Grey Relational Analysis Approach Research Articles

Grey-Taguchi approach to optimize the tribological performance of hybrid composites

Modern manufacturing technology is evolving, necessitating the creation of materials with higher wear resistance. This research endeavors to forecast the dry sliding wear performance of AL6061-B4C-RM hybrid composites by employing Taguchi and grey relational analysis approaches. Present study applies the L16 Taguchi approach to optimize the process parameters specific wear, and coefficient of friction (COF) at four different levels. Using multiple responses for optimization for both responses, a single process parameter setting is obtained via grey relational analysis. In AL6061 composites, varying weight proportions of Boron Carbide particles (B4C) were added as reinforcements while keeping the red mud (RM) content constant at 2 %. To recognize the dominant factor, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented, and the outcomes of the assessment showed speed plays a crucial role, followed by the weight percent of reinforcement and the load in determining the specific wear rate and COF. A research trial was completed to confirm the outcomes obtained from the combination of optimal parameters.

Experimental investigation during nano powder added µ-ED milling on nickel-titanium shape memory alloy

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA) is one of the smart materials which has a vast application in the aerospace and biomedical industry due to its shape memory effect (SME), strong corrosion and wear resistance. Thus, the present study investigates the influence of process variables like gap voltage (V), powder concentration (PC) and pulse on time (ton) towards the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR) and micro-hardness (MH) amid graphene nano powder added micro-electrical discharge milling (µ-ED milling) of NiTi SMA. ANOVA analysis has been carried out to determine the % distribution of individual machining parameters towards all responses. The addition of graphene nano particles to the dielectric oil considerably enhanced the MRR, MH, and decreased the SR of the milled micro-channel. Taguchi’s grey relational analysis (GRA) and grey-desirability approach have been applied for multi-response optimisation to find the maximum MRR, MH, and minimum SR. It is discovered that the grey-desirability method improves all the responses. The Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micro-graphs confirm defect-free mirror-like surface finish at the optimal grey-desirability setting. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis discovered the formation of oxides and hardened phases in the machined surface. The application of graphene enhanced the recast layer thickness and reduced the indentation depth at subsurface region. The nano indentation test validates the rise in nano hardness and elastic modulus at the grey desirability optimal setting compared to the initial machining condition.

A STUDY ON MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF PULSED TIG WELDING PARAMETERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON JOINT PROPERTIES OF HIGH MANGANESE STEELS USING TAGUCHI-BASED GRA APPROACH

This investigation focuses on the study of the effect of process parameters like peak current ([Formula: see text], base current ([Formula: see text], pulse frequency ([Formula: see text], shielding gas flow rate ([Formula: see text] on mechanical properties like yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and flexural strength (FS) of the welded joints during pulsed TIG welding of SAILMA 450 and EN14 B steels. Taguchi’s L[Formula: see text] orthogonal array has been used for conducting the tests. Multi-objective optimization has been performed using Grey relational analysis (GRA) in order to maximize the mechanical strength and to find out the optimal set of parameters. The optimum parametric combination is obtained at a peak current of 220[Formula: see text]Amps, base current of 120[Formula: see text]Amps, pulse frequency of 5[Formula: see text]Hz and shielding gas flow rate of 17[Formula: see text]l/min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to predict the significant process parameters. It has been observed from the ANOVA analysis that peak current and pulse frequency have more influence on the output responses than the shielding gas flow rate and base current. The results of the confirmatory test show an improvement of 0.5801 in the GRG, which is satisfactory. A microstructure study has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the optimal set of process parameters.

Material Selection Using Hybrid Grey Relation Analysis Approach Based on Weighted Entropy for Ranking: The Case of Helicopter Rotor Blade

Engineering design relies highly on the selection of suitable materials. Because there are many engineering materials, selecting a suitable material for a product requires a systematic selection approach. This paper provides a hybrid strategy for choosing the best material for an engineering design to give the best performance at the lowest cost based on Ashby's performance indices. Then, it ranks the result by the grey relational approach integrated with the Weighted Entropy Method to choose the optimum material for the main rotor blade of a helicopter. Different materials used for manufacturing rotor blades, such as Aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, steel, composites, and wood, have been discussed. The performance indices chosen are stiffness, strength, and fracture toughness. The performance indices proved that the composite material has excellent structural strength, stiffness, and toughness. The result shows that CFRP is the best material for manufacturing helicopter rotors, while wood and steel were the best and cheapest when the design had to be economical.

Adaptive optimal fault-tolerant vibration control and sensitivity analysis of semi-active suspension based on a self-powered magneto-rheological damper

To reuse the energy dissipated by vehicle suspension, a semi-active suspension with a self-powered magneto-rheological damper is proposed. An electromechanical coupling model of self-powered semi-active suspension is established. The energy conversion efficiency is defined and investigated by changing the electrical parameters. By considering unmodeled dynamics and perturbation values, an adaptive optimal fault-tolerant control algorithm is proposed to ensure the vibration-isolation performance. The robust index of the adaptive optimal fault-tolerant control algorithm is constructed using the Lyapunov equation and evaluated by changing the key parameters. The sensitivity of the key parameters to the damping force is investigated using a grey relation analysis approach. Furthermore, multi-objective optimization between the vibration-isolation capability and energy harvesting is conducted. Via analysis, the proposed suspension can harvest more energy near the second resonance range. Compared to passive control and self-powered mode, the adaptive optimal control algorithm mitigates vibration more significantly in the time and frequency domains, respectively, under stochastic excitation. The robust index is most sensitive to inductance and the diameter of the magnetism cylinder. The length of the damping channel and the diameter of the magnetism cylinder influence the sensitivity of key parameters to the damping force most obviously.

Breast Cancer Metastasis: Markers and MCDM Models

Breast Cancer, The most common type of disease and related to cancer in women the main cause of death is a major concern. Breast cancer metastasis, rather than the primary tumour, is what kills most people with breast cancer. In 2017, there were over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer found in the country, and roughly 12% of American women will be diagnosed with the disease at some point in their lifetime. Breast cancer may spread to neighbouring lymph nodes and distant organs after developing locally at first. Prognostic indicators are especially utilised to analyse community breast cancer screening and to evaluate systemic disease progression at primary diagnosis. The topic of organ involvement in metastasis and current and new approaches for identifying it are reviewed.The goal of this thesis is to address Scale weights relate to GRA numerals with interval values. The Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) method is an extension of MCDM problems using unknowable information. It simply establishes several optimization models based on the fundamental principle of the conventional GRA approach, the determination of scale weights. Non-specific invasive ductal carcinoma, aggressive lobular cancer, lobular and ductal characteristics, mixed type, Mucinous carcinoma, and Medullary carcinoma taken this alternative in this method and evaluation parameters is lung, pleura, liver, bone, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract, skin, brain, pancreas and kidney. Traditional from this analysis Basic idea of GRA method Determines the long-range solution from the short-range and negative-best solution, but the comparison of these distances is not considered significant. As a result, Medullary carcinoma has been ranked first; Similarly, Ladakh is ranked low. This paper showing, Mucinous carcinoma is low affect diseases and Invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified is most affect in breast cancer.The hypothesis that breast cancers may naturally possess the ability to metastasize is supported by new molecular tools like DNA microarrays. These findings have significant ramifications for metastatic research and prognosis prediction.

Exploring wide-parametric range for tool electrode selection based on surface characterization and machining rate employing powder-mixed electric discharge machining process for Ti6Al4V ELI

The titanium alloy Ti6Al4V ELI (grade 23) is widely used in biomedical industry because of its engineering attributes. However, it requires surface modifications and has processing challenges because it is difficult to machine nature. Therefore, powder-mixed electric discharge machining process is commonly applied to simultaneously machine the material and carry out surface treatment. The performance of the process is limited by both low cutting efficiency and the formation of a rough surface. In this regard, the current study evaluates SiC powder-mixed electric discharge machining of Ti6Al4V ELI using a range of tool materials such as copper, brass, graphite, and aluminum along with a comprehensive list of process parameters. The surface roughness parameters involving arithmetic roughness, the average peak-to-valley distance, and the highest peak-to-deepest valley distance along with material removal rate are comprehensively studied. Taguchi design of experiments L16 orthogonal array is used to study the process performance with parametric effect analysis, parametric significance analysis, and surface morphological analysis with a scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the experimental results are optimized against a multi-response optimization matrix using grey relational analysis approach. An optimal compromise between surface attributes and cutting efficiency is identified by Al electrode, pulse current of 14 A, pulse on time of 75 µs, pulse off time of 75 µs, and negative polarity parametric conditions.

Analysing influencing factors of accidental oil spills under the IOPC Fund

Despite technological advancements and enhanced safety regulations by the International Maritime Organization, oil spill accidents continue to happen and pose a serious problem. For the prevention of these accidents, hence, it is of utmost importance to analyse them from different aspects exhaustively. Taking oil spill accidents falling into the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund (IOPC Fund) scope into account, this paper attempts to investigate the influencing factors of spill accidents for tanker vessels comprehensively. For this goal, this paper utilizes the combination of the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method and entropy-weighted Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) approach. The outcomes of this paper indicate that accident type and the flag of a vessel are the most influential variables that affect the size of oil spills. Shipowners, petrol importing companies and IOPC Fund officials can utilize the outcomes of this paper for mitigating oil spill risks stemming from tanker vessels.

An investigation on the tribological behaviour of AlCrCuNiFe high entropy alloy optimized TIG weld cladding in room temperature conditions

In the current study, the tribological behaviour of the AlCrCuNiFe high entropy alloy TIG weld cladding deposited on 1045 steel substrate has been investigated. Taguchi’s L9-GRA (grey relational analysis) approach was used to design experiments and optimize the welding parameters. The microstructural investigation revealed that the samples as-deposited at run no. 7 and optimized settings exhibited uniform and dense claddings. The microhardness and abrasive wear tests were conducted at room temperature. The optimized cladding exhibited average weight loss and microhardness of 27.12 mg and 738.25 HV0.3, whereas the substrate showed average weight loss and microhardness of 147.26 mg and 320 HV0.3, respectively. The worn surfaces of claddings showed wear debris, deeper grooves, micro-cutting, and micro ploughing resulting from the abrasion.

Analyzing drivers of sustainable project‐driven supply chains: A fuzzy Delphi methodology–grey relational analysis approach

AbstractA sustainable project‐driven supply chain (SPDSC) refers to integrating sustainability into project management to improve the sustainability performance of projects. Integrating sustainability and supply chain management is any project‐based organization's most significant performance‐related challenge. Therefore, the present study explores the drivers that can effectively tackle supply chain issues in managing projects undertaken in construction contracting firms for long‐term sustainability. Sixteen critical drivers were considered through a rigorous literature review and fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) for construction contracting firms. Then, selected drivers were used to analyze established construction contracting firms using a grey relational analysis (GRA) technique. The results highlight that construction contracting firms (CCFs) considered the drivers of sustainable use of resources, energy and eco‐efficiency, and environmental impact assessment; stakeholder engagement and social impact; and supply chain collaboration dimensions need to be improved for enhancing the sustainability of PDSCs. This study's contribution is twofold: It quantifies the identified set of critical drivers relevant to SPDSCs; it offers the CCFs a practical toolkit for sustainable project deliverables.

Utilization of Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Dreg in Biodegradable Plastic Processing

Bioplastics are made from biomass sources that can be decomposed naturally in a relatively short time compared to plastics produced from synthetic polymers plastic. Sugar palm dregs are a promising source for bioplastics due to their abundance and renewability, and they do not compete with human needs. Sugar palm dregs contain enough crude fiber (41.66%) to produce strong bioplastics. Chitosan and glycerol are added to improve the performance of bioplastics. The responses observed included tensile strength, elongation at break, young modulus, thickness, biodegradability, and water vapor permeability. This study aims to determine the factors’ effect on the response parameters and find the optimal multiresponse combination to fabricate sugar palm dreg-based bioplastics. The experimental design was determined using Taguchi method, and multiresponse analysis was carried out using the Grey Relational Analysis approach. The results show that adding sugar palm dreg increased the tensile strength, Young modulus, and thickness of bioplastics but decreased the elongation at break. Adding chitosan affected the water vapor permeability, and glycerol increased the biodegradation percentage of bioplastics. The optimal combination of sugar palm dreg bioplastic was 3 grams of sugar palm dreg, 2 grams of chitosan, and 3 grams of glycerol. The combination resulted in a tensile strength of 1.46 MPa, 24.49 of elongation at break, 6.08 MPa of young modulus, 0.28 mm of thickness, 100% of biodegradation, and 0.61 g.mm/kPa.hour.m2. The results show that sugar palm dreg bioplastic is potential as future food packaging.

An evaluation model of sustainable efficiency for container terminals

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the sustainable efficiency of container terminals (CTs). By the definition of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), business sustainable development includes three domains: Economics, Environment, and Society. Accordingly, based on the definition and the practical features of CT operations, this paper assesses sustainable efficiency for CTs from three perspectives: container throughput, CO2 emissions, and occupational safety. In this paper, a modality movement and a fuzzy grey relational analysis (GRA) approach are first proposed to estimate CO2 emissions and occupational safety index for CT operators, respectively. A hybrid slacks‐based measure (SBM)‐DEA model is then developed to assess the sustainable efficiency of CT operators. Finally, the CT operators in the Port of Kaohsiung are empirically investigated to validate the research model. Based on the results, theoretical and practical implications for the management of CT operators and port authorities are discussed.

Financial Performance Evaluation of Indian General and Standalone Health Insurance Companies: A Grey Relational Analysis Approach

Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is adopted in various disciplines and research areas. It turned out to be an effective and practical real-world application. The objective of this study is to evaluate the financial performance of 23 Indian general insurance companies (GICs) and 4 standalone health insurance companies (SHICs) for the years from 2019-2020 to 2021-2022 using GRA proposed by Deng (1982). It incorporates the negative values in the analysis. The results rank the GICs and SHICs according to their financial performance. Among the GICs, Shriram insurance stands first with higher grey relational grade score, followed by the companies Go Digit General Insurance Limited, ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited and Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company Limited. Among the SHICs, Care health Insurance stands first with higher grey relational grade score followed by Manipal Cigna Health Insurance Company Limited, Niva Bupa Health Insurance Company Limited and Star Health & Allied Insurance Company Limited. It is suggested that insurance firms should focus more on profitability ratios and operating ratios in order to improve their financial position.

Performance assessment of some selected vegetable oils as lubricants in turning of AISI 1045 steel using a Taguchi-based grey relational analysis approach

ABSTRACT This study is focused on the performance evaluation of three cutting lubricants, which are neem, palm kernel and mineral oil in the turning of AISI 1045 with MQL. Optimization of machining parameters with multi-response signals using Taguchi-based grey relational analysis was done. For experimental design, tests were developed using Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array and the signal-to-noise ratio was obtained using the smaller-the-better approach to achieve the optimal combination. Performance indicators including surface roughness and cutting temperature were measured throughout the machining process. Neem oil performed best among the oils for surface roughness while mineral oil outperformed them all for cutting temperature, according to the experimental results. The optimum spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut for neem, palm kernel and mineral oils are 870 rev/min, 0.25 mm/rev and 1.25 mm; 870 rev/min, 0.10 mm/rev and 0.75 mm; and 415 rev/min, 0.10 mm/rev and 1.00 mm, respectively.

Material Selection for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Wings Using Ashby Indices Integrated with Grey Relation Analysis Approach Based on Weighted Entropy for Ranking

The designer must find the optimum match between the object's technical and economic needs and the performance and production requirements of the various material options when choosing material for an engineering application. This study proposes an integrated (hybrid) strategy for selecting the optimal material for an engineering design depending on design requirements. The primary objective is to determine the best candidate material for the drone wings based on Ashby's performance indices and then rank the result using a grey relational technique with the entropy weight method. Aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, composites, and wood have been suggested as suitable materials for manufacturing drone wings. The requirements for designing a drone's wings are to make them as light as possible while meeting the stiffness, strength, and fracture toughness criteria. The conclusion indicates that Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is the best material for producing drone wings. In contrast, wood and aluminum alloys were the cheapest materials when the design had to be inexpensive.

Optimization of multi‐response biodiesel fueled diesel engine parameters using Taguchi grey relational analysis and analytical hierarchy process

AbstractCompression ignition engines are currently optimized to run on petrodiesel fuel, but due to its increasing demand and depletion of fossil fuel reserves, alternative fuels must be utilized. In this article, an attempt was made to optimize the operating parameters of an unmodified compression ignition engine fueled with linseed methyl ester biodiesel. The input parameters were compression ratio, load, and fuel blend, while output responses included brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), peak cylinder pressure (PCP), the rate of pressure rise (RPR), and net heat release rate (NHR), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and Smoke. The aim was to determine the optimal combination of input parameters for minimal emissions and better performance and combustion parameters, with a minimum number of experiments. The study used Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array with a grey relational analysis approach (GRA) to obtain the optimum combination of input parameters. The study found that fuel blend B10, CR 18, and load 100% were the optimal input parameter combinations using the TGRA method. The S/N ratio analysis of grey relational grade (GRG) showed the optimal input factor levels to be fuel B10, CR 16, and load 100%, which was confirmed by the AHP method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the load was the most influential factor, followed by CR and fuel. The confirmatory results showed an improvement of 56.1%, indicating that biodiesel can be efficiently used in an unmodified compression ignition engine by varying these influencing factors.

BORSA İSTANBUL’DA ENERJİ ŞİRKETLERİNİN NAKİT AKIM ORANLARINA DAYALI FİNANSAL PERFORMANS ANALİZİ

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the financial performance of the sixteen energy companies listed in Borsa Istanbul in terms of cash sufficiency and cash efficiency and benchmark them in 2020 and 2021; during the COVID-19 period by using multi-criteria decision making methods. This paper utilizes the Method Based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC) technique to determine the objective weights of cash ratios. Energy companies’ ranking is estimated using the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) approach. In the case of the financial performance evaluation problem, 7 performance attributes and 16 alternative layouts were considered. The results show that most of the energy companies have weak financial performance in 2020 and then improve their financial performance in 2021.

A novel model based on the fuzzy Grey Relational Analysis (F-GRA) approach for selecting the appropriate high-speed train set

A novel model based on the fuzzy Grey Relational Analysis (F-GRA) approach for selecting the appropriate high-speed train set

Consumer decisions toward halal purchase before and during COVID-19 pandemic: a grey relational analysis approach

PurposeThe main objective of this research is to investigate the factors that influence consumer purchase decisions for halal products before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the Engel-Kollat-Blackwell (EKB) theory.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted as a survey. The influencing factors were determined based on the grey relational analysis (GRA) approach.FindingsThe findings indicate before the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers mainly purchased halal products based on four key factors: purchasing experience, certification label, Internet searches and past consumption experience. However, during the pandemic, the ranking and factors have changed to six indicators, which are past consumption experience, purchasing experience, certification labels, standardized specifications, Internet searches and halal certification labels.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was limited by the sample size and geographical area. Nevertheless, the findings could be further explored by expanding related theories toward understand human decisions based on spiritual beliefs.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study have important implications for research, practice and society. Understanding the factors influencing halal purchase decisions before and during the pandemic can help businesses, policymakers and halal certification bodies to better cater to consumers' needs and preferences and ensure the continued growth and development of the halal industry.Originality/valueThis study evaluates halal purchasing decisions between periods of certainty and uncertainty by using the GRA. Changes in halal consumption and purchase decisions in response to COVID-19 pandemic have become an emerging topic of discovery. The study addresses the gap in the literature regarding changes in consumer decision pattern.

Investigation and optimization of wear properties of flax fiber reinforced Delrin polymer composite

Nowadays, the significance of natural fiber hybrid composites shows increasing trend in the automobile industry. New high-performance polymer materials can be produced from natural fibers which are inexpensive, renewable, eco-friendly, and biodegradable. Because of renewability, natural fibers can be an alternative source to synthetic fibers as a reinforcing agent. This research work looks at flax fiber natural composite material reinforced with matrix material. For a wide range of applications, delrin offers viable replacements for metal composites. In the present work, composites were prepared by injection molding and investigated. The composite constituents were chopped natural flax fiber as reinforcement (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and delrin as the matrix (95%, 90%, 85% and 80%). Pin-on-disc (POD) wear tests were conducted to reveal wear strength of the composite under various POD parameters, optimization is done through the hybrid grey relational and principal component analysis approach. The results showed that composite material (Flax+Delrin) shows improved wear strength compared to the non-reinforced material.