Grewia Tiliaefolia Research Articles

A Contribution to the Flora of Bori Reserve Forests, Hoshangabad District, Madhya Pradesh

The study of the flora of Bori Reserve Forests, Hoshangabad District, Madhya Pradah has been undertaken during the years 1960 and 1961. The area stretches between 77°45' to 78°30' E. long. and 22°15' to 22°30' N. lat. on the southern slopes ef Satpura range. As a result of three seasonal visits 432 taxa belonging to 317 genera of 92 families could be collected and studied. The flora presents a typical dry deciduous type of vegetation without any change in the main components throughout. Some of the common species of plants in this forest are Anogeissus latifolia, Adina cordifolia, Aegle marmelos, Diospyros melanoxylon, Grewia tiliaefolia, Buchanania lanzan, Helicteres isora, Celastrus paniculata, Baliospermum montanum and Emblica officinalis. The area under study lacks in hydrophytic vegetation as there is hardly any perennial natural water source. Similarly orchids and ferns are also rare.

Anticonvulsant potential of Grewia tiliaefolia in pentylenetetrazole induced epilepsy: insights from in vivo and in silico studies.

Epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition, impacts millions of individuals globally and remains a significant contributor to both illness and mortality. Available antiepileptic drugs have serious side effects which warrants to explore different medicinal plants used for the management of epilepsy reported in Traditional Indian Medicinal System (TIMS). Therefore, we explored the antiepileptic potential of the Grewia tiliaefolia (Tiliaeceae) which is known for its neuroprotective properties. Aerial parts of G. tiliaefolia were subjected to extraction with increasing order of polarity viz. hexane, chloroform and methanol. Antioxidant potential of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts ofG. tiliaefoliawas evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay, reducing power assay (RPA) and DNA nicking assay. Additionally, quantitative antioxidant assays were also conducted to quantify total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). As revealed by in vitro assays, methanol extract was found to contain more phenolic content. Hence, the methanol extract was further explored for its anticonvulsant potential in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced acute seizures in mice. The methanol extract (400mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to occurrence of myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS). Additionally, it also reduced duration and seizure severity score associated with GTCS. The Grewia tiliaefolia methanol extract was further screened by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) for presence of polyphenolic compounds, among which gallic acid and kaempferol were present in higher amount and were further analysed by in silico study to predict their possible binding sites and type of interactions these compounds show with gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate α amino-3- hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (Glu-AMPA) receptor. It was revealed that gallic acid and kaempferol had shown agonistic interaction for GABA receptor and antagonistic interaction for Glu-AMPA receptor. We concluded thatG. tiliaefoliashowed anticonvulsant potential possibly because of gallic acid and kaempferol possibly mediated through GABA and Glu-AMPA receptor.

Neuroprotective activity of novel phenanthrene derivative from Grewia tiliaefolia by in vitro and in silico studies

Medicinal plants possess range of phytochemicals accountable for their diverse biological activities. Presently, such compounds have been isolated from medicinal plants, characterized and evaluated for their pharmacological potential. In the present study, the efforts have been made to isolate the compound(s) from Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl., plant known for its ameliorative effect on brain related diseases such as anxiety, depression, cognitive disorders and Parkinson’s disease. Plant extract was subjected to isolation of compound(s) using column chromatography and isolated compound was characterized by NMR FTIR and LCMS. The isolated compound was novel with the IUPAC name of the compound is propyl 3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-17-carboxylate, designated as A-1 and has not been reported before. A-1 was further evaluated for its antioxidant potential using in vitro antioxidant assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate, DPPH assay and reducing power assay, RPA). Also, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of A-1 and extract was analysed. Results showed that A-1 exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity in both DPPH and RPA assay as compared to plant extract. In case of AChE inhibitory activity again, A-1 has shown significantly higher activity as compared to plant extract. In silico study was conducted to predict its action on proteins playing crucial role in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders such as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate α amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (Glu AMPA) receptor in epilepsy and AChE enzyme in Alzheimer’s diseases. The compound has shown interaction in following order: AChE > GABA receptor > Glu AMPA receptor. Further, molecular dynamic simulations and ADME studies of A-1 and AChE enzyme revealed that A-1 yielded good results in all parameters and hence can relieve Alzheimer’s like symptoms.

INVESTIGATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT AND ISOLATION OF STEROL AND TRITERPENOIDS FROM GREWIA TILIAEFOLIA VAHL LEAF

Objective: In the present study, we have discussed the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl leaf and the isolation of pure phytochemicals by using column chromatography. Methods: The powdered material was extracted with methanol using a soxhlet extractor and isolation of compounds by column chromatography. Evaluation of antibacterial activity determined the zone of inhibition by disc diffusion method. Results: Three compounds were isolated from methanolic extract of the leaf of Grewia tiliaefolia using column chromatography, namely daucosterol, lupeol, and friedelin were purified after isolation and characterized by using UV, FTIR, NMR, MASS spectroscopic techniques, and antimicrobial activity was carried out on the crude methanolic extract a higher zone of inhibition was observed against Staphylococcus aureus with a zone diameter of 34.1±0.513 mm at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. Conclusion: The results observed in this research work conclude that the methanolic extract showed good antibacterial activity may be due to the compounds isolated like daucosterol, lupeol, and friedelin.

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The present study aimed to investigate the comparative growth performance and the eco-physiological response of tree species grown under intensive silvicultural management practices (Water management, drip fertigation, pruning, and thinning operations). The tree plantation was established in October, 2017 and maintained at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, India (11° 19’ N and 77°56’ E), with an altitude of 300 m above MSL and mean annual rainfall of 920.5 mm. The study was carried out with 3m x 2m in 7 different tree species namely Neolamarckia cadamba, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Grewia tiliaefolia, Melia dubia, Tectona grandis, Swietenia macrophylla, and Dalbergia sissoo. The biometric (Height and Diameter at Breast Height), biochemical (Chlorophyll) and physiological parameters (Photosynthesis rate and Transpiration rate) were measured at different ages under field conditions. The tree species namely Neolamarckia cadamba, Melia dubia, and Tectona grandis recorded the highest biometric observations, chlorophyll, photosynthesis rate, and transpiration rate. It is interesting to note that, even though Tectona grandis is a long rotation tree crop, the tree perform superior growth performance in early stages. Swietenia macrophylla showed poor performance in both the biometric and physiological parameters. The present study recommended that planting fast-growing tree species with short rotation can yield maximum biomasscompared to the long rotation trees if the tree plantation is appropriately managed with intensive silvicultural operations.

Study of fibre and vessel anatomy of Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl

Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl is a deciduous medium sized tree which grows in arid climate. It is used for its edible fruits, fodder and medicine. Anatomical studies were conducted at two year old trees at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam. One plus tree were selected from each age was felled for the study. Fibre and vessel morphology and its derived indices were observed and evaluated under the image analyzer (Optika). The present study investigated that the increase in anatomical trait from pith to periphery and variation in radial position from pith to periphery. This study concludes that, Grewia tiliaefolia is suitable for pulp and paper. Hence it could be commercially exploited for further tree improvement program.

Ex-vivo Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities Assay of G. asiatica and G. tiliaefolia (Tiliaceae) Leaves

Aims: Our study was carried out to appraise acetylcholinestrase (AChE) and butyrylcholinestrase (BChE) inhibitory activities of Grewia asiatica and Grewia tiliaefolia leaves extracts.
 Study Design: For the purpose of these experiments the extracts were subjected to an ex-vivo study.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out between June 2018 to December 2018 in the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 Methodology: In this study, cholinesterase inhibitory activities of different fractions of crude ethanol extract of both plants were examined using swiss albino mice at 300 mg/kg b.w. dose. We determined anti-acetylcholinestrase (AChE) and anti-butyrylcholinestrase (BChE) activities using slightly modified Elman coupled enzyme assay.
 Results: The highest inhibition of bovine brain acetylcholinesterase and human blood butyrylcholinesterase were exhibited by PEF and CLF of G. asiatica with the IC50 values were found to be 55.88 μg/ml and 26.14 μg/ml respectively whereas the highest inhibition of bovine brain acetylcholinesterase and human blood butyrylcholinesterase were exhibited by CLF of G. tiliaefolia. 
 Conclusion: The result of the present study on various fractions of these plants has a considerable anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-butyrylcholinesterase activities which suggest its effectiveness against various neurodegenerative disorders.

Grewia tiliaefolia and its active compound vitexin regulate the expression of glutamate transporters and protect Neuro-2a cells from glutamate toxicity

AimGlutamate is a major neurotransmitter involved in several brain functions and glutamate excitotoxicity is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current study, the neuroprotective effect of the Indian medicinal plant Grewia tiliaefolia (GT) and its active component vitexin was evaluated in Neuro-2a cells against glutamate toxicity. Materials and methodsNeuro-2a cells were exposed to glutamate to cause excitotoxicity and the neuroprotective effect of GT and vitexin were evaluated using biochemical studies (estimation of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, protein carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation level, mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 activity), molecular docking studies, gene expression and western blot analysis. Key findingsGlutamate exposure to Neuro-2a cells induced oxidative stress, loss of membrane potential, suppressed the expression of antioxidant response genes (Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO-1), glutamate transporters (GLAST-1, GLT-1) and induced the expression of NMDAR, Calpain. However, pre-treatment of cells with GT/vitexin inhibited oxidative stress mediated damage by augmenting the expression of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, inducing the expression of glutamate transporters and downregulating Calpain, NMDAR. Molecular docking showed that vitexin effectively binds to NMDAR and GSK-3β and thereby can inhibit their activation. GT/vitexin also inhibited glutamate induced Bax expression. SignificanceMethanol extract of G. tiliaefolia and its active component vitexin can act in an antioxidant dependent mechanism as well as by regulating glutamate transporters in mitigating the toxicity exerted by glutamate in Neuro-2a cells. Our results conclude that GT/vitexin can act as potential drug leads for the therapeutic intervention of AD.

Beta sitosterol and Daucosterol (phytosterols identified in Grewia tiliaefolia) perturbs cell cycle and induces apoptotic cell death in A549 cells

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths both in developed and developing countries. Since majority of the existing therapeutic methods harms both normal and malignant cells, a viable alternative is to switch into safe and beneficial traditional medicinal plants. Hence the present study was framed to identify selective anti-lung cancer agents from the medicinal plant Grewia tiliaefolia (GT). Cell viability experiments showed that benzene extract of GT (BGT) leaf effectively inhibited the growth of A549 cells, while being non-toxic to normal human lung L132 and PBMC cells. Ames and comet assays demonstrated that BGT is of non-mutagenic and non-genotoxic nature in untransformed cells. The hematological and histopathological profiles of the in vivo acute and sub-acute toxicity studies demonstrated that BGT is safe and tolerable. Importantly, western blot analysis and Annexin V-FITC staining confirmed that BGT promotes mitochondrial dependent apoptotic cell death in A549 cells by arresting cell cycle at G2/M phase. Bio-assay guided fractionation revealed the presence of phytosteols (β-sitosterol and daucosterol) which significantly inhibited the growth of A549 cells both alone and in combination. This study warrants that these phytosterols in alone or in combination can be considered as safe and potential drug candidates for lung cancer treatment.

Cholinesterase inhibitory, anti-amyloidogenic and neuroprotective effect of the medicinal plant Grewia tiliaefolia – An in vitro and in silico study

Context: Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl. (Tiliaceae) is a sub-tropical plant used as an indigenous medicine in India. However, its efficacy has not been evaluated against Alzheimer’s disease.Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate cholinesterase inhibitory, anti-aggregation and neuroprotective activity of G. tiliaefolia.Materials and method: Grewia tiliaefolia leaves were collected from Eastern Ghats region, India, and subjected to successive extraction (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water). The extracts were subjected to in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and anti-aggregation assays. The active methanol extract (MEGT) was separated using column chromatography. LC-MS analysis was done and the obtained compounds were docked against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme to identify the active component.Results: Antioxidant assays demonstrated that the MEGT showed significant free radical scavenging activity at the IC50 value of 71.5 ± 1.12 μg/mL. MEGT also exhibited significant dual cholinesterase inhibition with IC50 value of 64.26 ± 2.56 and 54 ± 0.7 μg/mL for acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively. Also, MEGT showed significant anti-aggregation activity by preventing the oligomerization of Aβ25–35. Further, MEGT increased the viability of Neuro2a cells up to 95% against Aβ25-35 neurotoxicity. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 16 compounds including vitexin, ellagic acid, isovitexin, etc. In silico analysis revealed that vitexin binds effectively with AChE through strong hydrogen bonding. These results were further confirmed by evaluating the activity of vitexin in vitro, which showed dual cholinesterase inhibition with IC50 value of 15.21 ± 0.41 and 19.75 ± 0.16 μM for acetyl and butyrlcholinesterase, respectively.Discussion and conclusion: Grewia tiliaefolia can be considered as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.

Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo safety profile of the Indian traditional medicinal plant Grewia tiliaefolia

Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl., is a subtropical tree used in Ayurvedic formulations and also by tribal communities in India for treatment of wounds, urinary infection and skin diseases. Despite of its medicinal use, the plant has not been previously tested for its safety. This study evaluated the toxicological profile of the methanolic extract of G. tiliaefolia leaves (MEGT) through in vitro (cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic) and in vivo (acute and sub-acute) studies. In vitro assays conclude that there is no significant (p<0.05) level of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity at the tested concentrations (250–2000 μg/ml) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ames assay in the tested Salmonella typhimurium strains revealed no significant (p<0.05) increase in the mutagenic index both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Alternatively, no change in mortality, physiological, behavioural, haematological and biochemical parameters were observed under in vivo acute (250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg b.w) and sub-acute (100, 200, 1000 mg/kg b.w) toxicity studies in Wistar rats. Histopathological examinations of the animals did not reveal any treatment related changes and showed normal architecture, even at the highest concentration (1000 mg/kg b.w) following 28 days treatment. Overall, the results show that MEGT is non-toxic at the tested concentrations and is safe to be used as herbal medicine.

Floral ecology and pollination in Eriolaena lushingtonii (Sterculiaceae), an endemic and threatened deciduous tree species of southern peninsular India

Eriolaena lushingtonii is an endemic and threatened medium-sized deciduous tree species. The flowering is very brief and occurs during the early wet season. The flowers are solitary, remain within the foliage and attract a few bee foragers only in the presence of nectariferous and polleniferous plants such as Holarrhena pubescens, Grewia tiliaefolia and Orthosiphon rubicundus which are common, exhibit gregarious flowering and attract a wide array of insects. In E. lushingtonii, the floral characteristics suggest entomophily but it is exclusively melittophilous involving Apis, Trigona and Xylocopa bees in the study area. The hermaphroditic flowers with the stigmatose style beyond the height of stamens and the sticky pollen grains do not facilitate autogamy but promote out-crossing. The study showed that pollinator limitation is responsible for the low fruit set but it is, however, compensated by multi-seeded fruits. Anther predation by a beetle also affects the reproductive success. Explosive fruit dehiscence and anemochory are special characteristics but these events are not effective during the wet season. The locals exploit the plant for treating snake bites, scorpion sting, making ropes and fuel wood. Therefore, the pollinator limitation, ineffective anemochory, seedling establishment problems and local uses largely contribute to the endemic and endangered status of E. lushingtonii.

Palaeogene Angiosperm flora and environmental implications of Intertrappean Series of Central India

The Palaeogene represents the age of spread and diversification of angiosperms in the Indian sub-continent. The palaeogene plant megafossils of this region can broadly are considered under(i) Deccan Intertrappean flora of CentralIndia,(ii) Eocene flora of Kutch and(iii) Eocene plants fossils from Meghalaya. Among the fossil flora recovered from the Deccan Intertrappean sites of central India consists of well preserved fossil representing all the major groups of the Plant Kingdom. Among the reported angiosperms Aerorhizos,Aeschynomene,Cyperaceoxylon,Bridelioxylon(affinities with marshy Bridelia hamiltoniana),Nymphaeocaulon are the indicators of a marshy environment. Nipadites,Nypa,Cocos,Palmoxylon(Cocos) sundaram,Sonneratioxylon,Sahnianthus,Enigmocarpon,Viracarpon(affinities with Pandanaceae) are the indicators of coastal or estuarine,saline environment. Anogeissusoxylon,Boswellia,Phyllites,Sahnipushpum(affinities with Araceae),Ebenoxylon(affinities with Diospyros melanoxylon),Euphorbioxylon(affinities with Euphorbiaceae),Grewioxylon(affinities with Grewia tiliaefolia),Rhamnoxylon,Sapindoxylon,Syzygioxylon are capable of surviving in a climate not unlike the one prevailing presently in this region. Ailanthoxylon,Barringtonioxylon,Elaeocarpoxylon,Grewioxylon,Indocarpa(affinities with Guttiferae),Lagerstroemia,Musa and Musocaulon,Sparganium,Viracarpon are the indicators of a more humid climate in the past. The 38 species of Palmoxylon and 19 of other palm parts(Nypa excluded) variously described as Carpolithus,Deccanthus,Palmocarpon,Palmophyllum,Palmostrobus,Rhizopalmoxylon and Tricoccites are indicative of coastal habitat. Thus the reported flora consists of taxa belonging to marine,esturine,freshwater and terrestrial habitat with both evergreens to deciduous forms. It is suggestive of an equable warm and moist tropical climate over the whole of peninsular India during the Palaeogene.

Molecular docking of glycogen synthase kinase3-β inhibitor oleanolic acid and its wound-healing activity in rats

Glycogen Synthase Kinase3-β (GSK3-β) is involved in energy metabolism, cell development, and body pattern formation, whose inhibition promotes wound healing through β-catanin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway. Molecular Docking of oleanolic acid isolated from Methanolic extract of Grewia tiliaefolia bark to GSK3-β was studied by Wnt signaling pathway. The activation domain of GSK3-β docked with oleanolic acid showed the inhibition constant 1.55 × 10−9 whereas, standard drug sulphathiazole showed inhibition constant of 9.27 × 10−6. Both extract and isolated constituent were studied for their potency using excision, incision, and dead space wound models in rats. In oleanolic acid-treated animals (1 % w/w ointment cream base), epithelialization was faster with 96.82 % wound contraction on 16th post wounding day. Tensile strength of incision wound was significantly increased to 580.832.95 g after intraperitoneal administration of oleanolic acid (12 mg kg−1 body weight). In dead space wound, a significant increase in weight, tensile strength, hydroxyproline content and increased collagenation of granuloma tissue was observed. Further in silico findings hypothesized that oleanolic acid may exert the healing activity by inhibiting GSK3-β through β-catanin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway.

Diet Composition and Quality in Indian Bison (Bos gaurus) Based on Fecal Analysis

Diet composition and quality of the Indian Bison (Bos gaurus) was estimated by fecal analysis. The results, together with studies in other parts of India, indicate that gaurs are primarily intermediate or adaptable mixed feeders. Fecal composition varied seasonally, with high proportion of grasses, forbs, and woody plant leaves, particularly Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus in monsoon and post monsoon, and Strobilanthes callosus, Strobilanthes ixiocephalus, Grewia tiliaefolia and Syzygium cumini in winter and summer. Gaur selected herbs, shrubs, and grasses, and avoided eating woody plants for most of the year. Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of the feces were related to changes in phenology. The levels of crude protein, within certain limitations, and lignin in the feces were probably the most reliable indicators of diet quality. The ratio of crude protein:lignin was highest in monsoon and winter, corresponding early growing and fruiting seasons respectively. The usefulness of feces in estimating the composition and quality of the diet of an intermediate feeder is assessed.

Shade trees and shade management in cardamom

Small Cardamom is a pseophytic cash crop grown on plantation scale under the shade of natural evergreen forests of Western Ghats of South India. The shade canopy provides suitable environment by maintaining humidity and evaporation at suitable level. Trees belonging to 32 families of Angiosperms constitute the major tree flora in the Cardamom hills of South India. It is desirable to maintain a mixed population of medium sized shade trees that facilitate shade regulation and to maintain more or less optimum conditions throughout the year. The main considerations while selecting shade trees are adaptability to climate, rate of growth and ease of establishment. The major shade trees that are suitable for the cardamom tracts of Kerala state of India are Artocarpus heterophyllus, Toona ciliata, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Palagium ellipticum, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia paniculata, Pterocarpus marsupium, Canarium strictum, Vitex altissima, Hopea parviflora and Grewia tiliaefolia.

In vitro antioxidant and in vivo prophylactic effects of two γ-lactones isolated from Grewia tiliaefolia against hepatotoxicity in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats

Grewia tiliaefolia is widely used in traditional Indian medicines to cure jaundice, biliousness, dysentery and the diseases of blood. Bioassay-guided fractionation of methanolic extract of the G. tiliaefolia bark has resulted in the isolation of D-erythro-2-hexenoic acid gamma-lactone (EHGL) and gulonic acid gamma-lactone (GAGL). Hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract and the isolated constituents were evaluated against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The treatment with methanolic extract, EHGL and GAGL at oral doses of 100, 150 and 60 mg/kg respectively with concomitant CCl(4) intraperitoneal injection (1 ml/kg) significantly reduced the elevated plasma levels of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and the incidence of liver necrosis compared with the CCl(4)-injected group without affecting the concentrations of serum bilirubin and hepatic markers. EHGL and GAGL significantly inhibited the elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and glutathione in liver homogenates. Histology of the liver tissues of the extract and isolated constituents treated groups showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis and fatty infiltration as similar to the normal control. The results revealed that the hepatoprotective activity of EHGL is significant as similar to the standard drug silymarin. To clarify the influence of the extract and isolated constituents on the protection of oxidative-hepatic damage, we examined in vitro antioxidant properties of the test compounds. The extract and the constituents showed significant free radical scavenging activity. These results suggest that the extract as well as the constituents could protect the hepatocytes from CCl(4)-induced liver damage perhaps, by their anti-oxidative effect on hepatocytes, hence eliminating the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites from CCl(4).

In vivoWound Healing Activity of the Methanolic Extract and its Isolated Constituent, Gulonic Acid γ-Lactone, Obtained fromGrewia tiliaefolia

Grewia tiliaefolia is a subtropical tree, its stem bark is widely used in traditional Indian medicines to heal chronic wounds, gastric ulcers, burning sensation, itching and other allergic ailments. Bioassay-directed fractionation and chromatography of the methanolic extract of G. tiliaefolia stem bark has resulted in the isolation of gulonic acid gamma-lactone. The methanolic extract and the isolated constituent were studied for their potency on three different cutaneous wound models, VIZ., excision, incision and dead space wounds in Wistar rats. In the excision wound model, healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction and period of epithelisation. In the incision wound model, the degree of healing was analysed by determining the skin breaking strength. In the dead space wound model, the parameters used to confirm the healing process were weight of granulation tissue, its tensile strength, hydroxyproline content and histological studies. The extract as well as the constituent demonstrated wound healing activity. Topical application of gulonic acid gamma-lactone (0.2% w/w ointment) caused faster epithelialisation with 94.02% wound contraction on day 16 post-wounding, while in control animals the duration of healing was extended up to 22 days with 79.53% wound contraction. The tensile strength of the incision wound was significantly increased (561.12 +/- 5.18 g) compared to the control (327.63 +/- 6.37 g). In the dead space wound model, a significant increase in weight, tensile strength and hydroxyproline content of the granuloma tissue was observed following oral administration of gulonic acid gamma-lactone (60 mg/kg). Histology of the granuloma tissue showed increased collagenation and the absence of monocytes. The wound healing effect was compared with that of the standard skin ointment nitrofurazone. The results of this investigation provide supportive scientific evidence for the medicinal use of G. tiliaefolia for healing of cutaneous wound.

Isolation of Bactericidal Constituents from the Stem Bark Extract of Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.

Isolation of Bactericidal Constituents from the Stem Bark Extract of Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.

Anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous extract of Grewia tiliaefolia leaves

Anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous extract of Grewia tiliaefolia leaves