Grid Analysis And Display System Research Articles

Interpretasi Fase Awan dengan Metode CCO Dan RGB pada Data Satelit Himawari-9 di DKI Jakarta (Studi Kasus: 1 Januari 2023)

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world so it receives large amounts of energy from solar radiation which makes it the most active convective region in the world. In December and January, DKI Jakarta tends to experience the rainy season. On January 1 2023, BMKG gave an early warning that it would rain in Jakarta. Reporting from several news reports, in the new year 2023, Jakarta was hit by heavy rain. Cloud phase analysis is needed to determine the potential for rain. This research identifies cloud phases using Himawari-9 satellite image data which is then processed using the Cloud Convective Overlays (CCO) method and the Red Green Blue (RGB) method. The CCO method can identify the distribution of cumulonimbus clouds and the RGB method can determine the flow of air masses, the type of air mass (Airmass), identify cloud phase, and the presence of high clouds containing ice (Day Convective Storm, Day Natural Color, and Cloud Phase Distinction ). The data used are bands 3 (0.6 µm), 5 (1.6 µm), 7 (3.7 µm), 8 (6.2 µm), 10 (7.3 µm), 12 (9.6 µm), 13 (10 .4 µm), and 15 (12.4 µm) at 7.00, 8.00, 9.00, 10.00, 11.00, 12.00, 13.00, and 14.00 WIB (GMT+7). The data was processed and visualized using Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) and GMSLPD SATAID software.

Artisanal Petroleum Refining and the Atmospheric Chemistry of the Lower Troposphere of the Niger Delta Region in Nigeria Using Satelite Signatures

Artisanal refining activities in the Niger Delta Region (NDR) of Nigeria has contributed to the destruction of aquatic biota, flora and fauna in the lithosphere and has also compromised the chemistry of the atmosphere, aggravating respiratory health and climate change among other environmentally related issues. This study was undertaken to determine the Impact of Artisanal Petroleum Refining on the Atmospheric Chemistry of Niger Delta States in Nigeria using satellite signatures retrieved from the Nasa Giovanni earth data platforms,by using the basic analytical functions of the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS). The state(s) observed were Bayelsa, Rivers and Imo, while Bornu was selected from the northern region of the country as a control state. Parameters investigated include; oxides of carbon-(CO, CO2), methane-(CH4), oxides of Nitrogen-(NO2), oxides of sulfur-(SO2, SO4) and organic carbons (OCs). Time average map (TAM) and time series area average (TSAA) measurement tools were deployed on satellite platform channels such as (MERRA-2, OMI, AIRS, MODIS Aqua or MODIS Terra. Results revealed that CO, SO4, CH4, NO2 and organic carbons (OCs) had atmospheric concentration levels below WHO/FMEnv limits though higher in all the Niger delta states than Bornu state. SO2 surface mass concentration was higher in Niger delta region(NDR) whereas SO2 biomass emission was higher in Bornu state. Similarly, CO2 in free troposphere was higher in the NDR between (2002 – 2005) whereas in (2007- 2012) Bornu state showed a higher atmospheric concentration probable for biomass burning rather than for artisanal refining compared to the NDR. It is recommended therefore, that data generated from this study should be used to form part of environmental data bank which can serve as a guide for future research and studies on atmospheric pollution and air quality of the region.

Assessment of the Impacts of Tropical Cyclones Idai to the Western Coastal Area and Hinterlands of the South Western Indian Ocean

Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are among the atmospheric events which may trigger/enhance the occurrence of disasters to the society in most world basins including the Southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO). This study analyzed the dynamics and the impacts of the Tropical Cyclone (TC) Idai (4th-21st March, 2019) which devastated most of the SWIO countries. The study used the Reanalysis 1 products of daily zonal (u) and meridional (v) winds, Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), amount of Precipitable Water (PRW), and relative humidity (Rh). The dynamics and movements of Idai were analyzed using the wind circulation at 850, 700, 500 and 200 mb, where the TC dynamic variables like vertical wind shear, vorticity, and the mean zonal wind were calculated using u and v components. Using the open Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) software the data was processed into three-time epochs of pre, during and post; and then analyzed to feature the state of the atmosphere before (pre), during and post TC Idai using all datasets. The amount of precipitable water was used to map the rainfall on pre, during, and post Idai as well as during its landfall. The results revealed that dynamics of TC Idai was intensifying the weather (over Mozambique) and clearing the weather equatorward or southward of 12°S, with low vertical wind shear over the landfall areas (-3 to 3 m/s) and higher shear values (10 - 40 m/s) northward and southward of the Mozambican channel. Higher moisture content (80 - 90%) and higher PRW (40 - 60 mm/day) mapped during Idai over the lowland areas of Mozambique propagating westward. Higher low-level vorticity values were also mapped over the landfall areas. More results revealed that countries laying equatorward of 12°S, e.g., the northern coastal areas of Kenya (Turkana and Baringo) and Tanzania, Idai disrupted the 2019 March to May (MAM) seasonal rainfall by inducing long dry spell which accelerated the famine over the northeastern Kenya (Turkana). Moreover, results revealed that the land falling of Idai triggered intensive flooding which affected a wide spectrum of socio-economic livelihoods including significant loss of lives, injuries, loss of material wealth, infrastructure; indeed, people were forced to leave their houses for quite a longtime; water-borne diseases like malaria, cholera among others were experienced. Furthermore, results and reports revealed that a large amount of funds were raised to combat the impacts of Idai. For instance, USAID/OFDA used about $14,146,651 for human aid and treatment of flood-prone diseases like Cholera in Mozambique ($13,296,651), Zimbabwe ($100,000), and Malawi ($280,000), respectively. Also a death toll of about 602 in Mozambique and 344 in Zimbabwe, and more than 2500 cases of injured people were reported. Conclusively the study has shown that TCs including Idai and other are among the deadliest natural phenomenon which great affects the human and his environments, thus extensive studies on TCs frequency, strength, tracks as well as their coast benefit analysis should be conducted to reduce the societal impacts of these TCs.

Predictability of Orographic Rainfall Features Over Sylhet Using Nwp Model

Topography and orography are two physical factors which produce high impact rainfall over the North-eastern part of Bangladesh. To predict the orographic rainfall of 29 March 2017 over Sylhet, Bangladesh an attempt has been performed using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The model has been run in a single domain of 10 km horizontal resolution for 48-h and 72-h using six hourly global final datasets from 0000 UTC of each initial day of the event as initial and lateral boundary conditions with NSSL 2-moment microphysics scheme, Kain–Fritsch cumulous scheme and Yonsei University Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) scheme. The model outputs such as sea level pressure, wind flow, vorticity, wind shear, humidity, Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Convective Inhibition, Lifted Index, K-index, Total Total Index and rainfall have been analyzed. The model predicted weather parameters were visualized by Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) software and validated with observed data of Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMRWF) data. The analysis determines that the CAPE of magnitude 800- 1000 JKg-1, positive vorticity of (6-10) ×10-5s-1 and relative humidity of 80-100% up to 500-400 hPa levels are accountable for the happening of the orographic extreme rainfall and other parameters are compatible with the observed or theoretical values. This study indicates that the model with an appropriate model set up is capable to predict the orographic precipitation realistically well and can be used for upcoming events.
 Journal of Engineering Science 11(2), 2020, 61-73

Large Scale Processes for Understanding Extreme Rain Storm Over Rangamati on 12 June 2017- A Case Study

Attempts have been made to study the large-scale surface and upper air synoptic processes associated with a monsoon depression during 11-12 June 2017. In this study, Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) software has been used to prepare the large-scale sea level pressure and upper flow patterns by analyzing the FNL re-analysis data. In this analysis, FNL dataset is used to characterize the rainstorms, with key hydrometeorological variables describing the prior conditions of the very heavy rainfall event presented the study. National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final (FNL) analysis data of 1o by 1o grids for every 6 hours are used for large scale synoptic analysis. The disastrous event was a strong monsoon depression in the early period of southwest monsoon 2017. Due to this depression, very heavy rainfall occurred in the southeastern Bangladesh. Rangamati recorded 343 mm of rainfall in the 24 hours on 12 June 2017. Massive landslides occurred in three districts such as Rangamati, Bandarban and Chittagong. The analysis of surface and upper air synoptic conditions has revealed that a well-marked low was formed over the northwest Bay of Bengal within the low-pressure belt passing from Somalia coast extending through southern Pakistan, and India up to east central Bay of Bengal and adjoining Bangladesh. The wind speed is calculated from the pressure distribution and is found to be 24.23ms-1, which is at par with the observed one. The well-marked low was subsequently intensified into a depression and moved northeastwards over Bangladesh. Strong southsouthwesterly winds were associated in the eastern side of the depression, especially over Chittagong Hill Tracts. The depression was found to extend up to 500 hPa level as seen from the distribution of geopotential and strong circulation around the centre. Winds were advecting from large continental and Ocean areas over the South Asia. Strong winds and moisture influx, strong narrow coma-like trough from a micro low at the surface to 500 hPa level as well as strong wind shear were responsible for the heavy rainfall, disastrous effects and massive landslides over Rangamati and adjoining areas.
 Journal of Engineering Science 11(2), 2020, 87-97

Does Antarctic Oscillation have links and influence precipitation over the Uruguay River Drainage Basin in Southeastern South America?

AbstractThis article examines the links and the influence of Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) on precipitation over the Uruguay River Drainage Basin and adjacent regions, situated in Southeastern South America. In this article, we used monthly data of AAO Index obtained from the Climate Prediction Center/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (CPC/NCEP); monthly data of 500 hPa vertical motion through omega variable (ω = Dp/Dt) and converted to vertical velocity (cm/s) from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis; monthly data of precipitation from the NCEP Reanalysis 2 and monthly data of precipitation rate from the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) with a latitude × longitude spatial resolution of 2.5° × 2.5°. All data are monthly means and were obtained from January 1979 to December 2008. The methodological procedures used Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) software to generate composites of vertical motion and precipitation rates. In the case of CMAP precipitation data, the methodology consists of applying the Aspin Welch statistical test, which verifies the statistical significance of the difference between two means using a significance level of 5%. The study region indicates a tendency to present higher (lower) mean rates of precipitation during the AAO negative (positive) phase. The vertical motion analysis results corroborate with the precipitation rates since the higher vertical motions were found during the negative phase of AAO. The statistical test showed, to some areas of Uruguay River Drainage Basin and adjacent regions, statistically significant differences between mean rates of precipitation observed in both phases of AAO.

Simulation of Thermodynamic Features of a Thunderstorm Event over Dhaka using WRF-ARW Model

An attempt has been made to simulate the thermodynamic features of the thunderstorm (TS) event over Dhaka (23.81°N, 90.41°E) occurred from 1300 UTC to 1320 UTC of 4 April 2015 using Advanced Research dynamics solver of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-ARW). The model was run to conduct a simulation for 48 hours on a single domain of 5 km horizontal resolution utilizing six hourly Global Final Analysis (FNL) datasets from 0600 UTC of 3 April 2015 to 0600 UTC of 5 April 2015 as initial and lateral boundary conditions. Kessler schemes for microphysics, Yonsei University (YSU) scheme for planetary boundary layer (PBL) parametrization, Revised MM5 scheme for surface layer physics, Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) for longwave radiation, Dudhia scheme for shortwave radiation and Kain–Fritsch (KF) scheme for cumulus parameterization were used. Hourly outputs produced by the model have been analyzed numerically and graphically using Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS). Deep analyses were carried out by examining several thermodynamic parameters such as mean sea level pressure (MSLP), wind pattern, vertical wind shear, vorticity, temperature, convective available potential energy (CAPE), relative humidity (RH) and rainfall. To validate the model performance, simulated values of MSLP, maximum and minimum temperature and RH were compared with observational data obtained from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). Rainfall values were compared with that of BMD and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Based on the comparisons and validations, the present study advocates that the model captured the TS event reasonably well.GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc.Vol. 37 (2017) 131-145

Numerical Model and Forecasting Potential of Aircraft Weather Hazards over Kenya

The study investigated the forecasting potential of aircraft weather hazards over Kenya using numerical model. The various causes of accidents/incidents were identified using analyzed investigated weather-related aviation hazards data obtained from Kenya Civil Aviation Authority database system from 2008 through 2014. The parameters analyzed included the Winds, Temperature, Relative humidity, Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Lifted Index (LI) and Dew Point Temperature. Their combined effect was able to provide the means of identifying the areas of strong convection. The model was run on a grid point distance resolution of 10 km and runs finite differencing scheme, based on Taylor series. Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) which is embedded on the model upon installation, was used as the default post processing tool. Key findings revealed that Wind, Fog, Turbulence, Heavy rain showers, and low ceiling influenced aircraft operations. It was shown that the majority of the hazards were linked with cumulonimbus clouds. Landing phase of flight affected aviation most.

Evaluating Wind Speed by WRF Model over Northern Thailand

The aim of this research is to estimate wind speed for northern Thailand by using a high resolution regional climate model called Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) version 3.7. The model was forced by the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) which is a coupled climate model for simulating global climate system. The period of study was 5 years interval (2000-2004). The spatial wind speed distribution was analyzed seasonally by using the Grid Analysis and Display system (GrADS). The 5-year averaged wind speed simulations were compared to 13 station observation data sets provided by the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD). The statistical analysis presented Root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation.

Source Areas for the Early Immigration of Sogatella furcifera (Homoptera: Delphacidae) at Xiushan in the Middle Reach of Yangtze River of China.

The spatiotemporal distribution of source areas for the early immigration of the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvάth), at Xiushan in the middle reach of Yangtze River of China, was analyzed with HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) and ArcGIS 10.0. The analysis was based on light trap data collected during April-July in 2000-2012. The synoptic meteorology backgrounds during the immigration periods were analyzed by GrADS (Grid Analysis and Display System). The light trap catches of S. furcifera varied monthly and annually. S. furcifera started immigration in Xiushan in early April to early May, whereas the main immigration period was in July. The distribution of the source areas varied monthly, and the core was moved from the south to the north gradually. The main source areas of S. furcifera in May were in southwestern Guangxi and northern Vietnam. The source areas of S. furcifera in June were located in southwestern Guangxi and western Hunan. Additionally, some of the pests were from southeastern Yunnan. The source areas in July were in northwestern Guangxi, southwestern Guizhou, eastern Yunnan, and the transitional parts of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan. The sum frequencies of southwest and south winds on the 850 hPa isobaric surface of Xiushan of May-July in heavy occurrence years were more than the light occurrence years. The key meteorological factors were suggested to be vertical perturbation, precipitation, and wind shear during S. furcifera immigration periods.

농업 기후 정보 생산을 위한 미래 기후 자료 처리 GrADS 및 R 프로그램 구현

A set of scripts for GrADS (Grid Analysis and Display System) and R was implemented to produce agricultural climate information using the future climate scenarios based on the Representative Concentration Pathways. The GrADS script was used to calculate agricultural climate indices including growing degree days and cooling degree days. The script generated agricultural climate maps of these indices, which are compatible with common Geographic Information System (GIS) applications. To perform a statistical analysis using the agricultural climate maps, a script for R, which is open source statistical software, was used. Because a large number of spatial climate data were produced, parallel processing packages such as SNOW, doSNOW, and foreach were used to perform a simple statistical analysis in the R script. The parallel script of R had speedup on workstations with multi-CPU cores.

Influence of the Antarctic Ozone Hole over the South of Brazil in 2008 and 2009

The Antarctic Ozone Hole is a cyclical phenomenon which occurs over the Antarctic region from August to November each year. The polar vortex turns it into a restricted characteristic dynamics for this region. However, when the polar vortex begins to weaken in October, air masses with low ozone concentration could escape and reach regions of lower latitudes. This study presents the influence of the Antarctic Ozone Hole over the South of Brazil in the years 2008 and 2009. To verify the events of influence, data of ozone total column from Brewer Spectrophotometer installed at the Southern Space Observatory (29.42° S, 53.87° W), in Sao Martinho da Serra, South of Brazil was used, and OMI Spectrometer overpass data for the same location. In addition to Brewer and OMI data, potential vorticity maps using GrADS (Grid Analysis and Display System) generated with the NCEP data reprocessed, and backward trajectories of air masses, using the HYSPLIT model of NOAA, were analysed. Ozone total column for the days with lower ozone were compared with the climatological average of twenty years for September and October. For statistical reasons, only the days with ozone total column lower than climatological monthly average minus 1.5 times the standard deviation, were analysed. Considering only the days with less ozone, increased absolute potential vorticity and backward trajectories indicating the origin of polar air masses, 3 events in 2008 and 2 events in 2009, with an average decreased about 9.7 ± 3.3% when compared with climatological means, were observed.

Summer time haze characteristics of the urban atmosphere of Gwangju and the rural atmosphere of Anmyon, Korea

An extensive visibility monitoring was carried out simultaneously in the urban area of Gwangju and the rural area of Anmyon, Korea. This study examines patterns of visibility impairment and haze-forming pollutant concentrations on both sites resulting from natural and anthropogenic sources of gases and particles. Optical visibility measurements by a transmissometer, a nephelometer and an aethalometer provide aerosol light extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients for both sites. In order to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols, aerosol samples were collected by various aerosol samplers at GJVMS (Gwangju Visibility Monitoring Station) and at KGAWO (Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory), respectively. In addition, haze characteristics causing visibility impairment at those two sites were analyzed to obtain source contributions by regionally transported aerosols using grid analysis and display system (GrADS) from NECP reanalysis data. During the intensive monitoring period, ammonium sulfate was dominantly responsible for the fine particle mass loading at GJVMS, whereas organic carbon was the largest contributor at KGAWO. Light scattering by particles accounted for 52.8 to 81.3% of the range at the urban site, GJVMS and for 72.1 to 94.2% of the range at the rural site, KGAWO. Light absorption by the EC and NO2 was between 14.5 and 34.8% at GJVMS, which was higher than the observed 1.1 approximately 6.8% at KGAWO, respectively. Light scattering by aerosol was higher in the rural area than in the urban area. And organic carbon concentration was observed to be significantly higher than the concentration of elemental carbon at KGAWO. These haze-forming carbonaceous particles originate from anthropogenic pollutants at the urban atmosphere but they can be produced by natural environments such as marine and forest at the rural atmosphere.