Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Research Articles

Fuzzy Inventory Model with Eco Friendly Package, Carbon Emission, Cap Policy and Life Cycle Assessment Technology

Environmental sustainability has turn out to be more famous in recent years. It is to observe about environmental interactions to count on environmental declination. In addition, global warming is one of the major threats in our day to day lifestyles. Because of this global warming greenhouse gases takes place .GHG occurs particularly through human activities like combustion of fossil fuels in factories ,power plants etc. Also, it increases carbon emissions that absorb heat energy which is emitted from earth surface. Supply chain sustainability is affecting an employer deliver chain or logistics community and its far often related to an incorporating economic, social and environmental components .This paper investigates that the environmental pollutants to achieve sustainability , Green inventory model is used to achieve a minimum carbon emission using fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic has been majorly used nowadays. It is applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence .Fuzzy logic is useful for minimizing the total cost, that is to reduce (GHG) emission through logistics activities.

Post combustion carbon capture from diesel engine exhaust using phase change solvents with absorption technique

Carbon capture from air pollution is essential because industrialization and globalisation increase carbon dioxide (CO2) and other carbon emissions. CO2 is a source of global warming greenhouse gases. As a result, it draws more attention among the researcher's community to use novel techniques to control carbon emissions from various sources. In this study, the amino acids are employed in a carbon capture device (CCD) in the form of solution to limit carbon emissions from engine exhaust. The CCD is filled with different amino acids (L-Alanine and L-Arginine) and fixed at the end of tailpipe. A single cylinder, constant speed, four stroke diesel engine was operated at the rated power output of 5.2 kW using diesel fuel. The readings were taken for different loading condition and reaction time with and without CCD. The usage of amino acids of L-Alanine and L-Arginine in the CCD reduces the formation of carbon emissions than without CCD. At peak power output, the CO2 emission was decreased by 13.04% for L-Alanine and 21.73% for L-Arginine. Similarly, the carbon monoxide (CO) was decreased by 23.07% for L-Alanine and 38.46% for L-Arginine when compared to without CCD operation. The usage of amino acids resulted in a reduction in CO2 and CO emissions due to the variance in reaction time. Overall, it was concluded that the use of L-Arginine in the CCD absorbed maximum amount of carbon emissions (CO2 and CO) from engine exhaust than L-Alanine.

Valorisation of CO2 into Value-Added Products via Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES) and Electro-Fermentation Technology

Microbial electrocatalysis reckons on microbes as catalysts for reactions occurring at electrodes. Microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells are well-known in this context; both prefer the oxidation of organic and inorganic matter for producing electricity. Notably, the synthesis of high energy-density chemicals (fuels) or their precursors by microorganisms using bio-cathode to yield electrical energy is called Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES), giving an exceptionally appealing novel way for producing beneficial products from electricity and wastewater. This review accentuates the concept, importance and opportunities of MES, as an emerging discipline at the nexus of microbiology and electrochemistry. Production of organic compounds from MES is considered as an effective technique for the generation of various beneficial reduced end-products (like acetate and butyrate) as well as in reducing the load of CO2 from the atmosphere to mitigate the harmful effect of greenhouse gases in global warming. Although MES is still an emerging technology, this method is not thoroughly known. The authors have focused on MES, as it is the next transformative, viable alternative technology to decrease the repercussions of surplus carbon dioxide in the environment along with conserving energy.

Social Cost of CO2 emissions in Tehran Waste Management Scenarios and select the scenario based on least impact on Global Warming by using Life Cycle Assessment

Climate change includes global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Tehran, Iran, has a population of 13 million (2017) and produces about 13,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day and 4.7 million tons annually. This study used the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to calculate all the emissions in different scenarios for Tehran's waste management. The IWM model was used for Phase II of the LCA. The results of the proposed scenarios showed that the highest emission was from greenhouse gases (GHG), which were9.6, 3.2, and 2.7 million tons in the first, second, and third scenarios, respectively. The IPCC reports and the results from the life cycle inventories were used to calculate the social cost analysis for the scenarios based on the CO2 equivalents. The third scenario caused a 71.8% and 17.2% reduction in terms of social costs compared to the first and second scenarios, respectively. Thus, according to the importance of greenhouse gases in global warming, employing a third scenario in the waste management system could effectively reduce greenhouse gases in Tehran.

Modification of the terrestrial albedo following the absorption of the solar radiation by the dark artificial surfaces and its influence on the green house effect

In this article, it is implicated another factor other than that greenhouse gases in global warming. Indeed, CO2 and its equivalents retain only infrared radiation of long wavelengths. These are issued naturally by the earth at all times, but recently under the pretext of prestige or fashion, in hot countries is added the paintings of buildings in dark color, black in this case. These colors affect the albedo coefficient by the absorption of solar radiation and the emission of far infrared radiation that cannot cross the greenhouse gases, so partly reflected towards the earth causing global warming. Global action on reducing greenhouse gas emissions should therefore be complemented by a reduction in the dark color areas created by man.

English

Methane is the most effective global warming greenhouse gas and methanogens are the key microbiota in methane emission. Emerging research focuses on ruminant methanogens due to their emission of methane globally; of which around 20% is from livestock. Enhanced techniques revealed the methangens diversity, adaptation in rumen, methanogenesis and their reduction strategies. Based on diet, geographical location, type of ruminant species, methanogen population shows vast diversity. Many strategies also interfere to reduce the methane emission worldwide such as dietary composition, vaccines, plant secondary metabolites, analogs and fungal secondary metabolites. This review gives a concise knowledge of methanogens’ interference in methane emission and research and development techniques used for reducing methane emission.     Key words: Methane, plant secondary metabolites, ruminants, ionophores, lovastatin.

Contribution of Livestock Production to Climate Change and Mitigation Options: A Review

An attempt is made to understand the role livestock production plays in climate change and to identify mitigation strategies to cap or reduce greenhouse (GHG) emissions. Scientific literature on farm animal production and documented GHG emission, as well as mitigation strategies were synthesized and used for the study. Results show that animal agriculture sector is responsible for approximately 18%, or nearly one-fifth of human induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In nearly every step of meat, egg, and milk production, climate changing gases are released into the atmosphere potentially disrupting weather, temperature and ecosystem health. As the number of farm animals increases, so do their GHG emissions. Cattle rearing alone generate more global warming GHGs, as measured in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent, than transportation. Immediate and far reaching changes in current animal agriculture practices and consumption patterns are both critical if GHGs from the farm animal sector are to be mitigated. However, the approaches that best reduce emissions depend on local conditions and therefore vary from region to region. In Nigeria emission of GHGs is generally low based on low per capita energy and other resource consumption. However, it is expected that there will be future rise as a result of increased numbers of livestock and high population growth rate with corresponding increase in per capita energy and other resource consumption. The assessment of options to reduce future GHG emissions is considered an important contribution to sustainable development of Nigeria. Efficacious plants peculiar to the Nigerian environment and conditions should be planted and maintained around cities. Also government should support waste management in all the states in Nigeria to have a sequel structure to safe disposal of organic matter from cattle.

The Roles of Greenhouse Gases in Global Warming

Scientists are still debating the reasons for “global warming”. The author questions the validity of the calculations for the models published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and especially the future scenarios. Through spectral calculations, the author finds that water vapour accounts for approximately 87% of the greenhouse (GH) effect and only 10% of CO2. A doubling of the present level of CO2 would increase the global temperature by only 0.51 °C without water feedback. The IPCC claims that a temperature increase of 0.76 °C for 2005 was caused in part by water (about 50%), because relative humidity (RH) stays constant in their model. The calculations prove that CO2 would have increased the temperature by only 0.2 °C since 1750 and that the measured decrease in water since 1948 has compensated for this increase. This study has also produced results indicating a negative feedback for relative humidity. The simulations of this study propose that the IPCC's model atmospheres could be approximately 50% too dry.

Annual vegetation burns across the northern savanna region of Ghana: period of occurrence, area burns, nutrient losses and emissions

This study has assessed the seasonal occurrence of annual vegetation fires and defined inter-seasonally burned area for the different vegetation cover types across Ghana and the northern region of Ghana using 10-year (2001–2010) remote sensing data. These values were used with fire induced elemental losses to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and net plant nutrient loss due to gross bush fire nutrient transfers and annual atmospheric nutrient depositions. About 21, 68, 10 and 1 % of annual burns across the northern region of Ghana take place in the months of November, December, January and February respectively. As much as 68 ± 4 thousand km2 (25–32 %) and 37 ± 2.6 thousand km2 (46–60 %) of dry land are annually burned across Ghana and the northern region of Ghana respectively, with 53–56 % of the total annual burns across the country taking place in the northern region. About 10,100–28,400 Gg of C, comprising 215–4,700 thousand Gg of CO2 equivalent (CO2, CH4) potential global warming green house gases and 48–324 thousand Gg of local pollutants (CO, NOx) are estimated to be released annually through bush fire occurrence across Ghana. Net negative balance for P between fire-induced nutrient transfers and, annual wet and dry nutrient deposits is of concern given the high P-sorbing mineral content of the soils. The temporal loss of P suggest an input source than wet and dry atmospheric P depositions for the sustenance of the ecosystem or predict a long term threat to regional food production.

Reducing the Livestock related green house gases emission

Cattle rearing generate more global warming green house gases than driving cars. These green house gases leads to changes in the climate. This climate change affects the livestock, man and natural environment continuously. For this reason it is important for livestock farmers to find the ways which minimize these gases emission. In this article the causes of climate change and effects, measures to be taken by farmers and their efficiency in reducing green house gases emission were reviewed briefly to make the farmers and students aware of the reduction of global warming green house gases and measures to be taken for reducing these gases.

The Policy Drought on Climate Change

T he holiday season here in the United States was ushered in by a long-awaited report, heralded as laying out the administration's research agenda for climate change. It should interest those in the United States who may have been expecting something meaningful from their government, along with those in Europe and elsewhere who have come to expect disappointment. The draft strategic plan for the combined U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI) will not surprise the second audience and will tell the first that it has fallen victim to yet another triumph of hope over experience. This long report, available at , offers a smorgasbord of moderate-intensity research efforts but merely urges more study on the role of anthropogenic sources in global warming. And it includes NONE of the following: analysis of the tradeoffs involved in a major regulatory push toward fuel economy in the transportation sector, proposed cap-and-trade or other incentives for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and a research program aimed at sequestration technologies. It is, in short, a wait-and-see document. The scientific evidence on global warming is now beyond doubt. Readers of these pages during the past couple of years have seen one careful study after another documenting the role of anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in global warming; describing the impact of past and present climate change on marine and terrestrial ecosystems; and measuring rates of glacial melting in the Arctic, the Antarctic, and on the tops of low-latitude mountains. Old hands have noted a strange resemblance between this effort and an earlier one. NAPAP, begun in the late 1980s, was a Reagan-era effort to study the acid rain problem (the acronym stands for National Acid Precipitation Assessment Project). It was cranked up with some fanfare and had the same leadership as the present study, in the person of James Mahoney (who is probably not to be blamed for either outcome). Like the present climate change plan, NAPAP essentially concluded that the problem needed more careful study. Ironically, it arrived too late, well after the administration of Bush I had decided to take acid rain more seriously. The result was that Congress, with considerable consultation and design coming from the White House, passed the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments containing tradable-permits provisions for limiting sulfur dioxide emissions. It's probably way too much to hope that a similar rescue might be at hand in this case, but there are encouraging signals out there. First, it now appears that industry takes the problem more seriously than the government—surely a record. British Petroleum and other energy companies now clearly expect to be doing business in a low-carbon economy, and they are spending serious money to prepare for it. So is the electric power industry, where some leaders have already made voluntary carbon offsets. Meanwhile, hybrid cars are proliferating and the insurance industry is worried about its viability. Second, Congress may be noting that the politically popular goal of energy independence is linked to that of reducing global warming, and their constituents don't have to read Science to know that most glaciers are melting. It's in their daily newspaper. Third, some states, weary of federal inaction in the matter, have been passing rules of their own: California recently passed a tough law to limit future fleet carbon emissions standards, despite the usual complaints from auto manufacturers that the sky would fall. Especially relevant to the scientific community is that there will be an independent review of the administration's plan by a National Research Council panel chaired by Tom Graedel of Yale. This is an opportunity for the National Academies to make a real difference. The Graedel panel should not be satisfied simply with a marginal critique of what's there in the report. What isn't there is important, so the panel needs to undertake an independent review of the situation, evaluate the seriousness of the challenge, and explain to the government what is missing from the report. The U.S. scientific community has come to expect a great deal from the Academies. In this case, the stakes are well beyond national interest, because the nonparticipation of the United States in the global effort on climate change is more than a national embarrassment. It's dangerous.

The effect of dietary fat on methane production in sheep and cattle

Increasing concern over the role of greenhouse gases in global warming has led to a renewed interest in models for predicting methane production in ruminants. We have previously shown that data generated in sheep may be of limited use in predicting the effect of diet on absolute methane production by cattle (Newbold et al., 1995). However, sheep may still be a viable model for evaluating methods of reducing methane production by cattle. As dietary lipids may inhibit ruminal methanogenesis (Moss, 1993), we have now compared the effect of coconut and linseed oil on methane production by both sheep and cattle.

The effect of dietary fat on methane production in sheep and cattle

Increasing concern over the role of greenhouse gases in global warming has led to a renewed interest in models for predicting methane production in ruminants. We have previously shown that data generated in sheep may be of limited use in predicting the effect of diet on absolute methane production by cattle (Newbold et al., 1995). However, sheep may still be a viable model for evaluating methods of reducing methane production by cattle. As dietary lipids may inhibit ruminal methanogenesis (Moss, 1993), we have now compared the effect of coconut and linseed oil on methane production by both sheep and cattle.

The use of sheep to predict methane production by cattle fed grass silage based rations

Increasing concern over the role of greenhouse gases in global warming has led to a renewed interest in models for predicting methane production in ruminants. For economic reasons it would be preferable if such models could be derived from data obtained in smaller ruminants. The objective of this project is to establish whether differences in methane production exist between sheep and cattle and to measure the magnitude of these differences under various dietary situations.

The use of sheep to predict methane production by cattle fed grass silage based rations

Increasing concern over the role of greenhouse gases in global warming has led to a renewed interest in models for predicting methane production in ruminants. For economic reasons it would be preferable if such models could be derived from data obtained in smaller ruminants. The objective of this project is to establish whether differences in methane production exist between sheep and cattle and to measure the magnitude of these differences under various dietary situations.

Methane production in cattle and sheep fed grass silage plus a barley based concentrate

Increasing concern over the role of greenhouse gases in global warming has lead to a renewed interest in the production of methane by ruminants. Sheep are routinely used to study digestibility, however their use as a model to study methane production by cattle has received only limited attention (Blaxter and Wainman, 1964). The objective of the current study was to establish whether differences in methane production exist between sheep and cattle and to measure the magnitude of these differences under various dietary situations.