Greenhouse Gas Output Research Articles

371 Applying precision rangeland grazing management systems in western South Dakota

Abstract Western rangelands represent approximately 58% of the total arable land in the U.S. and are used primarily for cow-calf production, which has the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emission footprint of all beef production phases. Further, beef production sustainability concerns involve climate mitigation (reducing GHG output) and adaptation (climate-resilient soil-plant-animals). Precision livestock farming (PLF) may help address sustainability concerns by providing innovative solutions and new opportunities for extensive rangeland production. The use of precision measurement and management tools with precision system models can connect measurement data to inform management capabilities. For example, real-time individual weighing and remote sensing (precision measurement tools) can be used to inform and implement dynamic rotational grazing management using virtual fencing technology (precision management; Menendez et al., 2022, 2023). Recent USDA investment in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) commodities has provided over $3 billion in funding to implement practices to reduce GHG emissions in agriculture production, for which PLF may be one approach to accomplish these goals. The overall purpose is to develop commodities produced using NRCS climate-smart practices (e.g., prescribed grazing, 528) and document reductions to provide market opportunities associated with inset GHG. Currently, South Dakota State University is leading two simultaneous programs, which include precision ranching (virtual fencing, precision weighing, and GHG evaluation) and a beef and bison CSA program (GHG evaluation; 7 producer-owned research ranches, representing more than 1.09 million ha). The scale of the CSA program has revealed that current PLF research has only been a prelude to providing the precision tools necessary to successfully implement CSA practices and document their impact through monitoring, measuring, reporting, and verification (MMRV). This presentation will include rangeland grazing case studies that cover the application of virtual fencing, animal location, behavior tracking, remote sensing, precision weighing, feeding, supplementation, and enteric emissions and soil moisture monitoring on extensive rangelands. Case studies will include an overview of big data processing and precision system model development methods. Increasing awareness of available PLF tools for optimizing grazing management, animal performance, productivity, and associated challenges (maintenance, costs) is essential for meeting livestock and sustainability goals. PLF and data-driven approaches aid in the creation of scalable, cost-effective MMRV protocols and models (soil carbon and enteric GHG) for extensive rangelands (20 to 70,000 ha areas) that allow producers to realize potential CSA market incentives. Further, MMRV will likely help guide management decisions by identifying CSA strategies that build climate-resilient landscapes for sustainable livestock production and other environmental synergies (soil microbiome, bird and insect habit, water retention).

Nash equilibria in greenhouse gas offset credit markets

One approach to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is to incentivise carbon capturing and carbon reducing projects while simultaneously penalising excess GHG output. In this work, we present a novel market framework and characterise the optimal behaviour of GHG offset credit (OC) market participants in both single-player and two-player settings. The single player setting is posed as an optimal stopping and control problem, while the two-player setting is posed as optimal stopping and mixed-Nash equilibria problem. We demonstrate the importance of acting optimally using numerical solutions and Monte Carlo simulations and explore the differences between the homogeneous and heterogeneous players. In both settings, we find that market participants benefit from optimal OC trading and OC generation.

Effect of bamboo powder on mechanical property of aluminum matrix composite reinforced with aluminum oxide, boron carbide and molybdenum disulfide

Natural fiber composites offer a range of advantages, from biodegradability after the component’s lifespan little to no output of greenhouse gases and reduced pollution. These properties have made natural fiber composites popular in military, automotive, aerospace, and residential spaces. Bamboo Stem Ash Powder (BSAP) is one example of a commonly found natural fiber composite. This research looks into its effect on the physical and mechanical parameters when added to pure aluminum. The 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 weight percent of BSAP were added in addition to the secondary reinforcements in the matrix. Parameters such as density, porosity, hardness, compressive strength, X-Ray Diffraction analysis results of BSAP/composite mixture, as well as Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) findings for the BSAP itself were all studied. The highest values of hardness 239.66 HV and compressive strength 308.32 MPa have been observed with 7.5 weight percent BSAP addition. It can be confirmed that these natural fiber composites can improve standard materials’ behavior when used correctly and can be potential candidates for many engineering applications.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Butterflies

Climate change had been influencing the world since the industrial revolution when fossil fuels including coal and petroleum were greatly used for industrial and production purposes. Increasing output of greenhouse gases had blocked more heat in the atmosphere, increasing the global temperature. Butterflies, from the class Insecta, had been living for thousands of years. These insects sit in a unique niche, considering their special place as both pollinators and primary consumers. Studying the butterflies will be a good approach to figure out the impact of climate changes on the ecosystems, by studying how butterflies are affected by climate changes, since they adapted and lived for billions of years. The results had shown that while butterflies have a certain extent of phenotypic plasticity to combat climate change, overall, climate change is destroying their lifespan and behaviors, causing losses in populations of butterflies throughout the globe. Our paper gives a rough frame about how, or in what factors, butterflies are influenced by climatic changes. However, more studies are needed to further investigate all the influences climate change conducted on butterflies. Also, more acts need to happen to successfully stop climate change from making butterflies and the biospheres even worse.

Animal board invited opinion paper: The use of sustainability scoring to evaluate food production and prepare for the future

• Scientifically-based scoring of off for all aspects of sustainability. • Policy decisions by governments and food production industry will change methodologies. • Major changes in food production are driven by consumers, including the cessation of practices. • Efficiency of resource use, soil management, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity. • Welfare of animals and greenhouse gas output have high priority with consumers. This study will help the agriculture industry to change systems and practices before consumers force even more radical change. Consumers demand that all components of the sustainability of food production be considered. All components can be scored and the scores used to compare details of production systems and different protein sources. Reduction in greenhouse gas output is important but, for best resource use, the farming of ruminants and other leaf-eating animals has advantages over all grain-feeding to farmed animals. Three-level production from trees and shrubs with high leaf protein content can be very productive and sustainable in many conditions.

Flood in our Wardrobe

Textile is one of the most polluting industries in the world in terms of its economic, environmental, and social implications. In fact, the production of this business is responsible for 10% of carbon dioxide emissions and 20% of the world's water waste, a significant increase in greenhouse gas output that is projected to rise by 60% over the next 12 years and significantly contribute to global warming. Over the past 20 years, the cost of clothing has decreased, enabling us to purchase an increasing number of garments. This paper is going to represent the flood condition of our wardrobes and few remedial points to save the earth to be sustainable.

The Environmental Footprint of Neurosurgery Operations: An Assessment of Waste Streams and the Carbon Footprint.

Healthcare in England generates 24.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), equating to approximately 4% of the total national output of greenhouse gases (GHG), and of this, 10% is from the manufacturing of medical equipment. Operating theatres are a major contributor of biomedical waste, especially consumables, and are three-to-six times more energy intensive than the rest of the hospital. This study seeks to quantify and evaluate the carbon cost, or footprint, of neurosurgery at a single institution in England. A single neurosurgical operation generates, on average, 8.91 kg of waste per case, equivalent to 24.5 CO2e kg per case, mostly from single-use equipment. Per annum, 1300 neurosurgical operative cases are performed with total waste generation of 11,584.4 kg/year and a carbon footprint of 31,859 (kg) CO2e. The challenge of achieving net zero GHG presents an opportunity to catalyse innovation and sustainability in neurosurgery, from how care is delivered, through to equipment use and surgical methodologies. This should improve the quality of healthcare provision to patients and yield potential cost savings.

Greenhouse gases and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme.

The objective of this project was to determine the impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets supplemented with a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (amylase, cellulase, glucanase, xylanase, and invertase activities) on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and greenhouse gas (GHG) output (carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O; methane, CH4). Three experiments were conducted utilizing six treatments arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial (0%, 15%, or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the digestibility experiment or as a 2 × 2 factorial (0% or 30% wheat millrun; with or without enzyme) for the performance and GHG experiments. The digestibility, performance, and GHG experiments utilized 48 individually housed pigs, 180 pigs housed 5 per pen, or 96 pigs housed 6 per chamber, respectively. Increasing wheat millrun up to 30% in the diet of growing pigs resulted in decreased energy, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) apparent total tract digestibility and net energy content (P < 0.01). Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio were reduced in pigs fed wheat millrun (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had minimal effects on the digestibility or performance parameters measured. Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect GHG output (CH4: 4.7 and 4.9; N2O: 0.45 and 0.42; CO2: 1,610 and 1,711 mg/s without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P > 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG emissions (CH4: 4.5 and 5.1; N2O: 0.46 and 0.42; CO2: 1,808 and 1,513 mg/s without or with enzymes, respectively; P > 0.51). Overall, the carbohydrase enzyme had minimal effects on parameters measured, regardless of wheat millrun inclusion (P > 0.10). Although energy, N and P digestibility, and ADG were reduced, the inclusion of up to 30% wheat millrun in the diet has no effect on GHG emissions from growing pigs (P > 0.10).

27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and a Partial Life Cycle Assessment When Growing Pigs Are Fed High Wheat Millrun Diets

Abstract The impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets on the global warming potential (GWP) of pork production was investigated. In study 1, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of wheat millrun (0 or 30%) and multi-carbohydrase enzyme (0 or 1 mg kg-1) as main effects was utilized. For each of 16 reps, 6 pigs (60.2±2.2 kg BW) were housed in environmental chambers for 14d. Air samples were collected and analyzed for carbon dioxide (CO2); nitrous oxide (N2O); and methane (CH4). In study 2, data from study 1 and performance data obtained from a previous feeding trial were utilized in a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework that included feed production. The Holos farm model (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge. AB) was used to estimate emissions from feed production. In study 1, total manure output from pigs fed 30% wheat millrun diets was 30% greater than pigs on the 0% wheat millrun diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05), however, Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect greenhouse gas (GHG) output (CH4, 4.7, 4.9; N2O, 0.45, 0.42; CO2, 1610, 1711; mg s-1 without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P &amp;gt; 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG production (CH4, 4.5, 5.1; N2O, 0.46, 0.42; CO2, 1808, 1513; mg s-1 without or with enzymes, respectively; P &amp;gt; 0.51). In study 2, the LCA indicated that the inclusion of 30% wheat millrun in diets for growing pigs resulted in approximately a 25% reduction in GWP when compared to the no wheat millrun diets. Our results demonstrate that 30% wheat millrun did not increase GHG output from the pigs, and thus the inclusion of wheat millrun in diets of growing pigs can reduce the GWP of pork production.

The Factors Influencing the Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Tibet’s Crop Farming

The output of greenhouse gases resulting from Tibet’s crop farming over the years 1991 to 2015 has been estimated, and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model was used to deduce the influence of the various factors underlying these greenhouse gas emissions. From 1991 to 2015, the overall carbon emissions of the Tibetan plantation industry showed a “U” -shaped change trend. Carbon emissions from plantation mainly include nitrogenous oxide and rice field methane. The LMDI decomposition results showed the economic factor (SI) and the efficiency factor (CI) determined the development trend of the total effect. The CI is an important contributor to the reduction of carbon emissions, whereas CI is important inhibiting carbon emissions. Labor factors (AL) contribute to agricultural carbon emissions. SI and AL have an upward trend in promoting agricultural carbon emissions.

Assessing the environmental impacts of halving food loss and waste along the food supply chain

Reducing food loss and waste (FLW) is widely recognized as an important lever for lowering the environmental impacts of food systems. The United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda includes a goal to reduce FLW by 50% by 2030. Given differences in resource inputs along the food supply chain (FSC), the environmental benefits of FLW reduction will vary by stage of the FSC. Here, we identify the points along the supply chain where a 50% FLW reduction could yield the largest potential environmental benefits, assuming that decreases in consumption propagate back up the supply chain to reduce production. We use an environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) model combined with data on rates of FLW to calculate the scale of the total environmental impacts of the U.S. food system resulting from lost or wasted food. We evaluate the maximum potential environmental benefit resulting from 50% FLW reduction at all possible combinations of six supply chain stages (agricultural production, food processing, distribution/retail, restaurant foodservice, institutional foodservice, and households).We find that FLW reduction efforts should target the foodservice (restaurant) sector, food processing sector, and household consumption. Halving FLW in the foodservice sector has the highest potential to reduce greenhouse gas output and energy use. Halving FLW in the food processing sector could reduce the most land use and eutrophication potential, and reducing household consumption waste could avert the most water consumption. In contrast, FLW reduction at the retail, institutional foodservice, and farm level averts less environmental impact. Our findings may help determine optimal investment in FLW reduction strategies.

World's oceans are losing power to stall climate change.

United Nations report predicts more powerful storms, increased risk of flooding and dwindling fisheries if greenhouse-gas output doesn’t fall. United Nations report predicts more powerful storms, increased risk of flooding and dwindling fisheries if greenhouse-gas output doesn’t fall.

Implications of removing straw from soil for bioenergy: An LCA of ethanol production using total sugarcane biomass

Changes in biotic parameters, primarily in those associated with land use, are a fundamental issue for assessing the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of bioenergy production. From 2002 to 2017, the transition from manual to mechanized sugarcane harvesting in Brazil resulted in 10–20 Mg ha−1 y−1 of biomass, increasing incomes by 150% via bioelectricity. This study is a life cycle assessment (LCA) of using straw along with bagasse for bioethanol production. The assessment focused on the global warming potential (GWP), characterizing the biotic and fossil carbon flows for a functional unit of 1 MJ of 96% hydrated bioethanol production as modeled in GaBi. The model is based on the primary data for a specific cradle-to-gate Petrobras agro-industrial unit. The biotic flow includes the CO2 uptake and the agricultural and industrial emissions. The parametric equations depict the influence of leaving straw in the field on the sugarcane yield and the soil carbon emissions. The remaining CML impact categories are then assessed. Two straw utilization scenarios were studied as follows: the reference system (RS), in which straw is left in the field, and the straw-to-boiler system (SS), in which part or all of the straw is exported for energy conversion. Two sensitivity analyses were performed by considering the effect of the straw on the amount of sugar in the sugarcane juice (SA) and considering the use of a second-generation ethanol unit (2G) on the basis of the hydrolysis of both bagasse and straw. In the RS, 55% of the carbon is captured in the sugarcane (bagasse + juice), and 45% is captured in the straw. The agricultural GHG output is distributed between vinasse fertigation (9.2%) and the straw left on the soil (7.6%). The industrial GHG emissions include the burning of bagasse (46%), fermentation emissions (11%) and the pre-emissions embedded in EtOH 96% (26%). In the SS 100% scenario, the GWP increases by 161%, with the biotic GWP shifting from soil to boiler. In addition, the fossil fuel GWP decreases by 39% due to the use of only 86% of the initial planting area. These results highlight the fact that removing straw to use as extra biomass for electricity is associated with a consequent higher sugarcane yield with an overall higher environmental performance and efficiency when using the captured carbon to produce the same functional unit or the combined ethanol and electricity technological products. In the SA scenario, the GWP is directly correlated with the imposed ±10% variation in the sugar that is transformed into ethanol. In the 2G scenario, the GWP results show that second-generation bioenergy must optimize the amount of straw. The other categories show similar qualitative variations among the scenarios, which are related to fossil and mineral reserve processing or to additional boiler emissions. (Resume d'auteur)

World carbon emissions inch upward in 2017, ending hiatus

Analysts warn that more urgent national reductions are needed to turn the greenhouse gas output curve downward.

In this issue of Weather

This November 2017 issue focusses on climatic change. It coincides with the meetings of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference Of Parties (COP23) to be held in Bonn, Germany between 6 and 17 November.We have included five papers which cover different aspects of the climate issue.In ‘Recent United Kingdom and global temperature variations’ on p. 323, Tim Osborne, Phil Jones and Manoj Joshi review global and UK temperature trends, setting the UK climate and its recent trends in the context of world climate, laying out the uncertainties that climatologists must grapple with, as well as showing that human influence is the main factor in long‐term changes of climate.Have you ever wondered how nations approach the need to negotiate changes in human activity resulting from the evidence that we are changing global climate? Well, David Warrilow reviews the use of scientific evidence in the development of the international response to climate change on p. 330 in ‘Science and the international climate negotiations’.On p. 340, Jason Lowe, Nigel Arnell, Rachel Warren, Ajay Gambhir, Dan Bernie and Erica Thompson discuss the impacts of different levels of warming and how warming might be limited through programmes to limit the output of greenhouse gases in ‘Avoiding dangerous climate: results from the AVOID2 programme’.Our fourth main paper asks ‘Can Arctic warming influence UK extreme weather?’ Edward Hanna, Richard Hall and James Overland consider the possible links between the loss of Arctic sea ice and extreme weather over the UK on p. 346.On page 353, Emily Shuckburgh, Dann Mitchell and Peter Stott provide a short review paper, ‘Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria: how natural were these ‘natural disasters’?’ on the formation and effects of the hurricanes that affected many areas surrounding the Caribbean Sea last September.Earlier this year, the Royal Meteorological Society issued a Collective Global Climate Statement supported by a coalition of 33 meteorological and climate societies across the world. This acknowledges the overwhelming scientific evidence that our planet is warming, largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities and calls for prompt, sustained, global, collaborative, evidence‐based action to avoid the largest impacts of climate change. This evidence shows that there is a proportional relationship between greenhouse gas concentrations and temperature, so that as greenhouse gases increase in our atmosphere, temperatures – and the related effects of higher temperatures – increase.’This month’s issue is the result of a decision by the Society to enhance its activities on climate change whilst maintaining its core interest in weather.

China is a Key to Mitigate Global Climate Change

This paper attempts to discuss China’s response on the global climate change. China, well known as the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the largest energy consumer and the second largest economy in the world, contributes for a third of the planet’s greenhouse gas output and has one of the world’s most polluted cities that surpassed United States and India. China’s economy growth has changed its perception on how they should cultivate their land, water, and natural resources. This economic expansion which is driven by fossil fuels, has led to dramatic increases in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The world concerns on environmental problems in China because it influences the world whether pattern, it effects human life and it influences global community market. Keywords: Greenhouse Gases, Environmental Problems, Economy Growth

An inter-regional assessment of concentrations and δ13C values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon in small European lakes

Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide emissions from lakes are relevant for assessing the greenhouse gas output of wetlands. However, only few standardized datasets describe concentrations of these gases in lakes across different geographical regions. We studied concentrations and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of CH4 and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in 32 small lakes from Finland, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland in late summer. Higher concentrations and δ13C values of DIC were observed in calcareous lakes than in lakes on non-calcareous areas. In stratified lakes, δ13C values of DIC were generally lower in the hypolimnion due to the degradation of organic matter (OM). Unexpectedly, increased δ13C values of DIC were registered above the sediment in several lakes. This may reflect carbonate dissolution in calcareous lakes or methanogenesis in deepwater layers or in the sediments. Surface water CH4 concentrations were generally higher in western and central European lakes than in Fennoscandian lakes, possibly due to higher CH4 production in the littoral sediments and lateral transport, whereas CH4 concentrations in the hypolimnion did not differ significantly between the regions. The δ13C values of CH4 in the sediment suggest that δ13C values of biogenic CH4 are not necessarily linked to δ13C values of sedimentary OM but may be strongly influenced by OM quality and methanogenic pathway. Our study suggests that CH4 and DIC cycling in small lakes differ between geographical regions and that this should be taken into account when regional studies on greenhouse gas emissions are upscaled to inter-regional scales.

Does certified organic farming reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production?

The increasing prevalence of ecologically sustainable products in consumer markets, such as organic produce, are generally assumed to curtail anthropogenic impacts on the environment. Here I intend to present an alternative perspective on sustainable production by interpreting the relationship between recent rises in organic agriculture and greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. I construct two time series fixed-effects panel regressions to estimate how increases in organic farmland impact greenhouse gas emissions derived from agricultural production. My analysis finds that the rise of certified organic production in the United States is not correlated with declines in greenhouse gas emissions derived specifically from agricultural production, and on the contrary is associated positively overall agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. To make sense of this finding, I embed my research within the conventionalization thesis. As a result I argue that the recent USDA certification of organic farming has generated a bifurcated organic market, where one form of organic farming works as a sustainable counterforce to conventional agriculture and the other works to increase the economic accessibility of organic farming through weakening practice standards most conducive to reducing agricultural greenhouse gas output. Additionally, I construct my own theoretical framework known as the displacement paradox to further interpret my findings.

Monitoring of Green Technology Using GTNet Membership and Published Information in Korea

Green technology refers to an optimal technology that saves energy/ resources overall, and minimizes greenhouse gas/waste output such as greenhouse gas output reduction technology, efficient energy usage technology clean production technology, clean energy technology, resource circulation, and eco-friendly technology. GTNet is a website that provides information about the green technologies to the world non-stop and it is operated under a membership system. GTNet members can select their fields of interest and the provided green technology information are categorized by its field of green technology and labeled by its unique code. We used the membership and published information on GTNet to perform a cluster analysis amongst green technologies and discovered which fields of green technology share a lot of similarity. Also, we have performed a cross analysis on the relationship between high subscribed technological fields and their investment strategies as well. As a result, we have discovered that there are 5 major CNM clusters in green technology and members expressed interest in different clusters based on their affiliations.

DEA모형을 이용한 지역별 친환경주택단지계획 요소에 따른 온실가스 감축 효율성 분석

본 연구는 주택단지계획에서 친환경적인 요소의 효율성분석에 관한 실증적 연구의 부족함을 인지하고 전국 시도별 주택단지를 대상으로 녹색건축설계요소와 정책의 투입에 따른 온실가스 저감량 산출의 효율성을 분석하여, 온실가스 배출 저감을 위한 주택단지의 설계요소 및 정책의 활성화 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 또한 지금까지 조직의 성과를 평가하는데 효과적인 기법으로 인정받고 있는 DEA의 모형을 전국 지역별 친환경주택단지 계획요소와 제도에 적용해 보았다. 연구의 결과, 16개의 지역별 친환경주택단지 CCR 효율성이 1인 지역은 5개로 서울특별시, 인천광역시, 울산광역시, 충청남도, 경상남도였고 나머지 11개의 지역은 비효율적인 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 각각의 비효율적 지역은 효율성 점수에 따라서 준거집단과의 비교를 통해 각 변수별로 달성해야 하는 비율, 측정량이 다르게 도출되었기 때문에 지역별 특성을 드러내어주고 있다. 둘째로, 건축적, 물리적 요인뿐만 아니라 제도적, 외부 환경적 요인 또한 친환경 건축의 온실가스 배출에 영향을 미치고 있으며, 가중치 점수 또한 높게 나왔다. 하지만 그 가중치 수치가 주택품질우수단지 비율에는 미치지 못하는 변수들이 다소 있었기 때문에 아직은 개별 건축물 위주의 평가가 중요하게 여겨진다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 향후 건축물 외에도 운영제도와 외부 환경적 요소에도 많은 관심을 기울여야 할 것을 시사해준다. This study which are recognized that the lack of empirical research about the efficiency of the elements of environmentally friendly housing development planned presented housing design elements and policies to revitalize for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by analyzing the effectiveness of reduction of greenhouse gas output. In addition, it used various models of DEA which are accepted until now effective technique to evaluate the performance of the organization. In conclusion, there are effective 5 regionals which are Seoul, Incheon, Ulsan, South Chungcheong Province, South Gyeongsang Province. other regionals was analyzed to be inefficient. The conclusion from this study are as follows: First, in case of 11 regionals which are analyzed to be inefficient, they have to difference plan elements to make up. So each region should establish strategy to complement vulnerability. Second, not only internal architectural factors but institutional, and external environmental factors also affect the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. And weighted scores also were moderately high. But levels of weighted scores still less than the ratio of Good quality housing. So it can be determined that evaluation of individual architecture still considered important. It need to pay more attention to the operating system and the external environmental factors.