Grid-connected Solar PV System Research Articles

Fault classification and mitigation in grid-connected solar PV system using hybrid whale optimization algorithm with ANFIS

ABSTRACT Generally, fault mitigation and classification technique has become an important issue in grid-connected PV (GCPV) systems. This study intends a control topology for fault grouping and mitigation scheme in GCPV systems. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA)-ANFIS controllers are applied to uphold the DC-link voltage in UPQC as a perpetual limit. The ANFIS algorithm is employed to attain the apprising procedure of the WOA. The ANFIS controller is working based on the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) and FIS (Fuzzy Interference system). Additionally, the fault classification is proposed in this paper. The fault classification is attained through the use of DWT and ANFIS. Initially, the normal signals are analyzed; the fault is created and extracted in the consumption of DWT. Then the extracted characteristics are fed to the ANFIS for classification. The ANFIS classified faults in the consumption of fuzzy rules. The goals of the projected model are to classify and mitigate the faults in GCPV systems. The projected system is executed using MATLAB/Simulink. So as to investigate the efficacy of the projected technique, the several categories of concerns are examined and verified with the prevailing tactics for instance, UPQC with PSO-ANFIS, UPQC with WOA-ANN method.

Analysis of a Grid-Connected Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage for Irregular Load Profile

In recent decades, Saudi Arabia has experienced a significant surge in energy consumption as a result of population growth and economic expansion. This has presented utility companies with the formidable challenge of upgrading their facilities and expanding their capacity to keep pace with future energy demands. In order to address this issue, there is an urgent need to implement energy-saving solutions such as energy storage systems (ESSs) and renewable energy sources, which can help to reduce demand during peak hours. To ensure optimal use of ESSs, it is crucial to integrate a load forecasting model with the ESS in order to control charging and discharging rates and schedules. The irregular load profile is a particularly significant consumer of energy, consuming approximately 2.5 GWh annually at the cost of USD 3 billion in Saudi Arabia. In light of this, this paper develops a load forecasting model for the irregular load profile with a high degree of accuracy: achieving 95%. One of the key applications of this model is load peak shaving. Given the region’s abundance of solar irradiation, the paper propose an integration of a solar PV system with a battery energy storage system (BESS) and analyzes various scenarios to determine the efficacy of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate significant savings when the proposed forecasting model is integrated with a BESS and PV system, with the potential to reduce monthly imported power by more than 22% during the summer season.

Modeling and control of power electronic interface for grid-connected solar PV system

Modeling and control of power electronic interface for grid-connected solar PV system

Intelligent Solar PV Grid Connected and Standalone UPQC for EV Charging Station Load

The insertion of renewable energy sources into the grid, as well as the development of power electronics technology to regulate loads that are not linear, had an impact on power quality (PQ). This study focuses on the PQ enhancement of grid-connected and standalone solar PV systems (SPVS) with battery energy storage device (BESD) for the Electric vehicle (EV) charging station (EVCS) load in addition to the local load. Here, a hybrid control strategy that uses both the superior qualities of the sliding mode controller (SMC) and the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is suggested for the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC's) shunt filter. It's major goal is to achieve steady DC capacitance voltage (SVDC) during load (like EVCS, non linear balanced/unbalanced etc.) and irradiation variations, diminish of total harmonic distortion (THD) in source current and load voltage, and mitigate sag, swell disturbances, and source voltage unbalances. The created model's performance is assessed using two scenarios (grid and island) under four case studies with varying combinations of loads and grid voltage circumstances. However, to establish the superiority of the proposed technology, comparative research with standard technologies such as proportional integral controller (PIC) and SMC controllers is required. THD is reduced by the proposed method to 2.25 %, 2.36 %, and 1.71 %, It is inferior to the current approaches found in the survey.

A Switched-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter With Modified Pulsewidth Modulation and Active DC-Link Capacitor Voltage Balancing

Although switched-capacitor (SC) multilevel inverters (MLIs) offer self-voltage balancing of flying capacitors and voltage gain higher than unity, the advantages come at the cost of high current stress and power loss in the SC circuit and DC source. Moreover, the voltage balancing is often restricted to a limited range of modulation index. Another problem of MLIs with neutral-point clamped (NPC) front end is with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing under unbalanced load conditions, imploring sensor-based closed-loop control. This paper proposes a unity gain five-level active-NPC SC-MLI with inrush charging current attenuation and actively balanced DC-link capacitor voltages under all load conditions and over the entire range of modulation index and power factor. The modified pulse-width modulation results in most switches operating at a low switching frequency, minimizing switching losses in the SC circuit. The proposed MLI attains a maximum efficiency of 98.04% at an output power of 510 W. Experiments on a 2 kVA laboratory prototype validate the theoretical analysis. Results from transformerless grid-connected solar PV system show that the proposed MLI can inject power into the grid with a unity power factor under conditions of varying irradiance and provide the grid with reactive power as well.

Machine learning forecasting of solar PV production using single and hybrid models over different time horizons

This study uses operational data from a 180 kWp grid-connected solar PV system to train and compare the performance of single and hybrid machine learning models in predicting solar PV production a day-ahead, a week-ahead, two weeks ahead and one month-ahead. The study also analyses the trend in solar PV production and the effect of temperature on solar PV production. The performance of the models is evaluated using R2 score, mean absolute error and root mean square error. The findings revealed the best-performing model for the day ahead forecast to be Artificial Neural Network. Random Forest gave the best performance for the two-week and a month-ahead forecast, while a hybrid model composed of XGBoost and Random Forest gave the best performance for the week-ahead prediction. The study also observed a downward trend in solar PV production, with an average monthly decline of 244.37 kWh. Further, it was observed that an increase in the module temperature and ambient temperature beyond 47 °C and 25 °C resulted in a decline in solar PV production. The study shows that machine learning models perform differently under different time horizons. Therefore, selecting suitable machine learning models for solar PV forecasts for varying time horizons is extremely necessary.

Comparative Power Quality Performance Evaluation of Grid-Connected Solar PV System

Comparative Power Quality Performance Evaluation of Grid-Connected Solar PV System

Techno-Economic Analysis of Residential Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar PV Systems in Indonesia Under MEMR 26/2021 Regulation

Grid-connected commercial rooftop solar PV systems have been widely used worldwide to provide affordable, clean energy and long-term energy security solutions. This is especially true in cities where space is limited and rooftops are not being used. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) No 26/2021 regulation in Indonesia, the rooftop PV system is allowed to be integrated with electricity grid with an export-import metering. The owner of the rooftop PV system will not only reduce their electricity bill, but also offset the energy over a period of 10 years. This paper provides a design and sizing analysis of a small scale rooftop solar PV system for residential. This study uses the PVsyst and SolarGIS tools to estimate the amount of energy produced by a 3 kWp solar system. It also provides a financial evaluation of the system's profitability, with particular attention to commercial buildings that are covered under MEMR regulation. This detailed analysis can be used by asset owners to decide the best way forward in terms of sustainable energy production and cost savings, as well as addressing the energy security problem.

Design, Installation, and Performance Monitoring of a 105 kWp Rooftop Solar PV System

Rooftop Solar PV systems are gaining growing attention on the path toward carbon neutrality. Hence, a great effort must be exerted to ensure smooth and efficient penetration of such systems into the existing utility grids. In the current work, a 105 kWp rooftop solar system is designed and installed to fulfil part of the electric demand of the faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt. The performance parameters of this grid-connected solar PV system are optimized for the least-cost of electricity supply through using industry-standard software NREL SAM. For the current rooftop system, fixed orientation of an optimized tilt angle of 23 degrees is preferred over sun-tracking systems due to the reduced operating and maintenance costs. The annual energy production of the system is 175,700 kWh with a capacity factor of 19.1%. Through using parametric optimization and inter-connected financial analysis algorithms, it was possible to define the least cost for the electricity supplied to the grid to be 0.55 EGP/kWh, which achieves grid parity in Egypt. The project is finically profitable without any subsidy, with a discounted payback period of 7.9 years, and IRR (on equity) of 20.1 % and saves 1882-ton CO2 over its lifetime. Sensitivity analysis showed that the electricity escalation rate greatly enhances the project finances. In the first year of operation, the system performed fairly well compared with the theoretical design, provided that the system is frequently cleaned (at least once a week) and continuously connected.

Transition to Solar Energy Using Rooftop of Public Buildings in Palestine

This paper presents a study for (20 kWp) grid-connected solar PV systems installed on the roof top of municipalities in different cities in Palestine, using actual monitored data that extracted from project portal and compare the result with PV-syst software result which provide a comprehensive study of the system design and detailed analysis for performance of systems under a local climate conditions. The supplied grid energy and main performances are described, and the effects of losses of the inverter to the grid have been studied. The performance, CUF and yield parameters were studied using the monitored data of year 2018 in different location at west bank. The PV system generated 36.2 MWh in average during the year 2018. The average final yield ranged from 5.35-5.5 kWh/kWp-day, PR ranged from 74-89% and annual CUF varies between 16 - 20%. The findings from this study are useful in identifying solar performance and provide useful information to policy makers and individuals about the performance of grid-tied PV system in different cities in Palestine.

Impact of Photovoltaic (Pv) Solar Power for Reducing Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Emission in Kakuri Industrial Area, Kaduna

This study offers a solar energy road map to entice investors to fund clean energy technology in Kaduna, Nigeria, which has abundant and underutilized solar energy. The goal is to both improve the region’s sustainable technological development and lessen the impact of global warming caused by the burning of wood. Up order to do this, the techno-economic and environmental sustainability of putting up a grid-connected solar PV system in the area is verified using RETScreen Expert software. RETScreen Expert software aids in evaluating the financial viability of renewable energy projects through benchmark, feasibility, and performance analyses. It utilizes climate data, energy performance comparisons, and detailed financial assessments to provide a comprehensive evaluation. In designing a photovoltaic system for Kakuri Industrial Area in Kaduna, Nigeria, key considerations include PV module size, inverter and battery sizing, and energy demand calculations. A proposed 3MW system would cater to the energy needs of five industries, ensuring reliability even during cloudy days. The study also highlights the economic and environmental benefits, demonstrating significant potential for greenhouse gas emission reductions and financial returns. The project underscores the importance of thorough feasibility studies and sustainable design in implementing solar PV systems, showcasing their role in reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting renewable energy adoption.

Modeling and control of power electronic interface for grid-connected solar PV system

Modeling and control of power electronic interface for grid-connected solar PV system

Design and simulation analysis of 130 KWp grid-connected solar PV system using PVsyst: A case study in Egypt.

This paper presents a feasibility study using a PV system grid-connected photovoltaic design that satisfies a 130 KWp grid’s electrical needs for a local factory in Al Obour City, Egypt (Coordinates 30.19373, 31.44213). This system has been mounted on a fixed tilt mounting structure. The system comprises a photovoltaic array to capture solar energy. The modeling is accomplished by evaluating the required load and selecting and deciding the proper specifications of the components inherent in the system. Several constituents, such as the geographic area, atmospheric condition, solar irradiance, and load consumption, are analyzed and discussed for the whole work. The system produces 212.7 MWh each year. The cost of the system can be enhanced by variable system parameters such as net present one, initial capital one, energy cost, and operating expense. Further, the techno-economic analysis of the suggested system has been performed using PVsyst simulation software. The simulated results reveal that the proposed model meets the load demand, reducing the monthly bill by ~20 %. The PVsyst proves an easy, speedy, accurate, dependable, well-grounded software tool for the simulation of the solar PV system.

Probabilistic Planning for an Energy Storage System Considering the Uncertainties in Smart Distribution Networks

Today, many countries are focused on smart grids due to their positive effects on all sectors of a power system, including those of operators, utilities, and consumers. Furthermore, the usage of renewable energy sources for power production is quickly expanding due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the emissions caused by their use. Additionally, intermittent power generation from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, necessitates the use of energy storage devices with which to ensure a continuous power supply to meet demand. This can be accomplished by employing an appropriate storage device with a sufficient storage capacity, thus enabling a grid-connected solar PV and wind system to have enhanced performance and to reduce adverse effects on the power quality of the grid. In this study, a probabilistic planning model that takes the intermittent natures of solar irradiances, wind speeds, and system demands into account is introduced. A novel criterion is also adopted to map the three-dimensional spaces of intermittency with the proposed model for optimizing BESS charging/discharging decisions. This planning model is intended to minimize the economic costs of investment and operation of a battery energy storage system (BESS) for a planning period. Moreover, the substation and feeder upgrade costs, as well as the overall system loss costs, are included in the proposed model. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is utilized to find the optimal sizing, location, and operation of energy storage systems. The proposed methodology was validated using a 69-bus distribution system.

A robust variable-λ least logarithmic hyperbolic cosine function adaptive filtering-based control algorithm for grid-connected solar PV system

This paper implements a robust variable-λ least logarithmic hyperbolic cosine function adaptive filtering (VLlncosh)-based control algorithm for a grid-connected solar photovoltaic system (GCPVS) which includes DSTATCOM features while integrating PV power to the grid at enhanced power quality (PQ). In this paper, a single-stage topology of GCPVS is considered, which can reduce the complexity, cost, and maintenance associated with DC-DC converter employed in two-stage topology. In GCPVS, the nonlinear loads, which deteriorate the quality of the power, are attached to the point of common coupling (PCC), and maximum extracted PV power is allocated between these loads and the grid. The power transfer at the grid takes place at unity power factor (UPF). The proposed VLlncosh algorithm estimates the fundamental weight components of the distorted load current for grid reference currents generation with a variable learning parameter to ensure fast initial convergence and more steady-state accuracy. The control algorithm operates GCPVS such that it provides compensation to the load current harmonics, unbalanced load current, and load reactive power while complying with IEEE-519–2022 standard. The VLlncosh-based control algorithm is implemented for GCPVS modeled in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate its performance through simulation results. Further, the control algorithm is validated using the experimental prototype setup of GCPVS in the laboratory. The comparative assessment of the VLlncosh algorithm is provided to confirm its superior performance over LMS, sign-error LMS, and LMF algorithms.

Modelling of grid-following current-controlled VSC

The voltage sourced converter (VSC) is a basic element in the grid connected solar-PV system that used in converting the DC-generated power from the solar-PV to AC power compatible with the utility grid. In this paper, a grid connected, three phase, two level VSC model and its control technique are simulated. The switched model of a three phase, two level VSC with active and reactive power controller is employed. The VSC’s control is performed based on the grid following VSC methodology. In order to control the transferred active and reactive power between the VSC and the grid, a current control mode (CCM) in dq0 frame is used and discussed in the following sections. The mathematical models of all elements of control loops are developed. Furthermore, the design of these control components is presented with their performance curves using PSCAD/EMTDC software.

Flexible harmonic domain model of solar PV supply system

This paper presents a flexible harmonic domain (FHD) model of a grid-connected solar PV system amenable to harmonic analysis. The system consists of a 4.12 kW solar photovoltaic array that provides supply continuity and reliability for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ground control station. The proposed system consists of a solar array, a boost converter, a three-phase inverter, and a three-phase filter. FHD technique is used to model the system, as it accounts only for dominant frequencies which enables obtaining of compact yet precise description of the system’s harmonic interactions. Compared to complexity, extra harmonic extraction routines, and large computational resources of the time domain technique (TD), FHD needs only one matrix inversion to obtain both the voltage/current waveforms and harmonic content of each part of the system. The obtained results prove the feasibility, accuracy, and simplicity of the proposed FHD technique for modeling switched devices while maintaining the computational resources. For each part/state of the proposed system, both the waveform and its harmonic content are visualized.

Design and Development of Grid-Connected Solar PV Power Plant Using PVsyst

As we know, the biggest problem that threatens today's world is climate change and global warming. Alongside that, Afghanistan does not have a reliable source of power, and people who live in cities do not have full access to electricity. So, we need immediate access to electricity. Therefore, among all other renewable sources, the only one that is feasible in the target area and could solve this problem soon is investing in a solar PV power plant. This study aims to develop a standard procedure for the design of grid-connected solar PV systems using PVsyst software. The project began with a broad database of meteorological data, including global daily horizontal solar irradiance, and also a database of various renewable energy system components from different manufacturers. This paper will explain the grid solar power limited in the year 2023. The photovoltaic power plant has a solar radiation of 6.22 KWh/Sq./day, covering 162.66 acres of land. The operating module temperature varies from -40°C to 85°C, with a tilt angle of 32 degrees. The various power losses (PV losses due to irradiation level, temperature, soiling, inverter, wiring, power electronics, grid availability, and interconnection) amount to 2006 KWh/m2, with a total production of 60513314 KVAh/year, and the performance ratio is calculated from simulation, giving an annual PR of 75.16%.

Modeling and simulation of a 16.20 kWp on-grid solar Photovoltaic System (PV) using PVSyst at Malaysia

Renewable energy is very useful alternative source to replace the usage of conventional energy. Solar energy is one of popular energy that has been utilised as its irradiance can generate electricity when strike with the photovoltaic solar (PV) panels. This paper presents a design and simulation of 16.20 kWp of 405W Si-mono PV system connected to the grid. It is very crucial to do the simulation in order to do the analysis in terms of performance, efficiency, power losses, irradiance and other related factors. The design, operation, and maintenance of new grid-connected solar PV systems may benefit from performance analysis. PVsyst is used as the design and simulation tools for the PV solar system simulation. It was developed by the University of Geneva as a pedagogical tool to explain in detail the procedures and models used, as well as to provide an ergonomic approach to project development. The site involves is Kampung Bukit Tinggi. From the simulation results, the array nominal energy is 25.81 MWh. The output inverter energy available is 21.59 MWh which fed to the grid. The performances ratio is 80.21% due to the several losses. This study may be useful for future grid-connected design and operation.

Grid-Connected Solar PV System with Maximum Power Point Tracking and Battery Energy Storage Integrated with Sophisticated Three-Level NPC Inverter

In this research, a solar photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and battery storage is integrated into a grid-connected system using an improved three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. An NPC inverter with adjustable neutral-point clamping may achieve this result. To achieve this result, a modernized NPC inverter is used. Using the three-level vector modulation approach, the correct AC voltage may be generated when DC voltage conditions are present in an unbalanced situation involving an NPC inverter. A higher degree of precision is made possible by this. In-depth information on the many possible NPC inverter designs and modulation strategies was provided. By incorporating the necessary sophisticated algorithms into the NPC inverter, the necessary solar PV-MPPT functionality is made available, allowing for the regulation of power transfer among the solar PV system, the battery, and the grid. Modified INC method is proposed which has a tracking efficiency of 99.5% for varying irradiance. The use of sufficiently sophisticated algorithms makes this a reality. Using simulation with MATLAB/Simulink, we were able to examine an NPC inverter’s performance in several setups. Several amounts of solar irradiation were used to test the battery’s charging and discharging capabilities. The probe turned out to be fruitful. Laboratory testing ensures that the proposed method works by simulating real-world conditions.