Grice's Cooperative Principle Research Articles

The Role of Language In Ensuring Logical and Reasonable Presentation in Legal Texts

Purpose: The study aims to identify principles and strategies for using language appropriately to ensure the logic, consistency, and clarity of legal texts while adhering to legal rules and requirements. Approach/method: Drawing upon Solan's (2005) insights on the relationship between linguistic structure and legal interpretation, Tiersma's (2008) analysis of how language choices shape legal communication, and Grice's (1989) cooperative principle regarding the effective conveyance of pragmatic implications, the study examines the interplay between logical structure, speech act forces, and pragmatic implications in achieving coherence and intelligibility in legal texts. The research analyzes how elements such as logical structure, speech act forces, and pragmatic implications influence the logic, consistency, and comprehensibility of legal texts. Finding: By analyzing data from 10 indictments across various offenses, the study proposes principles for employing a tight logical structure, selecting appropriate speech act forces for legal utterances, and adhering to cooperative principles to convey meaning clearly. Discussion: Applying appropriate principles and strategies for language use can contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of the legal system, promoting transparency and fairness in legal construction and application.

When the longer route leads to the point: Circumlocution as a strategy in the male reproductive health clinic in Kenya

BackgroundCommunication is crucial in healthcare settings as patients rely on language to articulate their symptoms and concerns to the doctor. However, language barriers and the sensitive nature of certain subjects often complicate these interactions. Reproductive health is one such subject that poses a challenge in clinical and societal contexts due to its intimate nature. Guided by H·P Grice's Cooperative Principle, maxim of manner, this paper examines the use of circumlocution as a discourse strategy employed by male patients in a doctor-patient interaction in a reproductive health clinic in Kenya. MethodsData is drawn from a qualitative study carried out in reproductive health clinic in Nakuru County, Kenya. Using participant observation as a tool, doctor-patient conversations were audio-recorded and transcribed, and discourse analysis adopted as the guiding framework of analysis. ResultsCircumlocution is prevalent in male patients and female parents when discussing reproductive health issues, regardless of the doctor's gender. The use of circumlocution can hinder clear and direct communication, contradicting Grice's maxim of manner emphasizing the importance of clear and concise communication for effective communication. Circumlocution serves as a euphemistic tool for addressing taboo subject. Its use allows patients to approach reproductive health topic indirectly, reducing embarrassment and discomfort. Major conclusionThere's a need for improved communication strategies in healthcare settings with emphasis on a delicate balance between sensitivity and clarity when discussing reproductive health problems. The work underscores importance of doctors being skilled in deciphering meanings and patients being more direct when discussing reproductive health concerns. Contribution to knowledgeThe study contributes to the broader conversation on effective communication in healthcare especially in men's reproductive health context. It is important to adapt and tailor communication strategies to the cultural and social contexts of male patients and the unique challenges they face.

Linguistic perspectives on strategies in the three kingdoms: An analysis of the cooperative principle in the Jingzhou Event

This study delves into the application of linguistic theories, particularly the Cooperative Principle, in analyzing historical events, using the Three Kingdoms period's Jingzhou event as a case study. The research aims to explore how linguistic insights can enhance our understanding of historical figures’ communication strategies and decision-making processes. The paper discusses the interplay of language, politics, and military tactics in the Jingzhou event, highlighting the importance of Grice's Cooperative Principle in historical discourse analysis.

Opting Out of Maxim in Quora Q&A Social Media

Researcher investigate how to be able to carry out conversations efficiently and effectively in computer-based media using Grice's cooperative principle theory. Researcher use the Qualitative method. The researcher took one of the questions in Quora Indonesia "Mengapa dosen atau pihak kampus tidak melarang mahasiswa ikut demo?", the answer to this question was used as the object of study. The results of this study reveal that there are types of Non-observance of the maxim, namely opting out of a maxim in 9 (100%) of the 17 answers: opting out of maxim quantity (22%), opting out of maxim quality (22%), opting out maxim relevance (22%), opting out of maxim manner (33%).

Arabic Verbal Humor: An Exploration of Non-Observance of Cooperative Principle on Social Media

This paper explores how Jordanians violated and flouted Grice's Cooperative Principle maxims and the purposes behind their non-observance in creating Arabic humor related to the COVID-19 pandemic on AlMamlaka and Roya Jordanians' Facebook accounts. The study conducted qualitative content analysis on 12 Facebook comments from March to September 2020 and found that Jordanians violated and flouted all the maxims to convey their hidden messages. The analysis revealed that the purposes of the non-observance were to generate implicatures and highlight various issues faced by Jordanians during the pandemic. These issues included government announcements, non-compliance with health guidelines, conspiracy theories about the virus's origin, impacts on family relationships, discomfort from wearing masks, the boredom of lockdown and some geographical areas targeted for their early source of spreading the virus. The findings indicate that humor can serve as an effective tool for highlighting social and political issues. The study recommends exploring the non-observance of cooperative maxims in different contexts and how it affects the interpretation and reception of humor. Overall, the study suggests that humor played a significant role in addressing and discussing the situation in Jordan during the pandemic.

Teacher-student interactions in emergency remote teaching contexts: Navigating uncharted waters?

Although employed in various emergency contexts globally (e.g., wildfires, earthquakes, hurricanes, snow days, epidemics, military conflict), emergency remote teaching (ERT) continues to be an under-researched mode, or type, of instruction. Through a mixed-methods design, involving a teacher questionnaire and follow-up interviews, this study sought to develop a more in-depth understanding of ERT by examining how it manifested itself during the COVID-19 school closures. The investigation focused specifically on the aspect of the pedagogical process that was probably most saliently affected by the sudden shift from in-person to remote teaching, namely, teacher-student communication. It identified some of the emergency communication practices observed during ERT and, using Grice's Cooperative Principle, explored their effectiveness and possible implications for student learning. More importantly, it illuminated the distinctive nature of communication in ERT settings, exposing the “communication norm vacuum” in which teachers and students had to operate when teaching moved online. As argued in the paper, the novelty of the communication context and teachers' and students' inability to draw upon well-established communication routines to navigate it, compromised communication and may be responsible for some of the learning loss observed during school closures.

A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF IRONY IN SOME BRITISH AND IRAQI TV COMIC SHOWS

Lots of comic shows have been largely displayed on various TVchannels and social media. The presenters of such shows talk aboutdifferent issues such as political, social, economic etc. This study aimsat identifying the most common pragmatic strategies used to issue ironyin the two comic shows which are Last week tonight and Al-Basheerare chosen. . Also, it aims at showing the differences between Britishand Iraqi comic shows in these aspects. To test out the validity of thesehypothesis, eight comic videos are selected-four from each show. It ishypothesized that: (i) the presenter of comic shows may employdifferent pragmatic strategies to achieve irony; and (ii) pragmaticaspects such as speech act, pragmatic presupposition and context have avital role in determining the ironic meaning in British and Iraqi comicshows. The model adopted in this study is a pragmatic one. Its maincategories are: Grice's cooperative principle and implicature(1975),Yule's inference (2006), Mey's pragmatic presupposition(2001), Searl'sspeech act theory (1979), and Leech's (1983) maxims of politeness.The most important conclusions the study reached at are: (i) pragmaticaspects such as speech act, pragmatic presupposition and context have adecisive role in determining the ironic meaning in British and Iraqicomic shows;(ii) irony can be used as a tool of criticism in comicshows.

Indirectness in Female Conversations: Exploring Differences in Interactions with Females and Males in Mosuli Arabic Conversations

This study explores the use of indirectness in female conversations, specifically examining the differences in indirectness when interacting with females and males. The hypothesis posits that females employ indirectness differently based on the gender of their interlocutors and that politeness serves as the main motivation for using indirect communication. The research aims to investigate the patterns of indirectness in informal everyday conversations. Data were collected from Mosuli Arabic participants, aged 30-50, with similar social backgrounds but varying educational levels. The study adopts Holtgraves' speech act theory (2002) and Grice's cooperative principle (1975) as the theoretical framework for data analysis. The analysis focuses on 12 selected extracts from smartphone recordings of family, friends, and relative gatherings. Findings reveal that females employ indirectness in distinct ways when interacting with females and males. Politeness, particularly positive politeness, emerges as a primary motivation for using indirect communication in both contexts. In female-female interactions, the nature of the relationship between interlocutors plays a significant role, leading to indirectness being used for intensity, politeness, or even shaming. Cultural factors influence the occurrence of impolite and shaming messages among Arab females. Findings also reveal that in interactions with males, politeness remains prominent, but indirectness is also employed for criticism and defending others. The use of indirectness with males appears to be less influenced by the relationship or age between interlocutors. These findings highlight the complex nature of indirect communication, which is influenced by factors like politeness, dynamics within relationships, and cultural influences.

Forms of Humour Created through Maxim Flouting in Churchill Show Comedy Performances

Verbal humour has presented itself as a complicated phenomenon to linguists over the years due to its inherently dissociative properties. Sometimes the very essence of humour lies in defying the rules of language usage. Language usage in verbal humour is embedded in the jokes that the comedians perform and are the mechanisms involved in maxim flouting. In the process of maxim flouting conversational implicatures arise and when it is inconsistent with what we expect, humour generates. Out of the generated humour additional information is embedded. The study examined the forms of humour that emerge as a result of stand-up comedians flouting the conversational maxims in Churchill Show in Kenya. The study relied on the Gricean cooperative principle and the principles of Relevance theory to explain the maxims flouted by stand-up comedians. The study adopted a descriptive qualitative research. The primary data of study comprised purposively selected utterances from stand-up comedy performances from 2011 to 2019 in Churchill Show. In collecting the data, the researcher applied attentive observation. Being a qualitative study, data analysis commenced during data collection. Content analyses of spoken words in the TV tape were transcribed. Classification of the data into maxims flouted was first done and discussed. The findings revealed that comedians in Churchill Show create different forms of humour by taking advantage of rhetorical techniques such as hyperbole, satire, irony, stereotyping and self-deprecation. It is recommended that future research should investigate the most flouted maxim by comedians in Churchill Show can be carried out. Additionally, another study can be conducted on rhetoric strategies that stand-up comedians employ in Churchill Show and which of the strategies are the most exploited.

Echoing Retorts in Hárbarðsljóð and Lokasenna

Echoing Retorts in <i>Hárbarðsljóð</i> and <i>Lokasenna</i>

Flouting Grice’s Maxims in Some Selected Clean Jokes: A Pragmatic Study

Jokes are verbal forms that have humorous effect when told and their humorous effect causes laughing on the part of the listeners. One of the reasons that cause the humorous effect of jokes is flouting the maxims of the cooperative principle, known as Grice’s maxims. Grice’s maxims are seen as a type of agreement between the communicators to cooperate in communication. At the same time, they are not considered as rules. This research tries to explore which of Grice’s maxim(s) are flouted to create the humorous effect in jokes. It also tries to find out which maxim is flouted the most. The sample jokes were chosen randomly by the researchers and descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze the data accumulated. The analysis of the twenty clean jokes chosen is based on Grice's cooperative principle. The analysis shows that the maxim of quality is the most flouted as compared with other ones. And the maxim of relevance is flouted more than the maxim of quantity. Similar researches can be conducted on other types and forms of humor or on other types of jokes.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Analysis of Grice’s Violation Maxim in Mark Twain’s Novel the Adventure of Tom Sawyer (1993)

Theory cooperative principle work as a guideline that instructs people to interact with one another constructively and cooperatively. Grice P. is the one who wrote and delivered it in 1975. The cooperative principle is divided into four types of maxims which are quantity (amount of information), quality (the validity of information), relation (relatability of information), and manner (information delivery). However, there are times when the speaker tries to misguide the listener, and it is called a violation of the maxim principle. It is a maxim created to trick the listener into believing something false while the listener is ignorant of it. Additionally, it creates a problem for linguists since implicature, one of the issues in the field of linguistics, notably pragmatics, is linked to the violation. It happens not only in real-world conversation but also in literary work for example novels. This research examines the maxims that the protagonist of the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1993) violated. A famous novel by famous American writer Mark Twain which tells about Tom Sawyer’s misbehavior and his escapade. Random data sampling is used to collect the data from the source of data to determine the association between one maxim violation and another. The data was collected from statements made by Thomas Sawyer, the book's main character, and various supporting characters in 9 of the novel's 35 chapters. To examine the data from the novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, Grice's cooperative principle theory from 1975 is employed, as well as Tupan and Natalia's maxim violation indicator (2008). This analysis found that out of 360 total utterances in 9 chapters, there are only three maxim violations in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer: the violation of quality maxim, relation maxim, and number maxim. 14 infractions of 18 utterances, driven by two indicators, represent 66 percent of the quality maxim violation (lies and denies something). The quantity maxim shows 10% occurrence (2 violations out of 18 utterances dominated by two indicators). In comparison, the relation maxim shows 24 percent occurrence (5 violations out of 18 utterances with each utterance dominating all of the indicators (unmatched topic, avoid something, hides a fact, and the wrong causality)) (uninformative, and talk too much). As a result, The Adventure of Tom Sawyer contains claims that mostly violate the quality and relational maxims.

Flouting of Conversational Maxims Analysis of Characters and Social Contexts in “All The Bright Places” Movie

This research is carried out to investigate the types of flouting of maxims and the strategies used by the characters that occur within the background of power and social distance contexts in "All The Bright Places" movie. Moreover, this research is also aimed to reveal the reasons behind the execution of the flouting of maxims. This research is employed qualitative research. The data source of this research is presented in the form of words, phrases, and sentences containing flouting of the maxims obtained from the characters' utterances in the movie. The data were analyzed using Grice's cooperative principle theory, Cutting's theory of strategies to flout the maxims, Leech's theory of illocutionary functions of politeness, and Brown and Levinson's theory of social context. The research findings concluded that four types of flouting maxims are found in the characters' utterances: flouting the maxim of quantity, flouting the maxim of quality, flouting the maxim of manner, and flouting the maxim of relevance. Only three reasons for flouting the maxims were found of four types: competitive, collaborative, and conflictive. The most frequently used flouting maxim is flouting the maxim of quality which is aligned with the competitive reason as the most commonly used reason to flout the maxim.

Alasan Pelanggaran Maksim Cara/Pelaksanaan dalam Prinsip Kerja Sama Grice pada Budaya Masayarakat Riau

This research is motivated by the existence of a gap between the concept of Grice's cooperative principle and its application in the culture of the Riau people. The problem in this research is what is the reason for the violation of the maxim of manner in the culture of the Riau people? This study uses a qualitative approach with the grounded theory method. Informants in this study amounted to 79 informants who came from a number of districts in Riau and Riau Islands. The data analysis technique in this study consisted of three stages, namely: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The conclusion of this research shows that cultural differences make Grice's principle of cooperation, especially the maxim of manner, not universally applicable to all languages. There are a number of reasons for violating the maxim of manner, namely reasons of politeness, confusion in giving answers, forgetting, nervousness, empathy, avoiding direct speech, secrets, substitute vocabulary, pleasantries, pleasantries, lying, habits, and upset/angry. Violation of Grice's cooperative principle is not a bad thing, in fact the violation occurs because of the cultural influence that exists in the language. The violation of Grice's maxim of cooperation in a language is a manifestation of the actual principle of cooperation in that language.&#x0D;

Implication Of Interrogation Conversions Against Traffic Breakers: A Forensic Linguistic Study

This study describes linguistic phenomena and forms of conversational implicatures using forensic linguistic studies. The purpose of this study is to reveal the implicature analysis of juvenile traffic violations during the interrogation process and to reveal speech acts and speech events in interrogation language against juvenile traffic violations in terms of forensics. linguistic perspective. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are recording, recording, and interviewing. The results of this study indicate that teenagers who violate traffic regulations tend to cover up their mistakes by providing convoluted information or information. This can be seen from the answers given to the police. During the interrogation process, many violations of Grice's cooperative principle. In addition, the police need to pay attention to the language patterns used when interrogating youths who violate traffic rules so that the juveniles can provide information about the violations committed without pressure and coercion.

Pejoration in Trump's Selected Speeches

The current study tries to pragmatically investigate pejoration in Trump's Selected Speeches. This analytic-descriptive study examines how Grice's (1975) cooperative principles are broken and maintained in some of former President Donald Trump's speeches. The study involves viewing and studying his speeches and interviews for harsh and ridiculous interpretations in the context of a variety of events selected at random from online sites. Its goal is to evaluate the violation and observance of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) and maxims from a practical standpoint. Pragmatically, this study looks into a novel approach of looking at speakers' non-cooperative and cooperative attitudes, as well as their violations of the Cooperative Principles and their maxims, throughout the communication process. Conversational implicature and evaluation of Grice's four proposed maxims under the cooperative principle, are used to examine the work samples. To investigate and evaluate the data in question, the researcher has used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Grice's (1975) model is adopted in the current study. The results of the present study show that language can be utilized to spread pejoration, which is often employed indirectly by implying more senses than is overtly established. Pejorative utterances are more achieved in terms of conversational implicature than conventional ones. Additionally, the analysis of the current study has revealed that the violation of quantity maxim scores (1) occurrence with a percentage of (25%). As for the violation of quality maxim, it scores (4) occurrences with a percentage of (100%). Concerning the violation of manner maxim, it is about (3) occurrences with a percentage of (75%). Thus, the quality maxim represents the one that is frequently violated.

Conversational Implicature in “Suspicious Partner” Movie By Chiko Chiata

The article raised the implied meaning contained in the film entitled "suspicious couple" by Chiko Chiata. The goals or aims of this research are to uncover the use of implicature in a film using Grice's cooperative principle framework and to entangle the implied meanings in the conversations in terms of their maxim arrangement. The theory used is conversational implicature based on theory (Grice, 1989). Every implied meaning or conversational implicature in it is what is explained. To explain the various implied meanings, it is necessary to use methods and methods that are in accordance with the lines. the methodology used is the type of research, the method of collecting and analyzing data such as qualitative descriptive taken from theory (Sudaryanto, 2015) is this research method because words, phrases are forms to explain data. For data analysis, pragmatic identity is used in this study. Observational and non-participatory methods were applied in data collection. This study finds many implied meanings in both pronunciation and movement in the film "Suspicious Partner" which is a crime and life genre. but in this study took 16 examples of implied meaning to be understood properly. whose discussion is related to the type of conversational implicature in its implicature branch.

Ostensive gaze shifting changes referential intention in word meanings: An examination of children's learning of part names.

Learning part names, such as hands of a clock, can be a challenge for children because of the whole object assumption; that is, a child will assume that a given label refers to the whole object (e.g., a clock) rather than the object part (e.g., hands of a clock). We examined the effect of gaze shifting and deliberate pointing on learning part names. The experiment consisted of 2 conditions: (a) no-shifting and (b) shifting-to-object. No-shifting was when the experimenter continuously looked at the participant's face after establishing mutual gaze even while pointing at an object part to teach the part name. The shifting-to-object condition was the same as the no-shifting condition, except for the experimenter's gaze shifting to the object when teaching part names. The results showed that 4-and-a-half-year-olds and adults correctly inferred a part name only during gaze shifting. Two-and-a-half-year-olds were not yet sensitive to this ostensive flow. Especially while learning part names, a continuous gaze at the face may violate the quantity maxim-that is, the criterion that the speaker must provide the appropriate amount of information-in Grice's cooperative principle. To utilize ostensive signals in learning part names, children need to notice the combination of gaze direction and ostensive signals, such as a pointing gesture. In 4-and-a-half-year-olds, the use of social-pragmatic information is more advanced, allowing them to understand an adult's pointing gesture when gaze shifting occurs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The Cooperative Principle from Character Utterance in Paper Towns Movie (2015)

The movie's utterances were studied in a practical study based on Grice's cooperative principles theory (1989). The researchers took the date source from Paper Town movies that directed by Jake Schreier. In collecting of data, the researchers used observational data and non-participant technique (Sugiyono, 2010). The methodology that used by the researchers in analyze this research is descriptive-qualities (Creswell, J. W., &amp; Creswell, 2017). The researchers put a lot of information about the theory such as, definition, explanation and also example. The outputs of this research are 15 utterances that identified as cooperative principle and the 4 four maxims of cooperative branches: In (1) Maxim Quality, the researchers found 2 data. Next, in the (2) Maxim Quantity the researchers found 5 data. After that, in the (3) Maxim Relation the researchers found 6 data. And in the last (4) Maxim Manner, the researchers found 2 data.

Lying in Arthur Miller's The Crucible: A Pragmatic Study

Lying is a controversial issue as it is closely related to one's intended meaning to achieve certain pragmatic functions. The use of lying in literary works is closely related to the characters’ pragmatic functions as in the case of Miller's The Crucible where it is used as a deceptive complex phenomenon that cannot be observed out of context. That is, the use of lying as a deceptive phenomenon represents a violation to Grices's Maxims. Thus, the study aims to qualitatively examine the kinds of maxims being violated, the kinds of violations conducted, the strategies followed in the violations, and the pragmatic functions behind such violations across the different categories of lies. To this end, the (30) extracts found in Miller's The Crucible have been all examined following Grice's (1975/1978) Cooperative Principle and Implicature theories. The analysis has revealed that the quality maxim was breached most of the time with a percentage of (96,6~97%), covert violation occupied (66,6~67%) (the same percentages of both prototypical lies and Intentional Deceptive Lies), fabrication was with (83%) and the pragmatic function ''to avoid punishment'' appears with (46,6~47%). This means that truthfulness was violated beside other maxims, and strategies of fabrication. Such a violation enhances lying, and false-implicature, and intensifies the tragic end for most of the innocent characters. Minor lies are slightly concerned with plot development and events escalation. Finally, the characters lie in order to achieve certain pragmatic functions. However, the most dominant function adopted when lying was to avoid punishment.