Grid Installation Research Articles

Implementation of Anti-Abrasion Grid in Sumsel-5 580 t/h CFB Boiler (Reliability and Performance Evaluation)

CFB Boiler operated with turbulence model and fast fluidization. This model regime gives CFB boiler great heat distribution and increase boiler efficiency. Disadvantage of regime is due boiler furnace feed with coal, sand and limestone as bed material. Bed material with the high velocity and turbulence regime can be harmful for water and steam tube inside of furnace. Operational challenges such as abrasion and abrasion of boiler components will significantly affect their efficiency and increase possible force shutdown because of boiler tube leakage. This research investigated the implementation of anti-abrasion grids perpendicular to water wall tubes of Sumsel-5 CFB Boiler, installed horizontally and vertically to mitigate abrasion and enhance overall performance. The result showed that anti-abrasion grid installation could increase the lifespan of the CFB boiler, reduce the abrasion rate by more than 50%, and lead to enhanced boiler performance by 0,4%. Anti-abrasion grid installation could also reduce the maintenance cost due to water wall tube repair.

Optimization of piezoelectric device with both mechanical and electrical properties for power supply of road sensors

Collecting and converting renewable energy from the road environment relieves pressure on energy supply for road-based sensing and monitoring, and simplify the process of road grid installation. Aiming at the characteristic of mechanical vibration energy collection, the internal structure of the piezoelectric device is optimized. The dowel bar structure is optimized by comparing the output power and stress distribution characteristics, while the actuation mode is selected based on the measured electrical output level and output stability. Then, based on the limit distance of single and dynamic loading, the range of actuation distance under different conditions is clarified. Finally, the electrical performance and application of energy harvester with optimized internal structure are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that the force-electric properties of the energy harvester are superior under the action of the cylinder, the actuation mode of the energy harvester driven by the dowel bar is conducive to improving the electrical performance. The upper limit of actuation distance under high traffic conditions is 1.3 mm. Under long-term high-frequency condition, the power density of the energy harvester can reach 14,726.67 W/m3, and the voltage has almost no attenuation after 100,000 continuous loads. The proposed internal structure improves the electrical performance and durability of the energy harvester, which is conducive to the development of self-powered energy supply for road sensing technology.

Electron tracks simulation in water: Performance comparison between GPU CPU and the EUMED grid installation

PurposeWe explored different technologies to minimize simulation time of the Monte-Carlo method for track generation following the Geant4-DNA processes for electrons in water. MethodsA GPU software tool is developed for electron track simulations. A similar CPU version is also developed using the same collision models. CPU simulations were carried out on a single user desktop computer and on the computing grid France Grilles using 10 and 100 computing nodes. Computing time results for CPU, GPU, and grid simulations are compared with those using Geant4-DNA processes. ResultsThe CPU simulations better performs when the number of electrons is less than 104 with 100 eV initial energy, this number decreases as the energy increases. The GPU simulations gives better results when the number of electrons is more than 104 with initial energy of 100 eV, this number decreases to 103 for electrons with 10KeV and increases back with higher energy. The use of the grid introduces an additional queuing time which slows down the overall simulation performance. Thus, the Grid gives better performance when the number of electrons is over 105 with initial energy of 10KeV, and this number decreases as the energy increases. ConclusionsThe CPU is best suited for small numbers of primary incident electrons. The GPU is best suited when the number of primary incident particles occupies sufficient resources on GPU card in order to get an important computing power. The grid is best suited for simulations with high number of primary incident electrons with high initial energy.

Research on Comprehensive Technology of Steel Grid Installation and Integral Jacking

In this paper, through the construction simulation of the installation and jacking of a large steel grid project, ANSYS software is used to select the corresponding finite element module, and by analyzing the construction models of different modes and different load conditions, the analysis results and structural models are displayed. The 12 supporting hydraulic jacks can meet the overall steel structure hoisting requirements on site. At the same time, the calculation model takes into account the deformation of the overall grid during the unloading process. After testing, the maximum displacement is 7mm, which meets the requirements of national regulations. This method better supports the construction guidance, and also achieved good benefits during the on-site implementation process. The installation plan and jacking technology are worthy of reference.

Actively heated fiber optics method to monitor grout diffusion range in goaf

The invisibility of grouting has always been one of the most challenging problems related to the research of grouting theory, but it has not been solved. An actively heated fiber optics (AHFO) method is proposed in this paper to realize the visualization of slurry diffusion morphology. The grid installation method of AHFO is designed, and the calculation formula of grid size is deduced. Based on the self-developed spatial positioning algorithm and Kriging spatial interpolation algorithm, the temperature anomaly in the AHFO temperature profile is used to locate and quantify the range of grouting diffusion in goaf. To verify the applicability of this method, a large-scale three-dimensional grouting model test was carried out. The test results show that the grouting diffusion mode is elliptical, consistent with the previous research results. Compared with the theoretical calculation results, the maximum relative error of the monitored grouting diffusion radius is 18 %. Therefore, the monitoring method can monitor the grouting diffusion.

Investigation of Complex Characteristics of Waterjet Propulsion Device with Intake Grid

The intake grid is always installed technically to protect the impeller at the entrance of the waterjet propulsion device’s inlet duct affecting its performance. Therefore, this study discussed the complex features of the circular, rectangular, and streamlined intake grid. Consistent geometry size of the intake grid mentioned above is to be maintained to guarantee the identical flow capacity at the entrance of inlet duct. Using experimental and simulated method, the outcomes are drawn as below. Rather than the circular and rectangular intake grid, the streamlined intake grid can improve the hydraulic performance of the waterjet propulsion device. The numerical method is proved to be correct as the consistence of the hydraulic characteristic between the test and simulated results. The causes of hydraulic loss in the contraction segment and straight pipe segment are the intake grid and the inflow velocity, respectively; meanwhile, the loss in the belt pipe segment owes to the vortex, flow separation, and impact on the back. The intake grid has a positive effect on the depth of the inlet velocity profile, but a negative effect on the width of it. The intake grid installation results in thrust reduction, the progress of velocity-weighted average angle, and the regress of axial velocity uniformity. The performance of waterjet propulsion device is complex and evaluated by the hydraulic performance index (HPI), thrust performance index (TPI), and characteristic of flow pattern index (CFPI). Based on the three evaluation indexes, the streamlined scheme is raised to be the recommended scheme.

Electricity generation using solar parabolic dish system with thermoelectric generator—An experimental investigation

AbstractThe present electricity grid installation cost as well as the tariff is quite high in India, particularly remote rural areas, to electrify houses. These problems can be easily solved by installing standalone systems that operate on one of the clean energy sources such as solar energy. An experimental analysis of generating electricity from a thermoelectric generator (TEG) powered by a solar parabolic dish concentrator device with aperture area and focal length of 12.6 m2 and 2.42 m, respectively, is presented in this article. A TEG is made up of a thermoelectric module connected to a flat receiver by an absorber layer. The studies were carried out in Indian climatic conditions at the National Institute of Technology, Puducherry. Over a spectrum of beam radiation, the system's maximum energy conversion efficiency, as well as efficient electrical output, are evaluated and presented. The proposed system's average effective electrical efficiency is 0.424%, corresponding to the TEG's average energy conversion efficiency of 2.76%.

Performance of Hybrid Renewable Energy Power System for a Residential Building

Abstract Using fossil fuels as the primary way to generate electricity causes a significant effect on the environment. In 2019, more than 64% of the electricity in the United States of America was generated using fossil-fuel resources, while renewable energy (RE) resources contributed to only 17% of the U.S. electricity generation for the same year. Due to the complex terrain distribution of many states in the U.S., a massive opportunity of utilizing RE resources in rural and remote areas can reduce the cost of electrical grid installation for such areas. In this study, a typical residential building with an average energy utilization of 30.25 kWh/day with a demand peak of 5.34 kW was considered a case study in each state to optimize a hybrid RE system and find the best alternative electrical grid system. This study presents the best configuration between solar and wind energy with different types of energy storage. It was discovered the photovoltaic (PV) solar panels—diesel generators with battery best services in all states. The daily radiation and diesel prices substantially affect the levelized cost of energy (COE) values in each state.

Economy and energy analysis in the operation of renewable energy installations – a case study

Abstract In the paper an economic, ecological and energy analysis of a home photovoltaic on grid installation was presented. The increase in ecological awareness of the Polish society contributes to the continuous growth of interest in green energy. However, many people haven’t been aware of the ecological, economic and energy benefits of photovoltaic installations yet, so the following analysis is made. The analysis concerns a photovoltaic installation with a capacity of 3.96 kWp located in Ościęciny near Włocławek. The photovoltaic installation consists of 11 monocrystalline panels with a power of 360 Wp, a 4 KTLM Sofar Solar inverter and other necessary components. The first part presents basic issues related to photovoltaic installations. Parameters related to the proper functioning of the photo-voltaic installation were replaced. The analysis of the literature will help to understand the essence of the proper functioning of the photovoltaic installation. In the practical part, an analysis of a selected home photovoltaic installation was carried out. Based on the available data, it has been calculated that the installation will have a payback period of over 9 years. The photovoltaic installation will produce approximately 3 582.61 kWh of electricity and will contribute to the reduction of 70 tons of carbon dioxide during the entire operation.

Study of the process of heating water in the plant for the preparation of grain molasses

In the Russian Federation, grain molasses is gaining wide popularity when feeding farm animals. Developed technologies for its preparation include the process of heating water. Existing installations for the production of grain molasses conduct water heating in the pump due to cavitations. We proposed to use a passive chopper to speed up the process of preparing molasses and improve its quality. The article presents the description of the installation, methods of research and results of water heating in the installation. The influence of the following factors on the heating rate and power consumption was studied: distance from the nozzle to the grate, the angle of inclination of the grate. The assessment of the working process of the plant was carried out by the rate of water heating and the specific cost of electricity for its heating. As a result of research optimum parameters of the passive chopper at which heating occurs faster and with smaller expenses of the electric power are revealed. The studies of water heating in the plant for the preparation of grain molasses allow us to conclude about the possibility of intensification of the process and reducing energy costs for its implementation by changing the parameters of the grid installation. In this case, preference is given to the heating method with the use of an angled grille.

Adaptation for sustainable implementation of Smart Grid in developing countries like Bangladesh

Smart Grid technology as a platform can encompass several advanced technological features across the spectrum of the power system. Effective Smart Grid system includes smart metering, robust communication infrastructure, deep integration of renewable energy sources, and distributed generation, among other important factors. The presented work in this paper highlights the required adaptation of the potential prime features of Smart Grid technology covering niftier equipment integration and internal cross-platform communication adaptable to the context of Bangladesh. This paper also focuses on the potential cost model for Smart Grid installation in Bangladesh based on the current scenario regarding the power sector. A study on India’s Smart Grid that simulates a quasi-similar circumstance helped better comprehend the essential steps required to implement Smart Grids in Bangladesh.

Design, Construction, and Testing of a Desktop Superconducting Series Reactor Toward the Grid Installation of a Prototype Unit

A desktop superconducting series core reactor (SSR), made from Yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) tape, serves as a precursor to a scaled-up, grid-connected prototype unit. The SSR is intended as an alternative to the traditionally employed technologies, including superconducting fault current limiters, when managing fault levels on the electrical power grid. The philosophy of connecting a prototype SSR at a grid-connected research site is first presented before the focus shifts to the desktop SSR. The desktop SSR is a development step before the prototype unit, as it will confirm design construction methodologies and functionality. The desktop SSR is compared to both the fault limiting performance and power consumption of a copper reactor of similar geometry. It was found that the SSR reduced the impact of the applied fault, comparably to the air core reactor (5.9% variance), and was more than four times more energy efficient. Another significant advantage of the SSR would be the significantly reduced footprint required in a typical substation yard.

Designing of cost minimum substation grounding grid system using DE, SCA, and HDESCA techniques

This study presents three optimisation techniques to obtain optimum design of grounding grid with equal and unequal spacing between grid conductors. Different algorithms such as differential evolution (DE), sine–cosine algorithm (SCA) and hybrid DE SCA (HDESCA) are used in the design, and its efficacy are analysed. Aim of the present work is not only to limit the value of safety parameters, also to achieve the optimum grounding system by reducing total cost involved in designing of the grid. Here, necessary safety and security conditions as mentioned in ANSI/IEEE Standard 80–2000 is adopted to design the grounding grid. The cost function used here includes grid depth, dimension of grounding rod, conductor, number of rods and conductors, revetment and excavation area. The economic grounding grid system has been obtained to reduce the total cost related with grid materials, installation, and excavation. The effectiveness of proposed method and its results are theoretically examined with recently reported techniques that ascertain the validity and efficiency. Parameters obtained by DE, SCA, and HDESCA are compared to design the equal and unequal spaced grounding grid. The design based on HDESCA technique gives less cost and minimum safety parameters than those obtained by DE and SCA.

부유식 풍력발전기의 동특성을 고려한 풍력발전 단지의 배치 최적화

A process for optimizing the layout of a wind farm considering the dynamic characteristics of a floating wind turbine was developed. Mathematical modeling of the rotor and wake of the floating wind turbine was performed. For the single wake analysis of a floating wind turbine, the GDW model in FAST was replaced with an unsteady vortex lattice method and a nonlinear vortex correction method. The corrected method was combined with the GCL model to perform multiple wake analysis. Ten 2MW Tjaereborg wind turbines were used for optimization. In this study, COBYLA and NSGA2 were used as the optimization algorithms that considered the annual energy production, installation cost, and grid installation cost as a cost model. The optimization was performed 2 cases by setting AEP and LCOE as objective functions. For each case, AEP increased 6% at and LCOE decreased 3%.

Effect of additional grid installation on the stress-strain state of a three-hinged arch

The authors of the article have analyzed the stress-strain state and design of a new rational circular tie-arch. In the article the arch stress-strain analysis of symmetric and asymmetric loads and the comparison of the new design with the classical one are studied. The most rational position of the struts of the new arch is established by varying their geometric parameters. The calculation of arches is performed taking into account the compliance of joints, and consumption of building materials for the production of structures is determined. As a result of research it is established that the use of a new design of the arch allows to reduce the bending moment in the top chord that results in the general decrease in consumption of wood for the production of an arch.

Research on wind power grid-connected operation and dispatching strategies of Liaoning power grid

As a kind of clean energy, wind power has gained rapid development in recent years. Liaoning Province has abundant wind resources and the total installed capacity of wind power is in the forefront. With the large-scale wind power grid-connected operation, the contradiction between wind power utilization and peak load regulation of power grid has been more prominent. To this point, starting with the power structure and power grid installation situation of Liaoning power grid, the distribution and the space-time output characteristics of wind farm, the prediction accuracy, the curtailment and the off-grid situation of wind power are analyzed. Based on the deep analysis of the seasonal characteristics of power network load, the composition and distribution of main load are presented. Aiming at the problem between the acceptance of wind power and power grid adjustment, the scheduling strategies are given, including unit maintenance scheduling, spinning reserve, energy storage equipment settings by the analysis of the operation characteristics and the response time of thermal power units and hydroelectric units, which can meet the demand of wind power acceptance and provide a solution to improve the level of power grid dispatching.

Optimization of air scouring for an effective control of membrane fouling in submerged MBR

A membrane module including grid was designed and introduced to MBR (membrane bio-reactor) for the purpose of better control of membrane fouling. It could be anticipated that the grid enhances the shear force of fluid-air mixture into the membrane surface by even-distributing the fluid-air to the membrane module. As MLSS concentration, packing density which is expressed in the ratio of the housing and the cross-sectional area of membrane fibers (Am/At) and air-flow rate were changed, membrane foulings were checked by monitoring fouling resistances. The total fouling resistance (Rc+Rf) without grid installation (i.e., control) was 2.13×1012 m-1 , whereas it was reduced to 1.69×1012 m-1 after the grid was installed. Regardless of the grid installation, the Rc+Rf increased as the packing density increased from 0.09 to 0.28, however, the increment of resistance for the grid installation was less than that of the control. Increase in the air flow rate did not always guarantee the reduction of fouling resistance, indicating that the higher air flow rate can partially de-flocculate the activated sludge flocs, which led to severer membrane fouling. Consequently, installation of grids inside the housing have brought a beneficial effect on membrane fouling and optimum air flow rate is important to keep the membrane lowering fouling.

Construction-specific spatial information reasoning in Building Information Models

In recent years, there have been significant advances in modeling technology for object-oriented building products. However, the building models are still lacking of providing construction-specific spatial information required for construction planning. Consequently, construction planners visually analyze building product models and derive geometric characteristics such as bounded spaces and exterior perimeter to develop detailed construction plans. Such a process presents fragmented information flows, from building product information to construction planning, that rely on subjective decisions of construction planners. In order to overcome these drawbacks, this research proposes a geometric reasoning system that analyzes geometric information in building designs, derives the construction-specific spatial information, and uses the information to assist in construction planning. The scope of presented work includes detecting work packages formed by faces during construction, such as large work faces and bounded spaces, and using information in the work packages directly to support planning of selected indoor construction activities. The main features of the proposed system named Construction Spatial Information Reasoner (CSIR) include a set of relationship acquisition algorithms, building component relationship data structure, and interpretation of the relationship to support detailed construction activity planning. The relationship acquisition algorithms identify adjacency between building components that is stored in the relational data structure. Then, acquired adjacency relationships are transformed into a set of graphs that represent work packages. To implement the proposed approach, CSIR utilized a commercially-available Building Information Modeling (BIM) platform and the algorithms were imbedded to the BIM platform. For validation, CSIR was tested on a real commercial building. For interior ceiling grid installation activities, CSIR successfully detected existing work packages and analyzed the spatial characteristics impacting construction productivity. The major contribution of the presented research would be to enable a realistic analysis of building geometric condition that is not possible in current BIM and a seamless information flow from building product information to construction process plans. These can potentially reduce current manual and error-prone construction planning processes. Limitations and future research suggestions are also presented.

Integration of distributed computing into the drug discovery process

Grid computing offers an opportunity to gain massive computing power at low costs. We give a short introduction into the drug discovery process and exemplify the use of grid computing for image processing, docking and 3D pharmacophore descriptor calculations. The principle of a grid and its architecture are briefly explained. More emphasis is laid on the issues related to a company-wide grid installation and embedding the grid into the research process. The future of grid computing in drug discovery is discussed in the expert opinion section. Most needed, besides reliable algorithms to predict compound properties, is embedding the grid seamlessly into the discovery process. User friendly access to powerful algorithms without any restrictions, that is, by a limited number of licenses, has to be the goal of grid computing in drug discovery.

The Economics of Wind Energy

In the summer of 2008 the authors of this article met with Boone Pickens to discuss the centerpiece of the Pickens plan for moving the U.S. toward energy independence: the feasibility of wind power as a source for the production of electricity. That meeting, along with their survey of published sources, leads the authors to the following conclusions: Wind power is an abundant and clean source of energy for the U.S. both now and in the future. Wind power is now economically viable in some parts of the country, and would be viable throughout the wind‐rich mid‐section of the U.S. if we had a national transmission grid. But developing such a grid faces several hurdles, including the cost of construction and the need for state‐by‐state approvals of interstate transmission lines. To overcome these obstacles, the authors offer the following policy recommendations: Federal oversight of the construction of the national transmission grid. Moving toward renewable sources of energy and reduced greenhouse gas from the use of coal changes the problem of managing electric power generation from a local to regional and national problem. This requires broader cooperation and coordination to ensure the construction and management of reliable sources of electric power. Identify adequate sources of financing. The positive economics of wind power suggest that wind farm development and transmission grid installation should attract sufficient private funding to fully develop the 20% wind solution. But because of the sheer size of the plan, completing it may require innovative financing structures that include the possibility of some combination of public and private funding sources.