Monitoring Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Complete long-term monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions from a full-scale industrial wastewater treatment plant with different cover configurations

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), consisting mainly of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have been constantly increasing and become a non-negligible contributor towards carbon neutrality. The precise evaluation of plant-specific GHG emissions, however, remains challenging. The current assessment approach is based on the product of influent load and emission factor (EF), of which the latter is quite often a single value with huge uncertainty. In particular, the latest default Tier 1 value of N2O EF, 0.016 ± 0.012 kgN2O–N kgTN−1, is estimated based on the measurement of 30 municipal WWTPs only, without involving any industrial wastewater. Therefore, to resolve the pattern of GHG emissions from industrial WWTPs, this work conducted a 14-month monitoring campaign covering all the process units at a full-scale industrial WWTP in Shanghai, China. The total CH4 and N2O emissions from the whole plant were, on average, 447.7 ± 224.5 kgCO2-eq d−1 and 1605.3 ± 2491.0 kgCO2-eq d−1, respectively, exhibiting a 5.2- or 3.9-times more significant deviation than the influent loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD) or total nitrogen (TN). The resulting EFs, 0.00072 kgCH4 kgCOD−1 and 0.00211 kgN2O–N kgTN−1, were just 0.36% of the IPCC recommended value for CH4, and 13.2% for N2O. Besides, the parallel anoxic-oxic (A/O) lines of this industrial WWTP were covered in two configurations, allowing the comparison of GHG emissions from different odor control setup. Unit-specific analysis showed that the replacement of enclosed A/open O with enclosed A/O reduced the CH4 EF by three times, from 0.00159 to 0.00051 kgCH4 kgCOD−1, and dramatically decreased the N2O EF by an order of magnitude, from 0.00376 to 0.00032 kgN2O–N kgTN−1, which was among the lowest of all full-scale WWTPs.

Strategies for Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources for Koreaʼs Major Battery Producers (LG Energy Solution, Samsung SDI, SK On)

The proliferation of global regulations concerning sustainability and environmental protection poses a significant challenge to maintaining corporate sustainability. Consequently, companies must strategically respond to navigate these regulations in their management plans. The objective of this research was to analyze how Korean companies(LG Energy Solution, Samsung SDI, SK On) are responding to sustainable mining and procurement and how they adopt environmentally friendly practices in their mineral supply chain for battery manufacturing. We also proposed new actions to enhance their management strategies for sustainable mineral resource management. Our observations indicated that companies should implement a long-term performance measurement throughout their mineral supply chain. Additionally, there is an urgent need to develop a more proactive environmental management plan when evaluating suppliers from mineral extraction to utilization, adhering to global guidelines such as OECD regulation. In addition to the widely adopted monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, priority assessments must be undertaken concerning soil and water pollution, waste management, and biodiversity loss within the supply chain linked with climate change under the nature-positive concept. We recommended the establishment of a recycling system for battery waste(i.e., minerals), which is essential for a resilient battery supply chain.

In Situ All-Fiber Remote Gas Sensing Strategy Based on Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fiber and Middle-Hole Eccentric-Core Fiber

Laser absorption spectroscopy for gas sensing basically employs an air pump located at the gas cell probe to draw in ambient gases, and the on-site gas sample is subsequently delivered for laboratory non-real-time analysis. In this study, an in situ all-fiber remote gas sensing strategy is proposed. The anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) is used as the sensing fiber, and a 20 m middle-hole eccentric-core fiber (MH-ECF) is used as the conducting fiber. The remote ambient gases can be inhaled into the AR-HCF as a result of the negative pressure transmitted through the MH-ECF when pumping gas at the interface of the MH-ECF. Since the real-time monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions in industrial processes holds immense significance in addressing global climate change, the detection of CO2 is achieved with the TDLAS-WMS method, and the gas sensing performance of an all-fiber remote gas sensing structure (RGS) is experimentally validated. The response time t90 under the pumping condition is about 456 s, which is about 30 times faster than that of free diffusion. Allan deviation results for more than one hour of continuous monitoring indicate that the lowest detection limit for the all-fiber RGS is 0.0373% when the integration time is 184 s. The all-fiber remote gas sensing strategy also possesses the benefits of being applicable to multiplex, hazardous gas environment passive monitoring.

Analysis of the dynamics and structure of greenhouse gas emissions in Russian agriculture

The problem of assessing the carbon footprint in the economy has recently received much attention in many countries around the world, including Russia. Given the importance of the problem of climate change, the urgent task is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve international climate goals outlined by the Paris Climate Agreement and the Strategy for the socio-economic development of a country with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050.Currently, the main global trend in the development of economic sectors is the implementation of ESG principles and a focus on the use of energy-saving technologies, therefore, special attention in all sectors of the economy is paid to the issues of accounting for greenhouse gas emissions and assessing their impact on climate change. Accounting, monitoring and justification of directions for reducing the carbon footprint is also an important task in the context of the formation of the Green Economy. Agriculture is in third place in terms of emissions after energy sector and industry sector. Regular monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions by source is necessary to effectively address the emissions problem and develop cost-effective public policy measures to ensure sustainable agricultural development and develop export potential.The purpose of the study is a comprehensive study of the volumes and sources of greenhouse gas emissions, the role of agriculture in the formation of the carbon footprint. The study examines in detail the volume and structure of greenhouse gas emissions in long-term dynamics for 1990–2022. The use of a number of statistical methods made it possible to establish a reduction in emissions in the agricultural sector, which is explained by a sharp reduction in resource potential and the increased use of resource-saving technologies in recent years.

Synergies from off-gas analysis and mass balances for wastewater treatment — Some personal reflections on our experiences

Looking back at over a decade of research by herself and her group, the author advocates the added value of gas phase measurements and the application of mass balances, as well as the synergetic benefits obtained when combining both. The increased application of off-gas measurements for greenhouse gas emission monitoring offers a great opportunity to look at other components in the gas phase, particularly oxygen. Mass balances should not be strictly reserved for modellers but also prove useful while conducting lab experiments and studying full-scale measurement data. Combining off-gas measurements with mass balances may serve not only to quantify greenhouse gas emission factors and aeration efficiency but also to follow dynamic concentration profiles of dissolved components without dedicated sensors and/or to calculate other unmeasured variables. Mass-balance-based data reconciliation allows for obtaining reliable and accurate data, and even more when combined with off-gas analysis.

Comparison of Recursive Feature Elimination and Boruta as Feature Selection in Greenhouse Gas Emission Data Classification

Classification analysis is a supervised learning method that can be utilized to categorize levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Regular monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions is essential for relevant agencies to devise prevention and mitigation programs that address climate change. In classification analysis, enhancing model performance is correlated with the number of features or variables utilized, thus necessitating feature selection in its application. This study compares feature selection methods for classifying greenhouse gas emission levels, specifically wrapper feature selection, recursive feature elimination, and boruta. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is employed to evaluate classification performance, focusing on binary classification into "high" and "low" categories in this study. The results indicate that classification performance improves with feature selection and recursive feature elimination compared to scenarios without feature selection or with Borutafeature selection. By employing three out of the thirty-nine features, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 98.95%, 99%, and 97% were achieved, respectively.

Design and Implementation of IoT-Enabled Device for Real-Time Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Pressure in Anaerobic Reactors

Design and Implementation of IoT-Enabled Device for Real-Time Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Pressure in Anaerobic Reactors

Analysis of the current state of the issue of greenhouse gas emission monitoring

The question of the theory of global warming is being raised more and more every year. There are disputes, dialogues, and various conferences on this problem. Carbon grounds are being created everywhere for research. The world community is increasingly asking questions about decarbonization and carbon trace compensation, but the main problem is that there is no unified standardized methodology for accounting of production and absorption of carbon dioxide, there is no comprehensive monitoring system approved that allows us to receive real-time data from large territories at present. This review article examines the purpose of carbon grounds, the impact of greenhouse gases, the concept of a carbon trace, the goals of decarbonization and the existing monitoring problems. The actively used environmental monitoring posts are considered, and it is also proposed to supplement the existing list of posts with a mobile flying post (using an unmanned aerial vehicle). The planned structure of the information collection system and the block diagram of the unmanned aerial module are proposed. The article also notes that the more reliable the initial data will be in the calculation and forecasting, the more accurate the final result will be. Further necessary improvement of accuracy is possible only thanks to a deep integrated approach to monitoring the absorption and emission of greenhouse gases.

Discriminative Analysis of NOx Gases by Two-Dimensional Violet Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors.

Two-dimensional violet phosphorus (VP) has emerged as a new sensing material in various sensing applications due to its unique electrical properties and high stability among allotropes of phosphorus. Currently, the research of the VP-based analysis method is at the early stage. In this work, a VP nanosheet-based field-effect transistor (FET) sensor is reported for the detection of NO2 and N2O gases with extraordinary sensing performance. This sensor can achieve excellent sensitivity of up to ∼50% current change/ppm and a low detection limit of 5.9 ppb and enables the NO2 analysis in various mixed gases. Moreover, this sensor can effectively distinguish between NO2 and N2O gases, which is a big challenge for current FET or chemiresistor gas sensors. The different sensing behaviors of the VP sensor to NO2 and N2O gases have been investigated, and the mechanism study shows that the adsorption energy, bond length of the gas molecule on the VP surface, and the decomposition of N2O led to the differential responses. This work is one of the pioneer studies of VP gas sensors and presents a new sensing method for the discriminative analysis of NO2 and N2O for greenhouse gas emission monitoring and air quality control.

Monitoring greenhouse gas emissions at the WAY CARBON carbonic polygon through regenerative animal husbandry

Aim. To monitor the flows of climatically active gases at the carboxylic range of the A.A. Kadyrov Chechen State University through regenerative animal husbandry.Material and Methods. We have been studying the territory of the northern slope of the Khoysko-Makozhoy depression allocated for pasture areas from April 2022 to the present. Reconnaissance and field studies were carried out, data were collected and processed in key areas to assess the seasonal dynamics of CO2 emissions, temperature and soil moisture in key areas. Information that is freely available on the Internet was used.Results. The article describes the territory of the carbon polygon, which is 1054 hectares in extent at the time of writing. The territory is divided into sections: reference, moderate and intensive grazing (ET, UM, IN - respectively). Experimental data were obtained from landfill sites; the main greenhouse gases, soil temperature and moisture, microbiological and chemical analyzes of the soil.Conclusions. The studies initiated in 2022 have made it possible to develop methodological foundations for systemic conjugate monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions at a carbon landfill using regenerative animal husbandry.

Carbon capture in blue hydrogen production is not where it is supposed to be - Evaluating the gap between practical experience and literature estimates

Blue hydrogen from natural gas reforming coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is seen as one potential low-emission hydrogen production pathway. Diverging life cycle assessments (LCA) on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of blue hydrogen, however, make its contribution in a future carbon-neutral energy system uncertain. Our objective is to determine how the technical performance of carbon capture (capture rate and energy consumption) in hydrogen production is depicted in literature and how it compares to blue hydrogen plants in practice, thereby gaining insights on how CCS influences the ambiguity around blue hydrogen's decarbonization potential. We first review the recent blue hydrogen LCA literature with a focus on the carbon capture technology. Our results show that energy consumption and sources, as well as the capture rate of CCS differ in the studies, with substantial impact on GHG emissions. We then compare literature results to existing and planned blue hydrogen production plants. None of the existing plants with CCS has the identified process configuration necessary to comply with the European GHG emissions threshold for renewable fuels (28.2 g CO2-eq./MJ H2). Due to non-harmonized assumptions hampering direct comparisons of GHG footprints, we conduct a German case study with harmonized data. It illustrates the impact of the energy balance and its links with upstream supply chains using practice conditions in the near future. Again, most of the evaluated supply chain and process configurations exceed the European GHG emissions threshold. From that we conclude that blue hydrogen's decarbonization potential in the short to medium term is most likely more limited than announced capture rates suggest. Hence, we recommend to establish policies for tracking the decarbonization of upstream and downstream supply chain elements in hydrogen project development, as well as to set regulations for accounting and monitoring of GHG emissions over the entire supply chain.

Building a bridge: characterizing major anthropogenic point sources in the South African Highveld region using OCO-3 carbon dioxide snapshot area maps and Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI nitrogen dioxide columns

In this paper, we characterize major anthropogenic point sources in the South African Highveld region using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) Snapshot Area Map (SAM) carbon dioxide (CO2) and Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observations. Altogether we analyze six OCO-3 SAMs. We estimate the emissions of six power stations (Kendal, Kriel, Matla, Majuba, Tutuka and Grootvlei) and the largest single emitter of greenhouse gas (GHG) in the world, Secunda CTL synthetic fuel plant. We apply the cross-sectional flux method for the emission estimation and we extend the method to fit several plumes at the same time. Overall, the satellite-based emission estimates are in good agreement (within the uncertainties) as compared to emission inventories, even for the cases where several plumes are mixed. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of the current measurement systems for GHG emission monitoring and reporting, and the applicability of different emission estimation approaches to future satellite missions such as the Copernicus CO2 Monitoring Mission (CO2M) and the Global Observing SATellite for GHGs and Water cycle (GOSAT-GW), including the joint analysis of CO2 and NO2 observations.

Single-Frequency Impedance Studies on an Ionic Liquid-Based Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensor toward Continuous Low-Temperature CO2 Monitoring

Continuous greenhouse gas monitoring at sub-zero temperatures is needed for monitoring greenhouse gas emission in cold environments such as the Arctic tundra. This work reports a single-frequency electrochemical impedance sensing (SF-EIS) method for real-time continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) at a wide range of temperatures (-15 to 40 °C) by using robust ionic liquid (IL) sensing materials and noninvasive, low-power, and low-cost impedance readout mechanisms since they cause minimal changes in the sensing interface, avoiding the baseline change for long-term continuous sensing. In addition, a miniaturized planar electrochemical sensor was fabricated that incorporates a hydrophobic 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmpy][NTf2]) IL electrolyte and Pt black electrode materials. The high viscosity of the ILs facilitates the formation of thin, ordered, and concentrated layers of ionic charges, and the inverse relationship of IL viscosity with temperature makes them especially suited for impedance sensing at low temperatures. The unique low-temperature properties of ILs together with EIS transduction mechanisms are shown to be sensitive and selective for continuously monitoring CO2 at a -15 to 40 °C temperature range via impedance changes at a specifically selected frequency at the open circuit potential (OCP). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed insights into the structure and dynamics of the IL at varying temperatures in the presence of methane and CO2 and provided potential explanations for the observed sensing results. The miniaturized and flexible planar electrochemical sensor with the [Bmpy][NTf2] electrolyte was tested repeatedly at subzero temperatures over a 58-day period, during which good stability and repeatability were obtained. The CO2 impedance sensor was further tested for sensing CO2 from soil samples and shows promising results for their use in real-time monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions in cold temperatures such as permafrost soils.

Decomposition-based multiobjective optimization for multipass cell design aided by particle swarm optimization and the K-means algorithm.

We proposed a method to intelligently design two-spherical-mirror-based multipass cells (MPCs) and optimize multiple objectives simultaneously. By integrating the K-means algorithm into the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, an efficient method is developed to optimize MPC configurations possessing characteristics of both long optical path lengths (OPLs) and circle patterns. We built and tested an MPC with four concentric circle patterns, which achieved an OPL of 54.1 m in a volume of 273.1 cm3. We demonstrated the stability and detection precision of the developed gas sensor. Continuous measurement of methane in ambient laboratory air was realized, with a detection precision of 8 ppb and an averaging time of 13 s. The combination of K-means and PSO algorithms is effective in optimizing MPCs with multiple objectives, which makes it suitable for designing versatile MPCs satisfying various requirements of field applications, including pollution and greenhouse gas emission monitoring and high-sensitivity measurements of other trace gases.

Disclosure of environmental sustainability activities by large ski lift firms

This study investigates how environmental sustainability practices and reporting are disclosed by a group of six large ski lift operators across the world (Compagnie des Alpes, CDA (France), Silvrettaseilbahn AG (Ischgl) (Austria), Skistar (Sweden/Norway), Vail resorts (United States), Whistler Blackcomb (Canada) and Zermatt (Switzerland). Different types of practices are assessed. Results show that ski lift operators are highly active even if the extent of disclosure varies across resorts. Publicly listed ski lift operators in France and Sweden provide a detailed sustainability report and have also implemented environmental management programmes. Other firms develop their own sustainability strategies (Whistler Blackcomb, Vail resorts and Zermatt Bergbahnen AG). The practices range from monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, 100 per cent green electricity, zero emission goals, energy reduction, fuel switching, water consumption, waste management and adaptation measures to climate change. Two ski lift operators show a decreasing trend in Co2 emissions per skier day or energy costs. Some operators report water usage in snowmaking per visitor which ranges between 250 to 1400 litres per skier day. Carbon offsetting and environmentally friendly diesel are also common tools. No ski lift operator actively participates in the UN global compact programme while three provide a sustainability report following the Global Environmental Reporting Initiative. There is an overemphasis on the use of easily available renewable energy sources, while other more complicated environmental concerns such as climate change risk are de-emphasised. Information on the main source of locally generated emissions, the fuel consumption of “piste” vehicles and snowmobiles is scarce.

A framework for assessing the effects of shock events on livestock and environment in sub-Saharan Africa: The COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Kenya

CONTEXTLivestock are the primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture in most African countries, but there is a paucity of baseline data and monitoring of GHG emissions from livestock in Africa, particularly for extreme or shock events. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a novels shock to livestock systems and may result in indirect effects on livestock emissions and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Due to the pandemic in 2020, extensive pastoralist livestock systems in Northern Kenya were subjected to restrictions on movement, increased costs of transportation, and closure of livestock markets. OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to assess the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on GHG emissions from livestock systems in Northern Kenya using proxy data and a three-part framework based on changes in 1) herd size, 2) feed availability, and 3) livestock movement. METHODSWe evaluated changes in GHG emissions from livestock systems in Northern Kenya due to the COVID-19 pandemic based on proxy data from crowd-sourced market data, household panel surveys, and remote sensing data on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Proxy data were obtained before the pandemic in 2019 and after the pandemic in 2020 to compare between years and evaluate the indirect effects of the pandemic and associated restrictions on livestock GHG emissions using the three-part framework. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSOverall GHG emissions from livestock in Northern Kenya have decreased due to the pandemic and this was largely driven by reductions in herd size. This reduction in GHG emissions occurred despite an increase in GHG emissions from livestock associated with higher feed availability. Decreased livestock movement due to the pandemic contributed to reductions in GHG emissions from livestock, but such reductions were likely to be small due to limited need for livestock to travel longer distances under the prevailing conditions of high feed availability. SIGNIFICANCEThis research shows that assessments of changes in GHG emissions from livestock systems due to shock events can be conducted successfully based on proxy data and the three-part framework developed here. We found that shock events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may lead to unexpected results with respect to the direction and magnitude of changes in livestock emissions depending on contextual factors and environmental conditions. Thus, we call for more spatially explicit and continued data collection to assess and monitor the consequences of shock events on GHG emissions from livestock and related SDGs in Africa.

АДАПТАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА У СФЕРІ ЗАПОБІГАННЯ ЗМІНАМ КЛІМАТУ ДО ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The article examines the current state of the Association Agreement implementation in terms of national legislation on climate change and the protection of the ozone layer compliance with the requirements of the EU legal acts listed in Annex XXX to Chapter 6 "Environment" of that Agreement. Under the Association Agreement, such harmonization entails the need to bring national legislation into line with Directive № 2003/87/EC establishing a Community greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme by September 1, 2019 and amending Directive № 96/61/EC ~ 18 ~ ВІСНИК Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка ISSN 1728-3817 as amended by Directive № 2004/101/EC; Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Regulation (EU) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as amended and the amendments made by the Regulation (EU) №№ 2038/2000, (EU) 2039/2000, (EU) 1804/2003, (EU) 2077/2004, (EU) 29/2006, (EU) 1366/2006, (EU) 1784/2006, (EC) 1791/2006 and (EC) 2007/899, and Decisions №№ 2003/160 /EC, 2004/232/EC and 2007/54 /EC. The analysis of the national legislation shows that Ukraine as a whole fulfilled its obligations to adapt national legislation to the EU legislation in terms of setting up a monitoring system, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions. The Law of Ukraine "On the Basics of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" was adopted on 12 December 2019. The law comes into force on 1 January 2021. At the same time, it is necessary to adopt by-laws to ensure the effectiveness of the provisions of the aforementioned Law, since as of 1 April 2020 no legislative act has been adopted in its development. Ukraine has also fully fulfilled its obligations to implement the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer and the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases. The Law of Ukraine "On Regulation of Economic Activity with Ozone-Depleting Substances and Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases" was adopted on 12 December 1 2019. The law comes into force on 27 June 2020. The article proves that the legal acts, necessary to introduce internal greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme and other market and non-market greenhouse gas emission reduction instruments of these gases in accordance with Ukraine's obligations under the Association Agreement have not yet been adopted. Also there is the necessity to make amendments to the Regulation on the Interagency Commission on Implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Decree № 583 of April 14, 1999, to extend its tasks in accordance with the provisions of the Paris Agreement. Keywords: the Association Agreement; climate and ozone protection; fluorinated greenhouse gases; monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions; ozone-depleting substances; reporting of greenhouse gas emissions; verification of greenhouse gas emissions.

Borehole and Near-Surface Greenhouse Gas Emission Monitoring System with Self-calibrating Algorithm and Zone-Based Data Analysis via Clustering Technique

Borehole and Near-Surface Greenhouse Gas Emission Monitoring System with Self-calibrating Algorithm and Zone-Based Data Analysis via Clustering Technique

Intellectual analysis and estimation of gross greenhouse gas emissions

Currently, the system of accounting and monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions is being formed in the Russian Federation. It should be noted that within the framework of the system being formed, the transport sector is considered as the main contributor that generates large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions in cities and on busy federal highways. At the same time, it is proposed to take into account emissions directly when burning fuel only by road, city electric, rail, water and air transport. The article discusses methods for estimating gross emissions from road facilities using data mining methods aimed at verifying the results obtained. The article also presents the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions for road facilities in the pilot region with a description of the verification algorithm for the results obtained. The results of testing the methods for determining greenhouse gas emissions by road facilities showed that this calculation method can be used in estimating greenhouse gas emissions at road facilities, however, reliable baseline data for calculating gross greenhouse gas emissions can only be obtained by analyzing the activities of economic entities in transport and in the road sector. It should be borne in mind that business entities are not obliged to provide information constituting commercial secrets from their point of view. Therefore, the results obtained are of an estimated nature and relate only to those objects, data on which could be obtained from official statistics and free sources, while the actual amount of greenhouse gas emissions from road facilities in the pilot region during the period under review may be significantly higher.

Research on the Construction of Carbon Emissions Trading MRV System in Power Grid Enterprises

Based on the actual operation and management of power grid enterprises, this paper proposes a framework for MRV management system of power grid enterprises, and deeply analyzes the system elements such as MRV management system, technical support system and key guarantee mechanism, and proposes feasible suggestions to assist grid enterprises to implement greenhouse gas emission monitoring, accounting, reporting and verification work, high-quality and efficient access to carbon emissions data, but also promote the establishment of a fair, just and transparent unified carbon market.