Gross Domestic Product Of India Research Articles

Economic Evaluation of Targeted Therapies for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase- and ROS1 Fusion-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in India.

Targeted therapies, such as crizotinib and ceritinib, have shown promising results in treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with specific oncogenic drivers like anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-ros (ROS1) oncogene, etc. This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of these therapies for patients with NSCLC in India. The Markov model consisted of three health states: progression-free survival, progressive disease, and death. Lifetime costs and consequences were estimated for three treatment arms: crizotinib, ceritinib, and chemotherapy for patients with ALK- and ROS1-positive NSCLC. Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with crizotinib and ceritinib was compared to chemotherapy and assessed using a willingness-to-pay threshold of one-time per capita gross domestic product in India. The total lifetime cost per patient for ALK-positive NSCLC was ₹332,456 ($4,054 US dollars [USD]), ₹1,284,100 ($15,659 USD), and ₹2,337,779 ($28,509 USD) in the chemotherapy, crizotinib, and ceritinib arms, respectively. The mean QALYs lived per patient were 1.20, 2.21, and 3.34, respectively. For patients with ROS1-positive NSCLC, the total cost was ₹323,011 ($3,939 USD) and ₹1,763,541 ($21,507 USD) for chemotherapy and crizotinib, with mean QALYs lived per patient of 1.16 and 2.73, respectively. Nearly 92% and 81% reduction in the price of ceritinib and crizotinib is required to make it a cost-effective treatment option for ALK- and ROS1-positive NSCLC, respectively. Our study findings suggest that the prices of ceritinib and crizotinib need to be reduced significantly to justify their value for inclusion in India's publicly financed health insurance scheme for treatment of patients with locally advanced/metastatic ALK- and ROS1-positive NSCLC, respectively.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Systemic Therapy for Intensification of Treatment in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer in India.

Androgen-deprivation therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). However, the intensification of treatment with either docetaxel or novel anti-androgens (abiraterone-acetate plus prednisone [AAP], enzalutamide, and apalutamide) is being recommended based on the improved clinical outcomes and quality of life among patients. This study aimed to determine the most cost-effective drug for treatment intensification for patients with mHSPC in India. A Markov model was developed with four health states: progression-free survival, progressive disease, best supportive care, and death. Lifetime costs and consequences were estimated for four treatment sequences: AAP-first, enzalutamide-first, apalutamide-first, and docetaxel-first. Incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY)gained with a given treatment option was compared against the next best alternative and assessed for cost effectiveness using a willingness to pay threshold of 1 × per capita gross domestic product in India. We estimated that the total lifetime cost per patient was ₹1,367,454 (US$17,487), ₹2,168,885 (US$27,735), ₹7,678,501 (US$98,190), and ₹1,358,746 (US$17,375) in the AAP-first, enzalutamide-first, apalutamide-first, and docetaxel-first treatment sequence, respectively. The mean quality-adjusted life-years lived per patient were 4.78, 5.03, 3.22, and 2.61, respectively. The AAP-first sequence incurs an incremental cost of ₹4014 (US$51) per quality-adjusted life-year gained as compared with the docetaxel-first sequence, with a 87% probability of being cost effective at the willingness-to-pay threshold of 1 × per-capita gross domestic product of India. The use of AAP-first also incurs an incremental net monetary benefit of ₹396,491 (US$5070) as compared with the docetaxel-first treatment sequence. Nearly a 48% reduction in the price of enzalutamide is required to make it a cost-effective treatment sequence as compared with AAP-first in India. We concur with the inclusion of standard-dose AAP in India's publicly financed health insurance scheme for the intensification of treatment in mHSPC as it is the only cost-effective sequence among the various novel anti-androgens when compared with the docetaxel-first treatment sequence. Furthermore, a systematic reduction in the price of enzalutamide would further help to improve clinical outcomes among patients with mHSPC.

Retrospect of Gross Domestic Product of India and China: A Comparative Analysis

Retrospect of Gross Domestic Product of India and China: A Comparative Analysis

A Comparison of FDI, Stock Market and GDP of India

Abstract: The primary goal of this study project is to look into the intricate links between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), the performance of India's stock market, and the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Our primary goal in researching these relationships is to obtain a better understanding of the critical role that FDI plays in shaping both stock market dynamics and India's overall economic growth and stability. This analytical investigation is based on a large dataset spanning the years 2015- 2016 to 2020-2021. We used two statistical tools, correlation analysis and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) calculations, to quantify these associations. With the use of these analytical tools, we aim to offer a deeper comprehension of how FDI affects India's stock market performance and, consequently, its overall economic health.

Analysing the Impact of Foreign Exchange Rate on Macroeconomic Variables in India

This paper analyses the impact of foreign exchange rates on the foreign exchange reserves and the real Gross Domestic Product in India. These variables are essential for India’s external sector policy. Some basic definitions of the different kinds of exchange rates are covered in light of India’s economic context. This is followed by a literature review on the dilemma of adopting a strong or a weak exchange rate policy and its implications on the economy. Presented after this is a model of the cyclical nature of currency fluctuations in an economy. Empirical evidence shows that currency depreciation causes an increase in foreign exchange reserves and economic growth. Data from the International Financial Statistics of the International Monetary Fund and World Development Indicators of the World Bank has been utilised using econometric tests and software to verify the hypothesis. Results are ascertained and concluding remarks are made thereafter. Certain limitations to the research have been described as well.

A Performance Analysis of Indian MSMEs

Purpose: Over the decades MSMEs have been reckoned as the driving force of the Indian economy and they have geared up the industrialization process to a large extent. This sector contributes about 40 percent towards the export of the country and attracts Foreign Direct Investment. India is privileged as a global manufacturing corridor by encouraging and supporting MSMEs to create employment opportunities, especially in rural areas, and to increase the purchasing power of individuals at the bottom of the pyramid. In this scenario, efforts have been made: one, to study the role of MSMEs in the Indian economy, and two, to do the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges (SWOC) analysis, for understanding the internal and external factors which influence the MSMEs. Design/Methodology/Approach: Present paper adopted conceptual research, based on the secondary data gathered from various statutory bodies like RBI and annual reports of the Government Ministry of MSME, research papers published in refereed journals and websites. Findings/Results: MSMEs contribute to generating employment, by mitigating regional imbalances through the development of business in economically backward areas. Likewise, they generate a significant contribution to improving the Gross Domestic Product of India. During the recent pandemic period, it contributed 30% towards GDP. Within the MSME sector, while 630.52 lakh enterprises are operating in a micro-sector, 3.3 lakh and 0.05 lakh enterprises are operating in the small and medium sectors respectively. More than 51% of MSMEs are established in rural regions and 49% in urban regions. The study observes that there is parity between rural and urban areas. At present, MSMEs provide 110 million employments, out of which 76% are male and 24% female based on gender. This sector has many strengths and weaknesses. Likewise, it also provides greater opportunities to uplift the Indian Economy by initiating the activities like Atmanirbhar Bharat and Production Linked Scheme (PLC), incentives, subsidies, and funding support. These policy changes will push the MSMEs to face global competition and facilitate India as the manufacturing hub of the world. Value: Apart from providing a broad view of MSMEs’ performance in India, this paper attempts to analyze such performance within the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Challenges (SWOC) framework. Researchers, who would like to have an impressionistic view of the MSME sector in the Indian economy during the recent past, can make the best use of this paper. Paper Type: Case study.

A Novel Prediction Model: ELM-ABC for Annual GDP in the Case of SCO Countries.

With the development of economic and technologies, the trend of annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission changes with time passes. The relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions is considered as one of the most important empirical relationships. In this study, we focus on the member of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, including China, Russia, India, and Pakistan and collect CO2 emission and annual GDP from 1969 to 2014. The statistical methods and tests are used to find the relationship between annual GDP and CO2 emission in these countries. Based on relationship between annual and CO2 emission, a novel multi-step prediction algorithm called Extreme Learning Machine with Artificial Bee Colony (ELM-ABC) is proposed for forecasting annual GDP based on CO2 emission and historical GDP features. According to the experimental results, it proved that the proposed model had a super forecasting ability in GDP prediction and it could predict ten-year future annual GDP for the corresponding countries. Moreover, the forecasting results showed that the annual GDP of China and Pakistan will continue to grow but growth will slow after 2025. The annual GDP in India will exhibit unstable growth. The trend of Russia will follow the pattern between 2010 and 2016.

Perceiving the Consumer’s Desire and Transforming it into a Business Model : A Case Study of Morning Fresh, India’s No. 1 Hangover Cure & Detox Drink

An increasing number of Indians are drinking alcohol, but the latest study (“Alcohol Consumption in India,” 2022) shows that the country is experiencing a rise in smart drinking, limiting consumption within limits, and only on social occasions. The study conducted across three North Indian states found that there is now an increase in the number of people who drink at casual get-togethers, festivals, or social occasions; 54% of the respondents said that they drank at such events, while 44% admitted to responsibly following rules and regulations regarding alcohol consumption. According to recent research, the burden of alcohol in India costs the economy more than the Indian government’s whole health budget (Jyani et al., 2019). According to the findings of a study that was just recently published in the International Journal of Drug Policy, the economic loss that can be attributed to the negative effects of alcohol consumption accounts for approximately 1.45 percentage points of the total gross domestic product when tax receipts from the sale of alcohol are taken into account (GDP). To put this into perspective, the yearly expenditures of the government on health amount to around 1.1% of the GDP. According to the researchers’ projections, the whole social and economic cost of alcohol-related health disorders in 2050 would be more than the entire gross domestic product of India in 2018, which was INR 219.5 trillion. This development places one company at an advantage in further promoting responsible drinking among liquor drinkers. Looking at such a number of consumers with the social and health impact, the owner of Healthline Private Limited foresaw an opportunity not only to start an exponential revenue-generating product, but also to ameliorate the health problems in youngsters, thereby also limiting their habits’ ill effects on the society. The CEO of the company had a background of the F&B sector and was skilled in creative leadership, product innovation, and business development. This case examined how Healthline’s owners transformed an opportunity into a successful business model by introducing the most innovative and acceptable product, “Morning Fresh,” and underlined how crucial it is to understand customer desires. The case also emphasized the marketing strategies employed to capture the maximum possible market cap. I took the data from secondary sources and published resources (from 2014 to 2021) to analyze the complete case from different perspectives. I also explored how a consumer’s immediate needs and desires can be transformed into a successful business.

Cost-effectiveness of population-based screening for diabetes and hypertension in India: an economic modelling study

India faces a high burden of diabetes and hypertension. Currently, there is a dearth of economic evidence about screening programmes, affected age groups, and frequency of screening for these diseases in Indian settings. We assessed the cost effectiveness of population-based screening for diabetes and hypertension compared with current practice in India for different scenarios, according to type of screening test, population age group, and pattern of health-care use. We used a hybrid decision model (decision tree and Markov model) to estimate the lifetime costs and consequences from a societal perspective. A meta-analysis was done to assess the effectiveness of population-based screening. Primary data were collected from two Indian states (Haryana and Tamil Nadu) to assess the cost of screening. The data from the National Health System Cost Database and the Costing of Health Services in India study were used to determine the health system cost of diagnostic tests and cost of treating diabetes or hypertension and their complications. A total of 962 patients were recruited to assess out-of-pocket expenditure and quality of life. Parameter uncertainty was evaluated using univariate and multivariable probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Finally, we estimated the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with alternative scenarios of scaling up primary health care through a health and wellness centre programme for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. The incremental cost per QALY gained across various strategies for population-based screening for diabetes and hypertension ranged from US$0·02 million to $0·03 million. At the current pattern of health services use, none of the screening strategies of annual screening, screening every 3 years, and screening every 5 years was cost-effective at a threshold of 1-time per capita gross domestic product in India. In the scenario in which health and wellness centres provided primary care to 20% of patients who were newly diagnosed with uncomplicated diabetes or hypertension, screening the group aged between 30 and 65 years every 5 years or 3 years for either diabetes, hypertension, or a comorbid state (both diabetes and hypertension) became cost-effective. If the share of treatment for patients with newly diagnosed uncomplicated diabetes or hypertension at health and wellness centres increases to 70%, from the existing 4% at subcentres and primary health centres, annual population-based screening becomes a cost saving strategy. Population-based screening for diabetes and hypertension in India could potentially reduce time to diagnosis and treatment and be cost-effective if it is linked to comprehensive primary health care through health and wellness centres for provision of treatment to patients who screen positive. Department of Health Research, Government of India.

Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for eight countries

BackgroundObesity is a growing public health challenge worldwide with significant health and economic impacts. However, much of what is known about the economic impacts of obesity comes from high-income countries...

A Study Comparing Cost-Effectiveness of Combination Therapy for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy

ObjectivesIndia is going through an epidemiologic and demographic transition made possible by increased investment in health sector and sustained development. The country has more than 2 million people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Information on cost-effectiveness of competing interventions is a useful contributor to decisions concerning allocation and prioritization of healthcare resources. This paper aims to study the cost, health outcomes as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and cost-effectiveness per DALY averted of prophylaxis for tuberculosis, diarrhea, and mouth ulcers in HIV-infected adults. MethodsData were analyzed on 375 HIV-infected persons enrolled at the ART Centre in New Delhi between April 2004 and April 2006. Using estimates of the age of onset of HIV infection, cost of medicines, and antiretroviral regimen followed, we used standard methods to calculate the cost per DALY as a measure of cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the robustness of cost-effectiveness results by making reasonable changes in underlying assumptions. ResultsThe results revealed that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for tuberculosis prophylaxis was ₹4821.48 ($78.86) per DALY averted compared with no prophylaxis, followed by diarrhea (₹8299.08, $135.74) and mouth ulcers (₹20 058.14, $328.07). ConclusionsThe estimates are less than the per capita gross domestic product of India, indicating that the current treatments are highly cost-effective. This will help policymakers understand the best opportunities to improve population health and help researchers to develop more standardized methods in the area, thus improving quality and comparability across cost per DALY studies.

Macroeconomic environment of India: An outlook

The stability of Macroeconomic environment is very much essential to sustain the overall competitiveness of a country. During the session of 2011-13 Indian economy was highly affected by uncertainty and volatility in currency exchange fluctuations. The world economy also remains challenged due to slowdown in advanced and emerging economies. Gross Domestic product of India increased by 5% in 2012-13 as against of 6.2% in 2011-12. Slacking external demand, weak business sentiment, tight monetary policy with inflation etc. are some point of reasons of slowdown in industrial and service sector. A high trade deficit was visible during the FY 201213. Merchandise exports have decreased and imports have increased during the FY 2012-13. But government of India has taken some unique steps by outlining a fiscal consolidation road map in order to reduce the fiscal deficit and a slow recovery in economic activity is expected in 201314.

Alpha Investments

Alpha investments private limited was set up in 1988 as a small sub broking unit, with just 3 people running the concern. Having a focus on customer-first attitude, professionalism, research-based value investing has enabled Alpha Investments to blossom as a leading player in the Indian investment services industry. Ayisha, one of the young and promising investment advisors of Alpha Inv. encounters a valuable client Samlinson E (Sam), who wants to decide which shares have to be increased in his investment portfolio. The impact of the present COVID-19 pandemic has hit the economy and markets heavily. The projected gross domestic product of India as reported by the Asian Development Bank is - 11.8 % for the year 2020. Past few months, markets are highly volatile, and the benchmark indices like Sensex and Nifty have lost almost 40%, which in turn affected Sam's portfolio as well. He has holdings in three companies [Exhibit 1] which operates in industries like Commercial vehicles, Housing finance & Cement. The industry outlook of commercial vehicles and housing finance is found to be promising because of the economic revival measures taken by the Government of India. But the future of the cement industry stands unpredictable, due to the drastic fall in real estate and constructions.The case is written as a dialogue between Ayisha with Sam and Bala, which is focused on the fundamental analysis of Sam's stocks and volatility forecasting in brief. The case gives exposure to management students who are specializing in finance, regarding forecasting procedures and make them familiar with the usage of volatility forecasting in real-time share price movements.

A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP AND IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE OF INDIA

One of the main pointers of the health of any economy is its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It indicates the size of the economy. It also helps in determining and comparing the growth of economy over different periods and also with that of other economies. Investment is the major factor that contributes to the growth of GDP. Increase in level of investment leads to the multiplier impact on increasing the levels of employment and income. There is significant role of Foreign Investment in open economies. Such investment can be direct or indirect. The current study aims to know the relationship and impact of growth rate of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India on growth rate of GDP in India. The study used correlation analysis and regression analysis. It found that there existed insignificant relationship between the growth rate of FDI and economic growth rate. Also, the results of regression analysis indicated the no significant impact of growth rate of FDI on growth rate of GDP.Keywords: FDI, GDP, Economic growth, Indian economyJEL Classifications: E01, F21, F43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10463

An empirical study on Foreign Direct Investments Impact on Economic Growth of India

In the present scenario of the world, the Foreign Direct Investment has become the battlefield for emerging market. The (GDP) is used as independent variables. Therefore, in the present research study, we have covered the time from 2000 to 2019. The objective of the study is to study the impact of foreign direct investment on gross domestic product of India during 2000-01 to 2018-19. In the present study the secondary data was used to analyze the FDI impact on GDP in India, The data has been retrieved from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) website. In the research hypotheses have been tested using simple linear regression addressing the issues of ordinary least square assumptions. It concludes that The P-value related to FDI is less than 0.05. So, Null hypothesis is rejected and concluded that there is significant impact of FDI on the GDP of Indian Economy.

A Re-Examination of the Relationship between Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in India

The intent of the study is to re-examine the relationship between per capita electricity consumption and per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 1971 to 2014. By employing the Granger causality test, the study found that there was absence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between per capita electricity consumption and per capita GDP in India, but the existence of unidirectional causality running from per capita GDP to per capita electricity consumption was reported in a Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework. The results indicate that the policymakers should encourage energy conservation measures on both the supply and demand-side which will lead to sustainable energy supply in the country. This will lead to a sustainable energy supply in the country. Moreover, if the government in collaboration with the power utility industries frames the appropriate national policy on energy conservation for entering the practical action, it will enhance economic development on a sustainable basis.

Econometric Perspective of the Oil Consumption and Economic Growth Relation in India

This research aims to study the existence and direction of the short-run or long-run relationship between per capita oil consumption and gross domestic product in India. The data from 1965 to 2015 had analyzed by employing the vector error correction model. For the verification of the same result, a standard Granger causality test had performed. The study results have suggested the existence of a long-run relationship and show the direction of changes in gross domestic product cause changes in oil consumption. As a policy implication, economic growth can be considered a policy variable to improve India's oil resources.

Assessment of Public Discernment on Factors Influencing the Declined Gross Domestic Product of India

Gross Domestic Product of India being discouraging at present with declining trend, has paved the way to find out the economic reasons through highly established literature, observations and common sense applications should be perceived by public in line with which factor influences the most backed by rationality. There have been certain factors such as improper execution of demonetisation policy, initial stoppage of money flow through GST, decreased consumption of goods, unavailability of banking credits and loans, diminished investments, discontinuous government overheads, declined exports and lowering Industrialisation have been found imperative to influence on GDP. Having the objective to identify the knowledge and assess the perception of the public on the factors, the study went through a method mix of descriptive research, quantitative approach and cross sectional design with a standard questionnaire intended to get the responses from the different people from Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh. Multiple Regression Analysis was used to analyse the weightage of each independent factor on the decline of GDP. Conclusion on the level of knowledge and perception on the factors have been established.

Trends and Contribution of Savings of Different Types of Institutions towards Gross Domestic Product in India During the Post-reforms Era

Accessibility to financial services is viewed as a vital determinant of economic and social development of any nation, particularly in a low income country like India. The availability of financial services and financial products is expected to permit household sector to be able to align income and expenditure pattern across time, to ensure themselves against income and expenditure shocks. Access to financial services increases the ability of individuals and households to have access to basic services like education and health simultaneously addressing the issues of poverty reduction. Domestic savings on the other hand play a critical role in financing the development of any economy by providing necessary resources for investment, boosting financial markets and stimulating the economic growth. Mobilization of savings from the household sector can have a significant impact on the growth by increasing the investment, productivity and enhancing the quality of human capital. However, household savings have been increasing consistently during the post reform period; the financial savings are grown at a less pace when compared to physical savings of the household sector. There are varied reasons for the slow growth of financial savings of the household sector, they are lack of accessibility to the financial services, lack of awareness, regulatory agencies stringent guidelines, low incomes of the households, high vulnerability of financial markets etc., are some of the reasons.

Foreign Direct Investment in Retail Industry in India

The Government of India was initially very apprehensive of the introduction of the Foreign Direct Investment in the Retail Sector in India. The unorganized retail sector as has been mentioned earlier occupies 98% of the retail sector and the rest 2% is contributed by the organized sector. The unorganized retail sector contributes about 14% to the GDP and absorbs about 7% of our labor force. Retail is the sale of goods to end users, not for resale, but for use and consumption by the purchaser. The retail transaction is at the end of the supply chain. Manufacturers sell large quantities of products to retailers, and retailers sell small quantities of those products to consumers. This study has been undertaken foreign direct investment has affected the Indian retail industry. The inflow of foreign direct investment has boosted growth in the retail industry and increased the gross domestic product of India. Government policy and other determinants have been discussed to study and analyze the impact. The Indian retail market is a developing market and has potential for investments. There had been a restriction in the inflow of foreign direct investment till 2006. But since 2006, there has been a positive change in the government policy thereby allowing foreign companies to invest in India and become an owner. The paper elucidates the growth between different sectors of Indian retail industry, the tax incentives and determinants for inflow of foreign direct investment. This study focuses on foreign direct investment inflows in selected retail sectors