. The development phase of this research begins with an analysis of potential problems, requirements analysis, product design, design validation, and applied it, then conducted tests gross motor ability of children. Data was analyzed using descriptive qualitative descriptive analysis of the needs and the percentage of the results of expert validation and testing of the product. Design validation results showed that the media developed has met the eligibility test media expert and skilled children with special needs and can be used for media learning gross motor stimulation. Media expert validation results expressed strongly agree with 81.12% and the percentage of children with special needs experts strongly agreed with a percentage of 90.59%. The trial results demonstrate the ability of sound ball an average percentage of 39.58% and ability after treatment using “bolatangkup” an average percentage of 73.21%. It can be concluded that the use of media “bolatangkup” is more effective than using the ball sounds. Besides media “bolatangkup” can be used as a step to introduction characteristics braille is using the seeds of the more interesting and fun for blind children. Research needs to be conducted extensive testing in order to improve media development “bolatangkup” of higher quality. How to cite Kurniadi, A. & Ciptono. (2015). Bola Tangkup: A Media to Stimulate Gross Motor Skills’ Children with Visual Impairment. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies , 4(2), 86-89. doi:10.15294/ijeces.v4i2.9461 DOI 10.15294/ijeces.v4i2.9461

Effect of intensive physical therapy program on gross motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy

Effect of intensive physical therapy program on gross motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy

A new tool for assessing head movements and postural sway in children

Current methods of measuring gross motor abilities in children involve either high-cost specialist apparatus that is unsuitable for use in schools, or low-cost but nonoptimal observational measures. We describe the development of a low-cost system that is capable of providing high-quality objective data for the measurement of head movements and postural sway. This system is based on off-the-shelf components available for the Nintendo Wii: (1) The infrared cameras in a pair of WiiMotes are used to track head movements by resolving the position of infrared-emitting diodes in three dimensions, and (2) center-of-pressure data are captured using the WiiFit Balance board. This allows the assessment of children in school settings, and thus provides a mechanism for identifying children with neurological problems affecting posture. In order to test the utility of the system, we installed the apparatus in two schools to determine whether we could collect meaningful data on hundreds of children in a short time period. The system was successfully deployed in each school over a week, and data were collected on all of the children within the school buildings at the time of testing (N = 269). The data showed reliable effects of age and viewing condition, as predicted from previous small-scale studies that had used specialist apparatus to measure childhood posture. Thus, our system has the potential to allow screening of children for gross postural deficits in a manner that has never previously been possible. It follows that our system opens up the possibility of conducting large-scale behavioral studies concerning the development of posture.

Kemampuan motorik kasar siswa sekolah dasar penderita obesitas

Background: Childhood is the period of rapid growth and development. Various aspects can affect problems in growth and development such as genetics, natural environment, and social economic status of the family, nutrition status, social and cultural environment. Inappropriate food intake can cause malnutrition in children, both undernourishment and over nourishment (obesity). Obesity is not good for the process of child growth and development because it distorts the process of metabolism and bring risks for cardiovascular diseases.Objective: To identify gross motor ability of obese elementary school students at Yogyakarta Municipality and evaluate motor ability of elementary school students based on degree of obesity.Method: The study was observational with cross sectional design. Subject of the study were 158 obese elementary school students at Yogyakarta Municipality. Subjects were screened and tested using fat caliper and their height and weight were measured. If they belonged to obese their gross motor ability was tested comprising throwing with target, flexibility long jump standing, squatting, push up, balance and speed running. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation at CI95% (p<0.05).Result: Gross motor ability of children has negative correlation with obesity (r = -0,465), so children with heavy obesity rho have the bad gross motor ability. However there was no relationship between ability of flexibility, standing long jump, balance, and speed running the mobility (sig > 0,05).Conclusion: Child which progressively obesity will have a lower gross motor ability.

Gross motor abilities in children with Hurler syndrome

Hurler syndrome is the most severe form of mucopolysaccharidosis type I. There is a paucity of literature reporting the gross motor abilities of children with untreated Hurler syndrome. The purpose of this case series is to describe the gross motor abilities of one male and three female children (mean age 11.4mo [SD 3.1]; range 9.5–16mo) diagnosed with Hurler syndrome. The children were assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition. Gross motor delays were present in all four children at the time of assessment, and were most evident in locomotor abilities for three of the children. All four children had range of motion limitations at multiple joints. This case series provides evidence for early gross motor delays in this population, as well as evidence for specific gross motor abilities of children with untreated Hurler syndrome. It is recommended that children diagnosed with Hurler syndrome be referred to physical therapy services upon diagnosis and that physical therapists be part of the interdisciplinary team involved in the care of children with Hurler syndrome.

Gross motor abilities in children with Hurler syndrome

Hurler syndrome is the most severe form of mucopolysaccharidosis type I. There is a paucity of literature reporting the gross motor abilities of children with untreated Hurler syndrome. The purpose of this case series is to describe the gross motor abilities of one male and three female children (mean age 11.4mo [SD 3.1]; range 9.5-16mo) diagnosed with Hurler syndrome. The children were assessed using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition. Gross motor delays were present in all four children at the time of assessment, and were most evident in locomotor abilities for three of the children. All four children had range of motion limitations at multiple joints. This case series provides evidence for early gross motor delays in this population, as well as evidence for specific gross motor abilities of children with untreated Hurler syndrome. It is recommended that children diagnosed with Hurler syndrome be referred to physical therapy services upon diagnosis and that physical therapists be part of the interdisciplinary team involved in the care of children with Hurler syndrome.

Impact of malnutrition on gastrointestinal disorders and gross motor abilities in children with cerebral palsy

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often demonstrate abnormal feeding behaviours, leading to reduced food consumption and malnutrition. Moreover, most of them present with gastrointestinal disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or chronic constipation (CC), and poor motor function rehabilitation. The aim of our study was to assess the possible relationship between malnutrition and gastrointestinal problems and to evaluate the role of nutrition on their gross motor abilities in a population of children with CP and mental retardation. Patients: Twenty-one consecutive children (10 boys; mean age: 5.8 ± 4.7 years; range: 1–14 years) with CP and severe mental retardation. Methods: Nutritional assessment included the measurement of body mass index (BMI = W/H 2), fat body mass (FBM) and fat free mass (FFM). Children with symptoms suggesting GERD underwent prolonged 24 h intraesophageal pH monitoring and/or upper GI endoscopy with biopsies before and after a 6 months of pharmaceutical (omeprazole) and nutritional (20% increment of daily caloric intake) treatments. The motor function was evaluated by “The Gross Motor Function Measure” (GMFM) before and after the 6 months on nutritional rehabilitation. Results: BMI for age was ⩽5° percentile in 11 children (52%) and FBM was ⩽80% of ideal value for height in 15 (71%). GERD was present in 14 children (67%), 9 of them were affected by both GERD and CC. Among children with FBM ⩽ 80%, GERD was present in 11 (73%) and CC in 9 (60%). Considering the group of patients with BMI ⩽ 5° percentile, 9 out of 11 children had GERD (82%) and 7 had CC (64%). Fourteen malnourished children (FBM ⩽ 80%) completed the 6 months nutritional trial. Their starting and final means ± SD BMI were 13.56 ± 1.31 and 14.15 ± 1.85 ( p = 0.08), respectively. GMFM values were significantly ( p < 0.05) improved in 9/14 pts (Group A), while it remained unchanged in 5/14 pts (Group B). Nine children with GERD and malnutrition completed the 6 months of pharmaceutical and nutritional treatments. Their initial mean ± SD weight was 10.1 ± 2.9 kg, whereas the final mean ± SD weight was 12.7 ± 4 kg ( p < 0.05). A marked improvement of GERD was noted in four of nine (44.4%) children. Despite successful nutritional rehabilitation with a BMI achievement of ⩾25° percentile, five of nine (55.5%) patients had persistent GERD when they were taken off the medication. Conclusions: Malnutrition and gastrointestinal disorders are very common in children with cerebral palsy. Improved nutritional status, particularly fat free mass gain, appears to have an impact on motor function in children with CP.

Evaluation of BTX/A therapy in children with CP: GMFM-88 vs. GMFM-66

Introduction: The GMFM is an observational measure that was developed and validated to assess gross motor abilities of children with CP. As the GMFM has been used in a variety of research situations its limitations have become more apparent, such as a lack of responsiveness to change for certain patient groups and long administration time. In an effort to improve interpretability and usefulness of the GMFM, its Canadian developers applied the Rasch Model of item analysis to the GMFM-88, resulting in creation of the GMFM-66. Aim of the retrospective study was to investigate whether the two versions would show differences in their discriminative capability and responsiveness to change in a sample of children with CP treated with BTX/A.