Grinding Area Research Articles

Dermal exposure assessment of formal e-waste dismantlers to flame retardants and plasticizers using passive sampling methodologies

The recycling of e-waste can lead to the release of organic chemicals when materials containing additives are subjected to dismantling and grinding. In this context, the exposure of workers from a Catalonian e-waste facility to flame retardants and plasticizers (including organophosphate esters (OPEs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechloranes) was assessed using T-shirts and wristbands as passive samplers. The study area includes an area exclusively dedicated to cathodic ray-tube (CRT) TVs dismantling, and a grinding area where the rest of e-waste is ground. All the families of compounds were detected in both T-shirts and wristbands, with the highest concentration levels corresponding to OPEs, followed by PBDEs, NBFRs, and dechloranes. The CRT area presented higher concentration levels than the grinding area. The compounds with higher concentrations in T-shirts were 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), diphenyl cresyl phosphate (DCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and the total concentration of all groups ranged between 293 and 8324 ng/dm2-h (hour). In the case of the wristbands, the most abundant compounds were DCP, TPHP, and BDE-209, with total concentrations between 188 and 2248 ng/dm2-h. The two sampling methods appear to be complementary, as T-shirts collect coarser particles, while wristbands also capture volatile compounds. Based on normalized surface and time concentrations, the estimated daily intake (EDI) through dermal contact was calculated and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks (CR and non-CR) associated with this activity assessed. The results show median CR 29 and 16 times below the threshold in CRT and grinding areas respectively. The non-CR medians were 2 and 3 times below the threshold, although in the CRT area one exceptional value surpassed the threshold, suggesting that risk can exist for some workers in the facility.

Force model of ultrasonic empowered minimum quantity lubrication grinding CFRP

As a weight-reducing material in aerospace applications, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) requires precision grinding to ensure the accuracy and assembly of mating positioning surfaces. However, achieving low-damage machining of CFRPs remains challenging. Flood cooling reduces the mechanical properties, while dry grinding deteriorates the surface integrity, making minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) a viable alternative. However, nanolubricants struggle to penetrate the grinding area due to gas barrier obstruction. Consequently, a new CFRP grinding approach using multiangle 2D ultrasonic vibration-empowered nanolubricant MQL was proposed. An analytical force model is crucial for optimizing machining strategies and adjusting parameters. The aim is to reveal grinding mechanics and develop a force model under different ultrasonic and lubrication-cooling conditions. First, a uniform random fiber distribution model and a grinding wheel model were established, and the mechanical properties of the interface were predicted. Then, the intermittent grinding behavior and dynamic stiffnesses of the multiangle 2D ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) system were investigated based on the geometric kinematics of the grains' trajectory. Furthermore, based on the deformation deflection curve, bending fracture force models for 45°, 90°, and 135° fibers were established with different contact and boundary conditions. The material removal mechanisms of shear and tension-compression buckling in 0° CFRP grinding were revealed, and an elliptical contact normal force model was established. The interlayer shear in 45° CFRPs was analyzed. The longitudinal compressive matrix cracking and fiber shear fracture in the 90° CFRPs were elucidated. Fiber microbuckling and fiber bundle removal of 135° CFRPs were investigated. Finally, grinding force models with different fiber orientation angles (FOAs) were interconnected and experimentally assessed. Experimental assessments demonstrated that the grinding force model has acceptable estimation error and effectively captures the mechanics of CFRPs with different FOAs.

Use of Leaves as Bio-Indicator to Assess Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) And Elemental Concentration of Heavy Metals at Katsina Central Market Grinding Area, Katsina State-Nigeria

Use of Leaves as Bio-Indicator to Assess Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) And Elemental Concentration of Heavy Metals at Katsina Central Market Grinding Area, Katsina State-Nigeria

Investigation on the Deformation and Surface Quality of a Bearing Outer Ring during Grinding Processing.

Thin-walled bearings are widely used owing to the advantages of their light structure, high hardness, and strong load-carrying capacity. However, thin-walled bearings are often prone to deformation during the machining process, which can seriously affect the performance of the bearings. In addition, the machining deformation and quality of bearings are difficult to balance. To address the above issues, this paper investigates the effects of the machining parameters on the machining deformation, surface quality, and machining efficiency of a thin-walled bearing during the roughing stage. The dynamic balance between deformation inhibition and high quality in rough grinding was studied, and the optimal parameters for thin-walled bearing outer ring grinding were obtained. The deformation mechanism of thin-walled bearings caused by grinding was revealed through simulation and experimental analysis. The results show that the machining deformation and quality reach a balance when the workpiece speed is 55 r/min, the grinding wheel rotational speed is 2000 r/min, and the feed rate is 0.1 mm/min. Deformation increases with the increase in workpiece speed and grinding wheel speed. At the same time, the surface roughness increases with the increase in the workpiece speed, but the increase in the wheel speed will improve the surface roughness. As the workpiece speed increases, the surface topography shows a more pronounced stockpile of material, which is ameliorated by an increase in grinding wheel speed. As the rotational speed of the workpiece increases, the number of abrasive grains involved in the process per unit of time decreases, and the surface removal of the workpiece is less effective, while the increase in the rotational speed of the grinding wheel has the opposite effect. The grinding deformation of thin-walled bearings is mainly induced by machining heat and stress. As the rotational speed increases, the heat flux in the grinding zone increases. More heat flux flows into the surface of the workpiece, causing an increase in thermal stresses on the inner surface of the bearing collar, leading to greater deformation. The temperature in the grinding area can be reduced during machining, realizing a reduction in deformation. The research content contributes to the balance between high quality and low distortion in machining processes.

Investigation on grinding temperature characteristics of CF/PEEK and material removal mechanism under temperature treatments

Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composites grinding temperatures could even exceed the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the material due to heat accumulation, combined with the unknown material removal mechanism, resulting in machining defects. To investigate the grinding temperature distribution and maximum temperatures of carbon fiber-reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (CF/PEEK) composites, as a typical kind of CFRTP, an analytical temperature model considering the anisotropy was proposed based on the moving heat source theory, verified by the experimental results measured by the infrared camera. Further, the material removal mechanism under temperature treatments (below and above Tg) was also studied. In high temperatures (above Tg), there were many defects on surfaces after grinding, including resin smearing, severe deflection, fiber distortion, and grinding wheel clogging. Therefore, to reduce the grinding temperature below Tg, the vortex tube cooling-assisted grinding method was proposed in the research. The proposed method could reduce the grinding temperature in the grinding area, suppress resin smearing, improve the surface quality, enhance the elastic modulus and nano-hardness of the workpiece, and reduce the clogging of grinding wheels. This study provided a better understanding of the CF/PEEK grinding temperature characteristics and suggested a method to improve the grinding quality.

Analysis of Grindability and Surface Integrity in Creep-Feed Grinding of High-Strength Steels.

Creep-feed grinding of high-strength steel is prone to excessive wheel wear and thermal damage defects, which seriously affects the service performance of parts. To solve the above-mentioned issue, a creep-feed grinding test was carried out on high-strength steel using SG and CBN abrasive wheels. The grindability of high-strength steel was scrutinized in terms of grinding force, machining temperature and grinding specific energy. Moreover, the effects of operation parameters and grinder performances on the surface integrity of the workpiece such as surface morphology, roughness, residual stress and hardness were rigorously studied. The results indicate that, when the instantaneous high temperature in the grinding area reaches above the phase transition temperature of the steel, the local organization of the surface layer changes, leading to thermal damage defects in the components. The outstanding hardness and thermal conductivity of CBN abrasives are more productive in suppressing grinding burns than the high self-sharpening properties of SG grits and a more favorable machining response is achieved. The effects of thermal damage on the surface integrity of high-strength steel grinding are mainly in the form of oxidative discoloration, coating texture, hardness reduction and residual tensile stresses. Within the parameter range of this experiment, CBN grinding wheel reduces grinding specific energy by about 33% compared to SG grinding wheel and can control surface roughness below 0.8 µm. The weight of oxygen element in the burn-out workpiece accounts for 21%, and the thickness of the metamorphic layer is about 40 µm. The essential means of achieving burn-free grinding of high-strength steels is to reduce heat generation and enhance heat evacuation. The results obtained can provide technical guidance for high-quality processing of high-strength steel and precision manufacturing of high-end components.

Self-lubricating performance of a grinding wheel filled with CNTs@T304 nano-capsules

This paper introduces a new grinding wheel which lubricates the grinding area directly. This is achieved by filling a resin grinding wheel with nano-capsules comprised of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and di-n-butyl phosphite (T304) (CNTs@T304). The CNTs@T304 nano-capsules filled grinding wheel reduces the grinding force, lowers the grinding temperature, and improves the workpiece surface quality. The T304 lubricant is first filled into the CNT cavity to prepare nano-capsules, which exhibit better friction and wear quality than CNTs. Then the paper analyzes the configuration of the nano-capsules in the grinding wheel, together with the investigation of how the filling content impacts the mechanical properties. Additionally, the effects of nano-capsule filling content and grinding parameters on grinding force, grinding temperature, grinding ratio, as well as workpiece surface roughness are studied and the self-lubricating mechanism of the nano-capsules is assessed. According to the experimental results, nano-capsules maintain stable under thermal condition and resist the curing temperature. Moreover, the tensile strength and hardness exhibited by the grinding wheel still meet the application requirements at a filling content <16 wt%. Compared with the grinding wheel without fillers, the nano-capsule filled wheel exhibits superior grinding performance, with a 33 % reduction in the grinding force. Also, the grinding temperature is 28 % lower, there is a 30 % improvement in the grinding ratio, and the workpiece surface quality increases by 35 % under the same conditions. The T304 in the nano-capsules is continually released onto the grinding interface with the wear of the wheel in the grinding process, which forms a self-lubricating layer along with the friction products of the CNTs. This exerts an outstanding anti-friction and anti-wear effect, thereby improving the grinding performance.

Evaluation of the feasibility and machining performance of internal cooling grinding Inconel 718 superalloy

Inconel 718 superalloy generates a large amount of grinding heat in the grinding process, posing challenges in its effective control through cooling techniques. Proposing a phyllotaxy arrangement internal cooling grinding wheel (ICGW) for grinding processing and using water-based ILs-MWCNTs/MoS2 composite nanofluid as a coolant can improve this situation. The thermal physical properties and contact angles of composite nanofluids at variable temperatures were measured to investigate the heat transfer capability and lubrication of coolant in the grinding area and compare them with conventional coolant. The CFD and CFX methods were used to optimize the abrasive cluster and to study the effects of the flow ability of the two coolants in the grinding area and the heat transfer properties, respectively, and grinding experiments were conducted. The simulation results showed that the coolant had better flow properties when phyllotaxy coefficient k is 1.186 and abrasive cluster diameters d is 1.5. The composite nanofluid obtained a lower surface temperature of the abrasive cluster than the conventional coolant. The thermal conductivity of the composite nanofluid exhibited a significant enhancement of 37.3 % and a substantial decrease of 45.9 % in viscosity at elevated temperatures, as demonstrated by the characterization experiments, in contrast to the conventional coolant. The machining experiments revealed a decrease in the grinding temperature by approximately 11.2 % to 25.6 %. The surface roughness value improved by 15.7 %–22.3 %, and the maximum reduction of workpiece surface microhardness increased by about 7.2 %. The workpiece surface exhibited superior quality compared to the conventional coolant.

Analysis of Grinding Flow Field under Minimum Quantity Lubrication Condition

The flow field around the grinding wheel prevents grinding fluid from entering the grinding area, which deteriorates machining conditions and reduces the quality of the workpiece. MQL (Minimum Quantity Lubrication) grinding uses compressed gas to improve the ability of the grinding fluid to pass through the flow field of the grinding wheel so that a small amount of the grinding fluid can meet the cooling and lubrication requirements and reduce the cost of using grinding fluid. In this study, we investigated the flow field of grinding wheels under MQL conditions and obtain the rules that influence factors such as grinding fluid flow rate, grinding wheel linear speed and compressed gas pressure affect the flow rate of grinding fluid. The simulation method was used to simulate the flow field of the grinding wheel and the trajectory of the grinding fluid droplets. The simulation results show that these factors are important ones affecting the effective flow rate of grinding fluid. Meanwhile, the experimental results verify that these factors have the same influence pattern on the effective flow rate and grinding temperature.

Health Risk Assessment of Inhalable Dust Exposure during the Welding and Grinding Process of Subway Aluminum Alloy Components

The subway factory industry is developing rapidly in China, but there are some occupational health risk assessments of inhalable dust in this industry. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the contamination level and health risks of dust in an aluminum alloy body workshop of subway factories in Hunan Province, China. A total of 160 dust samples were collected from the welding and grinding areas. The main elements of PM10 were analyzed. The health risks of aluminum dust and PM2.5 were evaluated. The Monte Carlo method was adopted to compare the sensitivity of the Hazard Quota (HQ) of aluminum dust and carcinogenic risk (CR) of PM2.5 to the exposure parameters for workers. The results showed that the PM10 concentration in the grinding area was higher, while the PM2.5 concentration in the welding area was higher. The metal element with a mass fraction of 27.7% was aluminum. In both areas, the probability of the aluminum dust HQ exceeding 1 was approximately 17% and 68%, respectively. The PM2.5 CR exceeded the acceptable upper limit value (1.0 × 10−4). The main risk factor of aluminum dust HQ was concentration, while the main risk factors of PM2.5 CR were concentration and exposure duration. These findings provide basic data for enhancing health risk management in the subway industry.

Synergistic Lubrication Mechanism of Nano-Fluid and Grinding Wheel Prepared by CNTs@T304 Nano-Capsules

Grinding fluid often struggles to enter the grinding area and overcoming this challenge has been a major focus of research in recent years. Therefore, CNTs@T304 nano-capsules are prepared by filling the cavities of CNTs with a lubricant of T304. CNTs@T304 nano-capsules were used as an additive in this paper to prepare resin grinding wheels and nanofluids, respectively. The resin wheels filled with nano-capsules were used for grinding under the lubrication of nanofluids, and T304 could then be released to the grinding area to play a self-lubricating role during grinding. First, CNTs@T304 nano-capsules were characterized, and the properties of the prepared grinding wheels and nanofluids were tested. Second, the effects of the filling of nano-capsules and grinding speed on the grinding force, grinding temperature, surface roughness, and grinding ratio were studied. Finally, the lubrication mechanism of the nano-capsules was revealed through surface analysis of the workpiece. The results suggested that nano-capsules had good thermal stability and the nanofluid prepared from them exhibited good dispersion stability and thermal conductivity. The grinding wheel was found to satisfy the service conditions when the filling content was less than 15%. Compared with a common wheel, the grinding force and grinding temperature were reduced by 24% and 28%, respectively, and the surface roughness of the workpiece and the grinding ratio were increased by 18% and by 21%, respectively, when grinding GCr15 steel with the nano-capsule wheel. Lubrication with nanofluids could further reduce the grinding force, grinding temperature, and surface roughness values. During grinding, the self-lubrication film formed by the T304 released from the nano-capsules in the wheel served first and foremost as a lubricant. The intervention of the nanofluid enhanced the heat-exchange effect and lubrication efficiency in the grinding zone.

Dynamic force modeling and mechanics analysis of precision grinding with microstructured wheels

The application of structured surfaces on advanced tools is an effective method for enhancing the machining performance. The modeling of dynamic grinding force is of great significance for improving tool surface structure design and improving grinding accuracy. In this paper, a novel dynamic force modeling and mechanics analysis of precision grinding with microstructured wheels was put forward. A grinding wheel topography model was established by considering the non-simplified position-posture-shape-size multiple random grains morphological characteristics. On this basis, the material removal pattern of the microstructured multiple random abrasive grains was identified based on grinding kinematics and undeformed chip thickness. The grain diameter, average bearing width, flat surface area, friction coefficient and total number of active abrasive grains in the grinding area were considered. Their effects on the amplitude and frequency of grinding force were discussed in detail, and the precision grinding experiment was carried out. The results show that the dynamic force model proposed could accurately evaluate the influence of microstructure tools on forces with an error rate of 6.7% or less. Compared with the original grinding wheel, the addition of microstructure reduces the grinding force by 49.6%− 94.3%. By controlling the force components, the force frequency is more concentrated, and the disorder of the grinding force signal is suppressed. Furthermore, the carbon emission model was calculated, and it can be seen that microstructured wheels can obviously reduce carbon emission, which is a novel processing technology to realize low-carbon manufacturing.

An internal cooling grinding wheel: From design to application

The cooling and lubrication conditions during the grinding process significantly impact the nickel-based superalloy's final service performance. The existing jet cooling and heat pipe technology can solve the heat conduction problem in the grinding process of superalloy. Still, managing cooling, lubrication, and chip removal are difficult. This paper describes the design and fabrication of a novel central fluid-through internal cooling slotted grinding wheel with an ordered grain pattern to improve the grinding machinability of a nickel-based superalloy. The pressurized grinding fluid was ejected into the grinding zone via the pipe and tool holder from the lower-end face of the inner cooling wheel. The structure of the grinding wheel was optimized using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The flow field in the grinding area achieved the highest overall flow rate, distribution homogeneity, and effective exit flow when the internal flow channel had four through-holes. The exit for the inner runner is located at the abrasive edge and diamond staggered pattern. Single-layer brazing was used to create cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive rings with various abrasive patterns. The internal cooling wheel matrix and various components were prepared according to the optimized grinding wheel geometry model. A grinding test bench was built to conduct an experimental study of grinding the nickel-based alloy GH4169. The results show that, under the same conditions, a diamond-shaped staggered pattern obtains lower grinding temperature, lower surface roughness, better surface morphology, and more significant residual compressive stress distribution than an abrasive cluster diagonal circular staggered pattern or disordered pattern. The average effective flow rate calculated by CFD is increased by 42.3% when compared to the disordered pattern. In the experiment, compared to the disordered arrangement, with the increase of grinding wheel’s rotating speed and coolant pressure, the average grinding temperature of abrasive grain with diamond-interleaved arrangement decreases by 58.2% and 51.7% respectively, and its surface hardening degree decreases by 11.1% and 11.7% respectively.

Static numerical simulation of radial deformation of ultra-thin dicing blade

Grinding with dicing blade is an important method to cut or slot electronic and optical devices. The deformation of grinding tools will definitely affect the processing of workpiece. However, this effect has been disregarded during processing. In order to improve the machining accuracy in the precision grinding method, this deformation is worth considering. In this research, the grinding state of the ultra-thin dicing blade was simplified as a static problem. The force model of the ultra-thin dicing blade during grinding was established, which centrifugal force was adopted in the whole blade and triangular distribution grinding forces were adopted in the grinding area. The radial deformation of the ultra-thin dicing blade was determined by finite element simulation, and the influence of grinding parameters on its radial deformation was analyzed. The simulation results showed that the grinding area of the ultra-thin dicing blade occurred radial expansion deformation at high rotational speed (more than 8000 rpm), and the value could reach 1.75 μm (rotational speed at 23,000 rpm, feed speed at 600 mm/min, and grinding depth at 0.12 mm). The deformation increased in a form of power function with the increase of rotational speed, and decreased linearly with the increase of feed speed and grinding depth. This work can provide reference data for deformation compensation, which is helpful to improve the dimensional accuracy of grinding groove.

A Preliminary Study on Fine Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide at a Cooking Food Sector

The study investigates the trends of particulate matter in diameter 2.5 microns and carbon monoxide in a cooking food sector located in Pulau Pinang. The study aims to assess the concentration of pollutants in a manufacturing area with different food processing. Four sampling locations were selected for the study. Samples were collected at 8-hr Time Weighted Average (TWA) for four consecutive days using IQ-610 Graywolf and EVM-7 following the standard method by the ICOP-IAQ 2010. Data analysis found that PM2.5 had exceeded about ten times the concentration of the regulated standard in a cooking area. Carbon monoxide had not exceeded the standard in other areas except the grinding area. Temperature levels had also exceeded the permissible range at all locations with more than 30°C. The findings indicate major issues of PM2.5 and temperature which indicate a need for further research to be carried out to tackle the issue.

Heat flux distribution model and transient temperature field analysis in grinding of helical raceway

To solve the problem of low processing efficiency of screw helical raceway by using high-efficiency grinding technology, this paper carried out theoretical, simulation, and experimental analyses on the grinding temperature which mainly affects the selection of high-efficiency grinding process parameters. First, based on the distribution characteristics of the grinding allowance of the screw helical raceway, the analysis shows that the geometry of the grinding contact area is trapezoidal. Then, based on the existing triangular heat flux distribution model of the rectangular contact area, two heat flux distribution models of the triangle and the concave triangle are proposed according to the characteristics of the trapezoidal contact area. Finally, the plane grinding experiment was carried out to correct the simulation parameters, and the modified simulation parameters were used to predict the grinding temperature of the screw raceway, so as to achieve the maximum removal efficiency and avoid burns. The analysis results show that the highest temperature in the grinding area is on the lowest point of the helical raceway, and the temperature and temperature gradient in the grinding area obtained by using the concave triangular heat flux distribution model are the highest. By comparing the process parameters for the onset of grinding burns predicted by simulation and experimentally, the temperature predicted by the concave triangle heat flux distribution model in the trapezoidal contact area is higher than the actual temperature, while the temperature predicted by the triangle heat flux distribution model in the trapezoidal contact area is lower than the actual temperature.

Simulation analysis and experiment of instantaneous temperature field for grinding face gear with a grinding worm

In this paper, a transient temperature calculation model for simulating grinding face gear with a grinding worm is proposed. Firstly, according to the principle of differential geometry, the equations for determining contact length and contact width of the instantaneous grinding area between the worm grinding wheel and the face gear are deduced. Based on the method for the single abrasive particle cutting force and grinding heat, a mathematical model for the grinding force and grinding heat of the face gear is established, and the theoretical calculation formula of the instantaneous maximum temperature for grinding teeth of the face gear is obtained. Secondly, a finite element model of temperature field for face gear grinding with moving heat load of grinding worm wheel is established, and the influence law of grinding process parameters on tooth surface temperature is studied. Finally, the validity of the temperature field simulation model is verified by multi-group temperature testing experiments for face gear grinding.

Exposure of e-waste dismantlers from a formal recycling facility in Spain to inhalable organophosphate and halogenated flame retardants

Concentration levels of 16 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and 18 halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were measured in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from an e-waste dismantling facility in Catalonia (Spain) to assess their occurrence, profiles and potential health risks. Three different areas from the facility were studied, including an area for cathodic ray-tube (CRT) TV dismantling, a grinding area, and the outdoor background. OPEs and HFRs were detected in all samples, with concentrations between 10.4 and 110 ng/m3 for OPEs and from 0.72 to 2213 ng/m3 for HFRs. The compounds with highest concentrations in both working areas were triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) for OPEs and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) for HFRs. Higher concentration levels were found in the CRT area compared to the grinding one, probably due to the lower ventilation and different types of e-waste being processed. OPEs were also detected in the solid e-waste from the facility, highlighting the need to evaluate pollutant levels in e-waste before proceeding to its re-use. Estimated daily intakes via inhalation during workday were calculated, as well as carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks, these being 25 and 50 times lower than threshold risk values in the worst cases, respectively. However, this calculated risk only considers the workday exposure via inhalation, while other routes of exposure (e.g., ingestion, dermal) could bring these values closer to threshold values.

Prototype Automation of Air Conditioning Treatment in the Grinding Area Aneka Cocoa Based on IoT

A good work environment will affect the level of productivity of workers in a company. The operation of the refrigeration machine in the cocoa powder grinding area is very important in production. The indicators for the operation of the cooling machine are dust density, ambient temperature and wind speed. With control on the indicator will increase efficiency. In this study, the indicator is controlled with a GP2Y1010AUF0F dust sensor, a DHT22 temperature sensor, a DS18B20 sensor, and a wind speed sensor as sensor inputs. Furthermore, the sensor will be processed by the Node M CU ESP826 module. System output will be displayed on LED and android. The results of this study indicate the accuracy of the dust sensor is 96.12%, the DHT22 temperature sensor is 99.80%, the DS18B20 temperature sensor is 99.57% and the speed sensor is 95.89%. In this prototype, we can monitor the temperature of the air velocity of dust particles in the engine and the temperature of the engine cooler together and closely monitored.

A Path Planning Method Based on Robot Automatic Grinding of Drills

This paper proposes a path planning method for grinding excess material after PDC bit repair using industrial robots. Firstly, a 3D scanning instrument is used to obtain point cloud data of the bit to be ground, secondly, this data are imported into Geomagic Studio for processing to obtain the triangular sheet file of the area to be ground. Finally, the software based on MATLAB is used to process the file and calculate the motion path of the robot end-effector. The generated path is imported into ROS for simulation. By comparing the generated path with the grinding area, it was verified that the generated path could be used in actual operation.