Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) are crucial for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), minimizing nitrogen losses, and reducing environmental impacts in agriculture; however, their effectiveness under varying conditions remains unclear. A present meta-analysis assessed how NIs affect crop yields, nitrogen recovery efficiency (REN), soil ammonium (NH 4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 - -N), ammonia (NH 3 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, and the results revealed that NIs increase crop yield by an average of 4.7 % with Nitrapyrin, DCD, and DMPP showing specific yields increase of 6.11 %, 4.61 %, and 3.79 %, respectively. Yield increases are most significant with nitrogen rates below 250 kg ha -1 , while rates above this threshold lead to yield declines of 1.76 %. The application of NIs improved REN by 13.14 %, while soil NH 4 + -N levels increased by 42.04 % with the highest increase occurring at lower nitrogen application rates at < 150 kg ha -1 (83.49 %). NIs also reduced soil NO 3 - -N levels by 24.65 % with DCD showing the greatest reduction at -28.17 %, while DMPP had the smallest reduction at -20.04%. the study also revealed cumulative NH 3 volatilization increased by 12.06 %. Among them, DCD and DMPP caused minor increases of 8.52 % and 8.13 %, respectively, while nitrapyrin had little effect, resulting in a 23.42 %. NIs also significantly lowered cumulative N 2 O emissions by 47.39 % relative to the control. Overall, NIs help regulate soil nitrogen levels and mitigate greenhouse gases by slowing nitrification. Their effectiveness may vary based on factors like soil type and management practices, highlighting the need for further research to optimize their use in sustainable nitrogen management strategies. • •Meta-analysis synthesized recent field studies on nitrification inhibitor effects. • •Nitrification inhibitors significantly increased crop yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (REN), and soil ammonium • •Application reduced N 2 O emissions and nitrate leaching under field conditions. • •NIs help regulate soil nitrogen levels and mitigate greenhouse gases by slowing nitrification

Sustainable outlook for greenhouse gas mitigation via thermal and photocatalytic CH4-CO2 reforming: A review on catalysis and surface chemistry

Novel pilot-scale advanced liquefaction-anaerobic digestion (ALAD) process for food waste to biogas conversion.

Smart agriculture for greenhouse gas mitigation: Integrating digital tools, engineering metrics, and policy instruments— A review

Leveraging renewable energy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in Iran

This paper presents the development of an Artificial Intelligence AI enabled Internet of Things IoT framework for methane emission monitoring and prediction in sustainable ruminant farming. Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and a major environmental concern in sustainable agriculture. Conventional methods for measuring and controlling these emissions are manual, time-consuming, and lack predictive intelligence, thereby limiting farmers ability to make timely, data-driven decisions. This paper addresses these challenges by integrating IoT-based sensing and AI-driven predictive analytics to enable real-time data acquisition, intelligent forecasting, and emission control for livestock management. The IoT subsystem, designed and simulated in Proteus, comprises a methane gas sensor, an ATmega328P microcontroller, an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, and a cloud-based Blynk dashboard. Simulation results confirmed stable data transmission, accurate methane detection across varying concentrations, and real-time visualization on a mobile interface. The AI component utilized a comprehensive dataset of feed composition, animal weight, and environmental variables collected from ruminant farms across South–South Nigeria. Three supervised learning algorithms, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Artificial Neural Network ANN, were retrained and evaluated using performance metrics such as Mean Absolute Error MAE and Root Mean Squared Error RMSE. The Random Forest model outperformed the others with MAE 1.52, RMSE 2.21, and predictive accuracy of 93 percent. The integrated AI–IoT system demonstrates the ability to monitor methane emissions continuously, predict future trends, and generate actionable insights to optimise feed strategies and livestock performance. This hybrid approach contributes to greenhouse gas mitigation, precision livestock management, and environmental sustainability in modern agriculture.

As carbon dioxide (CO2) injection plays an increasingly important role in greenhouse gas mitigation and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a fundamental understanding of CO2-oil interfacial dynamics is essential for optimizing miscibility and displacement efficiency. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations (MD) are employed to systematically investigate interfacial evolution in CO2-alkane systems, with particular emphasis on the effects of pressure, temperature, and alkane chain length, among which chain length exerts the most pronounced influence on interfacial behavior. Results show that increasing pressure significantly enhances interfacial mass transfer and reduces the density of the alkane bulk phase, whereas increasing temperature promotes CO2 escape from the oil phase, leading to a corresponding density increase under constant-pressure conditions. Compared with short-chain alkanes, long-chain alkanes exhibit weaker pressure sensitivity and narrower interfacial characteristic lengths, which are primarily attributed to their more ordered molecular structures and tighter packing. These structural features effectively suppress CO2 dissolution, resulting in lower solubility and reduced oil swelling capacity. The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is determined using the vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) method. The results reveal that long-chain alkanes possess lower configurational entropy and higher interfacial stability, which increases resistance to CO2-oil miscibility and fundamentally accounts for the observed increase in MMP with alkane chain length. Overall, this work provides molecular-level insights into the interfacial evolution and miscibility mechanisms of CO2-oil systems, offering valuable theoretical guidance for optimizing CO2 injection pressure and composition-dependent strategies in EOR applications.

ABSTRACT Farmers' adoption of climate change mitigation practices is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from food production. One major source of these emissions is chemical fertilizer application. Introducing clover into grassland can mitigate emissions by reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. In this study, we conduct an information experiment with over 300 Irish dairy farmers to examine how information impacts their beliefs about clover adoption, and how this in turn influences subsequent intentions. Methodologically, we contribute to the literature by combining qualitative (i.e., open‐ended questions) and quantitative (i.e., point estimates) belief elicitation measures in our experimental design. This approach provides more detailed insights into farmers' beliefs, as it captures top‐of‐mind concerns without priming responses. Our qualitative belief elicitation reveals that after exposure to the information treatments, while most farmers did not change their opinions, some shifted from concerns such as ‘ bloat ’ and ‘ difficult ’ to terms like ‘ reduction ’ and ‘ possible ’. Our quantitative measures show that farmers underestimated clover's potential to reduce chemical fertilizer use. This finding is key for policymakers, as similar underestimations may apply to other GHG mitigation practices. Importantly, we provide causal evidence that information could reduce misperceptions. This highlights the need for strategies that positively shift beliefs to encourage more widespread uptake of climate change mitigation practices. Nonetheless, there was no meaningful impact of the updated beliefs on intentions, which underlines the complexity of adoption decisions.

Due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, aquatic and semi-aquatic plant species are seriously threatened by climate change. This study evaluated how Marsilea minuta L., a small aquatic fern found in tropical and subtropical wetlands, would be affected by climate change across geographic regions. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) was used to simulate species distributions using 963 spatially filtered occurrence records and five bioclimatic variables (BIO1, BIO2, BIO6, BIO12, and BIO13), selected after a thorough multicollinearity analysis. The BCC-CSM1.1 general circulation model was used to anticipate future climate scenarios for 2050 and 2070 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5. The model showed outstanding prediction ability (AUC = 0.91, TSS = 0.71). According to current distribution modeling, M. minuta has a limited climatic niche that is focused between 30°N and 30°S, with South Asia, Southeast Asia, and equatorial Africa providing the best habitat. The most significant predictor was found to be the annual mean temperature, which was followed by precipitation variables and the lowest temperature of the coldest month. With net habitat losses ranging from 7.3% under RCP 2.6 (2050) to 17.2% under RCP 8.5 (2070), future predictions showed progressive range contractions across all scenarios. The gains were limited to isolated areas at higher latitudes, whereas habitat losses were concentrated at range edges. According to limiting factor analysis, the minimum temperature of the coldest month limited 28.3% of areas, mostly at higher latitudes, whereas annual precipitation limited dispersion throughout 34.7% of the investigated areas. The Congo Basin and South Asia were found to be possible climate refugia that might sustain stable, favorable conditions in a variety of scenarios. According to response curve analysis, ideal conditions include low diurnal temperature ranges, frost-free winters, high wet-season precipitation surpassing 1200mm, and an annual mean temperature of 20-25°C. These findings emphasize M. minuta susceptibility to climate change and the necessity of proactive conservation measures, such as safeguarding recognized refugia. Improvement of wetland connectivity and incorporation of climate factors into more comprehensive wetland management initiatives. Because losses under high-emission scenarios significantly outweighed those under strict mitigation paths, the projected range reductions highlight the crucial relevance of greenhouse gas mitigation in limiting biodiversity consequences.

The substantial risks posed to Venice and its lagoon by ongoing and projected sea-level rise (SLR) require unprecedented long-term adaptation strategies. We map the evolution of development pathways and the progressive shrinking of the solution space as SLR advances, identifying adaptation tipping points and analysing the relative pros and cons of alternative measures. The analysis highlights trade-offs among environmental quality, heritage preservation, social well-being and relevant Sustainable Development Goals, and costs increasing with SLR. With present insufficient greenhouse gas mitigation policies, the current open lagoon strategy, with mobile barriers and multiple accommodation measures, is likely to encounter hard limits within the current century. Follow-up strategies include ring-dikes isolating the city from the rest of the lagoon, or a closed lagoon with permanent coastal dams, each preserving different combinations of values while entailing major ecological and socio-cultural transitions. Under extreme SLR, relocation of monuments to suitable inland areas and abandonment would be the only remaining strategy, which might become unavoidable in the 22nd century under current climate policies and an Antarctic ice-sheet collapse. Rapid mitigation could still avoid the most disruptive long-term outcomes.

Intensive nitrogen (N) fertilization in Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J.Houz. forests increases productivity but also accelerates nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, posing a challenge to balancing forest yield with environmental sustainability. Silicon (Si), a beneficial element for bamboo, has emerged as a potential regulator of soil nitrogen (N) cycling, but its role in controlling N2O emissions in forest ecosystems is not fully understood. In this study, we conducted a factorial pot experiment using P. edulis forest soil, with data collected over two years, but only the second-year results were analyzed, with controlled N (0, 80, and 160 mg kg−1) and Si (0, 25, and 50 mg kg−1) additions. The experiment lasted two years, but only the second-year data were used for analysis. We investigated how Si affected soil inorganic N dynamics, enzyme activities, plant growth, and cumulative N2O emissions. Si addition significantly reduced N-induced N2O emissions by up to 53%, with the strongest mitigation observed under moderate N input (p &lt; 0.05, two-way ANOVA). This effect was associated with lower activities of AMO, NaR, and NiR, together with reduced availability of oxidized N substrates, indicating that Si mitigated N2O emissions mainly by constraining upstream N transformation processes rather than by directly suppressing N2O fluxes. Si addition also tended to promote plant biomass accumulation. These findings suggest that integrating Si fertilization into bamboo forest management may help improve nutrient use efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

The development of bioenergy crops on saline–alkaline land has been recognized as a potential pathway for both land restoration and combating global warming. However, the role of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under such conditions remains insufficiently quantified in long-term assessments. In this study, an exploratory assessment was conducted to evaluate the long-term soil carbon sequestration (SCS) potential and life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) produced from Arundo donax in the Bohai Rim region of China. The CENTURY model was integrated with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) time series forecasting to simulate SOC dynamics under future climate scenarios (2024–2035). Compared with the original CENTURY simulation, the LSTM model yielded a substantially more conservative estimate of SOC accumulation, with an Ensemble Mean SCS rate of 0.032 t C/ha/a and a 95% confidence interval ranging from −0.079 to 0.143 t C/ha/a. This result indicates a positive regional average tendency toward soil carbon sequestration, while also suggesting that some locations may behave as carbon sources under less favorable climatic conditions. The total SCS potential across the study area was estimated at 0.615 Tg C. When these soil carbon benefits were incorporated into the life-cycle assessment of Fischer–Tropsch (F-T) SAF, the pathway could become potentially net-negative under the adopted assumptions, reaching −32.1 g CO2e/MJ, which corresponds to a potential reduction of 136.1% relative to fossil aviation fuel. These results should be interpreted as exploratory and scenario-based, given that large-scale cultivation of Arundo donax has not yet been established in the Bohai Rim region and the assessment therefore relies on assumptions. Beyond GHG mitigation, the cultivation of Arundo donax on degraded saline–alkaline soils may also have potential relevance to broader sustainability objectives, including SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land). These findings highlight the possible synergies among energy crop cultivation, soil restoration, and climate neutrality goals, and provide preliminary insights for integrating marginal land utilization into sustainable land management and low-carbon aviation strategies.

Global agriculture generates more than 5 billion tonnes of post-harvest crop residues each year, most of which remain unused for energy production. Within the broader landscape of advanced biomass and waste conversion technologies (thermochemical and biochemical pathways), producing biomethane from agricultural residues represents a complementary waste-to-energy route that converts decentralized feedstock into a standardized energy carrier. Mobilizing this agro-biomass for biogas/biomethane production via the anaerobic digestion of crop residues offers a promising instrument for decarbonizing agriculture, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and advancing a circular bioeconomy. This study provides a techno-economic, environmental, and market assessment of biomethane production from post-harvest residues—specifically wheat and barley straw and maize stover—in Ukraine. We estimate the feedstock potential of crop residues and substantiate environmentally permissible removal levels accounting for soil organic matter requirements; we also characterize the role of digestate and biochar amendments in improving soil fertility, increasing mineral nitrogen availability, and enhancing crop yields. The results indicate substantial greenhouse gas mitigation potential relative to fossil natural gas. Practical recommendations are proposed to scale biomethane production from crop residues as part of Ukraine’s agricultural sustainability strategy. Under current cost and policy assumptions, many biomethane projects in Ukraine approach commercial viability, particularly in regions where damaged gas infrastructure creates local demand for a decentralized gas supply. The paper evaluates market assessment and investment feasibility of crop-residue biomethane scenarios under cost, regulatory, and infrastructure constraints. Overall, the findings suggest that agricultural residues can serve as a key feedstock for decarbonizing agriculture and biomethane-based energy systems in Ukraine.

Global warming is causing climate change (CC) characterized by increased frequency of heatwaves, droughts, erratic rains, hailstorms, cloudbursts, floods, landslides etc. The CC has already adversely affected ecosystems. In spite of efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, which lead to warming, the global temperature during 2011-2020 was 1.1C above that during pre-industrial era. The projections are that warming will continue to increase and adverse effects will intensify particularly in developing countries like India. In India a number of studies have recorded wide spatial variability in rainfall, though, many reported a general overall negative trend since mid-20th century. Further, varying pattern of rainfall has been recorded in three agroclimatic regions of Punjab state, the granary of India. Unseasonal rains followed by spiked temperature during rabi 2021-22 reduced wheat yield In Punjab by 651 kg/ha and by 301 kg/ha in Haryana compared to 2020-21. Further, the grain was of lower quality. During kharif 2022, Southern Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus, appeared for the first time in Punjab and Haryana. Some farmers ploughed the affected fields. Adverse weather during rabi 2022-23 also, reduced wheat yield (143-150 kg/ha) in these states. At the national level, erratic weather during rabi 2021-22 and kharif 2022 caused loss about 3 mt of grain of each of wheat and rice. The projected increased adverse effects due to intensified CC include food insecurity. Thus, there is an emergent need to accelerate implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture. Conservation agriculture conserves land and water resources, environment and biodiversity, reduces heat and drought stresses, captures carbon and improves soil health. The adaptation options include cultivar improvement, altering growing seasons, crop diversification, and sustainable soil and water resource management. In the process of adaptive management of crop production, adjusting sowing dates and breeding cultivars having varying duration in consonance with CC has been one of the central aspects. Shifting sowing dates to find appropriate crop cultivation season is a low-cost measure. However, cultivar development is time and resource consuming. Novel biotechnological tools enable fast cultivar development with precision, and facilitate mobilization of genes in wild-weedy relatives, which are rich in genes conferring resistance/tolerance to biotic and biotic stresses, required to combat CC challenge. In view of CC stress on water resources, improving water use efficiency has gained importance. Sensor-based micro-irrigation/fertigation has great potential to enhance water and fertilizer use efficiency. Similarly, the application of other smart technologies like nanotechnology, sensor-based pesticide application, bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides, need to be mobilised. In view of agro-ecological diversity in India, right-sized region-specific technology packages have to be developed implying that crop research will expand exponentially. This needs strengthening of human resources and institutional infrastructure, expanding and linking basic and applied researches, and fortifying inter-disciplinary/inter-institutional collaborations to develop and diffuse technology innovations. Enabling factors include enhanced funding and international cooperation. All out efforts are needed to have more climate-resilient agriculture.

As governments, corporations, and other organizations around the world continue to set and work toward greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation goals, carbon markets will play an increasingly important role. Specifically, the voluntary carbon market (VCM) is poised to grow as corporations use carbon credits to offset their emissions and make claims of carbon neutrality. However, there is debate regarding best practices for claiming mitigation outcomes tied to VCM credits. One side argues that any carbon credit needs to be coupled with a corresponding adjustment, which functions to ensure the mitigation outcome is only accounted for by the carbon credit claimant. The other side argues that the practice of double claiming should be allowed when carbon credit project developers and claimants are different reporting entities, such as corporations and governments. This paper contributes to this debate by considering the potential for municipalities to develop carbon credit projects and raise money for local GHG reduction efforts. Many municipalities around the world have already developed climate action plans which identify locally relevant GHG reduction measures; however, there are few examples of municipalities leveraging the VCM as a climate finance mechanism. Here, an illustrative example with the City of Flagstaff, AZ demonstrates how the practice of double claiming mitigation outcomes can enable the transfer of climate finance from corporations with GHG reduction targets to municipalities with underfunded climate action plans.

Rhizosphere iron plaque (IP), a naturally formed Fe-oxyhydroxide layer on plant roots, is now recognized as a nanoengineerable interface. Recent advances in understanding the physicochemical and biological processes of IP formation enable deliberate regulation of the root-soil interface and inspire nanoenabled strategies for agricultural and climate challenges. This review synthesizes insights into IP dynamics to inform the rational design of nanoenabled approaches that mimic, reinforce, or modulate these natural architectures. We discuss the multifaceted roles of IP in driving iron redox reactions, strengthening plant-microbe symbioses, and regulating C/N biogeochemical cycles─key processes that collectively contribute to crop productivity, soil remediation, and greenhouse-gas mitigation. We further illustrate how nanoenabled IP formation can overcome the hydrological and species-dependent constraints of conventional IP, extending its applicability from flooded paddies to nonflooded conditions. Finally, a research roadmap is proposed for advancing nanobiogeo interface engineering, driving innovations in nanoagroecology and promoting the transition to climate-friendly agroecosystems.

Meeting global climate targets and sustainable energy demands requires carbon‐neutral fuels and innovative conversion pathways. Solar fuels via methane valorization offer a promising approach by harnessing concentrated solar energy to convert abundant methane resources (e.g., natural gas or biogas) into clean hydrogen and synthetic fuels, effectively storing solar energy in chemical bonds while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This review article provides a comprehensive assessment of solar‐driven thermochemical methane conversion pathways including solar reforming, methane pyrolysis, and chemical looping. It introduces a unified performance benchmarking framework, establishing consistent metrics for efficiency, conversion, and yield to enable fair cross‐comparison of these diverse pathways. Furthermore, techno‐economic analysis and life‐cycle assessment are integrated, offering a holistic evaluation of each pathway's practical viability and environmental impact. By bridging fundamental solar‐thermal reactor performance with economic and environmental perspectives, the review highlights key trade‐offs and opportunities, guiding the development of scalable solar fuel technologies for a carbon‐neutral future.

Maritime transport is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and ports play a critical role in shaping regional and national decarbonization pathways. This study develops a comprehensive framework to quantify both offshore and onshore GHG emissions associated with port activities and applies it to the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (VFPA), the largest maritime gateway of Canada. Using the port area ship emission model, fuel emission factors, life cycle assessment (LCA), and scenario forecasting, the analysis integrates emissions from ocean-going vessels, port authority operations, and non-port authority transport activities from 2020 to 2024 and extends forecasting for 2030 and 2050. Results show that total annual emissions from 2020 to 2024 ranged from 899 to 1,012 kilotonnes of CO₂e, with offshore maritime activity consistently accounting for over 50% of total emissions. Shore power expansion reduced offshore emissions by 20.1% between 2021 and 2022. Three emission scenarios for 2030 and 2050 demonstrate that aggressive adoption of renewable biodiesel, vessel speed reduction, and electrification operations can decrease total emissions by up to 86% by 2050 relative to 2024 levels. The findings highlight the critical role of fuel transitions, port electrification, and policy-supported incentives in accelerating decarbonization. The framework provides a replicable methodological basis for global port emission mitigation planning.

Conservation Agriculture (CA) is pivotal to achieve sustainable intensification, yet the global efficacy of its core practice, conservation tillage (CT), remains debated regarding the trade-offs between crop productivity and ecosystem services across diverse environmental contexts. Here, we conducted a second-order meta-analysis, synthesizing 69 published meta-analyses, to elucidate the context-dependent drivers regulating the "win-win" outcomes of CT. Globally, CT reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 5%, increased soil organic carbon sequestration by 21%, increased soil fertility by 11%, and reduced soil erosion by 12%, all while maintaining crop yields comparable to conventional tillage. However, CT can also emerge as a partial trade-off between crop yields and ecosystem services, notably between crop yield and GHG mitigation. These trade-offs were strongly regulated by climatic and edaphic conditions as well as management intensity. For instance, strong synergies between crop productivity and multiple ecosystem services were more pronounced in (semi-)arid regions characterized by low temperatures and low precipitation, as well as in coarse-textured alkaline soils. Furthermore, integrating CT with residue retention and crop rotations maximized these synergies, mitigating potential yield penalties. Collectively, our synthesis demonstrates that context-specific refinement of CT implementation is essential to reconcile agricultural productivity with ecosystem services, thereby advancing climate-resilient agricultural systems globally.

Seasonal temperature rise influences nitrous oxide and methane accumulation in freshwater habitats via distinctive microbial processes.