Effects Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Greenhouse Gas Emission – A Perspective

Climate change is an ongoing discussion especially concerning greenhouse gases and their emission. Greenhouse gases and emission are terms used in newspapers, television and much of today’s common press often without an explanation of the terms’ definition or meaning. Discussing these terms classifies their genesis together with greenhouse emission sources and creation. Concerns and consequences of greenhouse gas emissions, together with current reporting guidelines, are summarized to provide an understanding of the enormity of the issues. A sample of corporations’ existing goals, aims, and projects illustrate how the entities plan to meet their net-zero greenhouse gas emission promises illustrate efforts underway to harness environmental contamination.

A dynamic linkage between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and agricultural productivity: evidence from Ethiopia

The consequences of greenhouse gas emissions are a global problem and are felt most clearly in poor countries. Every sector in Ethiopia is affected by greenhouse gas emissions, but the productivity of the agricultural sector is particularly at risk. Although climate change is a long-term phenomenon, no in-depth macro-level studies have been conducted to guide discussion in this area. Therefore, the study fills this gap and carefully examines these impacts over time from 2019 to 2022 using the Vector Auto Regressive Model. Our results show that a 1% increase in fertilizer consumption, agricultural land, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, rural population, and area devoted to grain production results in a 0.28, 2.09, 15.92, 5.33, and 1.31 percent increase in agricultural yield in the long-run, respectively. A negative relationship was found between agricultural employment, agricultural methane emissions (CH4), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), and agricultural productivity with a significance level of 5%. This means that under a black box condition, a one percent increase in agricultural employment, CH4, and CO2emissions in the country in the long run will lead to a decrease in agricultural productivity by 5.82, 17.11, and 2.75 percent respectively, as we also found that all regressors except technology adoption had an elastic relationship with agricultural productivity. The short-term error correction estimates show that the coefficient of the “speed of adjustment” term for the expected productivity equation is both statistically significant and negative. The value of the coefficient term of −0.744 shows that an adjustment of 74.4% is made each year to converge the long-run equilibrium level. Therefore, Ethiopia needs to take measures that keep the economy away from sectors that produce a lot of carbon. These must be coordinated at a global level to achieve social change towards a fair and environmentally sustainable future and to increase agricultural productivity.

THE NET-ZERO TRANSITIONAL COST FOR MULTIPLE SECTORS IN THE ECONOMY AND THE ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE THIS TARGET

Persistent development in technology by mankind has directed the human race to the point of jeopardizing the unique scenario that has brought in this progression; the equilibrium of our planet's climate. Global warming which is a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions and these emissions not being offset by reductions is now an international concern. To prevent the hazardous outcomes of global warming and to conserve our planet to support life, the International Treaty on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement in 2016 targeted to preserve the average long-term surge in global temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Acknowledging these implications would require reducing global carbon emissions by 50% nearing 2030 and a further contraction to net-zero by 2050. Hence, it is crucial to attain net-zero would and this would imply an absolute adaptation of the global economy, as it would mandate substantial transformations in the major energy and landuse scenarios that generate a majority of the earth’s emissions, namely power generation, industrial processes, mobility and transportation, residential and commercial buildings, agriculture, forestry and additional land-use, and waste generation and accumulation, that generate approximately 85% of overall hazardous emissions. Furthermore, this transition would encompass the economic consequences on market demand, capital distribution, expenses on physical assets and direct and indirect employment opportunities in various economic sectors. This research highlights the need for such a transition and the social and economic costs related to this evolution. The study elaborates on the expenditure for modifying physical assets for energy and land usage procedures and their relevant percentage share of GDP for developed and developing economies, the average delivered cost of electricity using clean energy resources and how nations with lower

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste in Sub-Saharan Africa via sustainable waste management: An economic benefit assessment

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major challenge for cities worldwide, particularly in Africa. This study used an emission-reduction framework to assess the economic benefit of sustainable MSW management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over a 60-year period (2000–2060). Two waste-to-energy (WTE) methods, sanitary landfills and anaerobic digestion, were used to assess the potential electricity generation from MSW under four waste collection scenarios. The assessment was compared to the potential economic damage from cumulative methane (CH4) emissions under business-as-usual waste management practices for the same period. The results show that energy recovery from current MSW generation forecasts can contribute to 100–245 kWh per capita electricity generation between 2025 and 2060, depending on the WTE technology employed. The net present value (NPV) of WTE technologies is less than half the dollar cost of the potential economic damage from methane emissions. These results have significant policy implications for increasing access to sustainable and clean energy in SSA countries. Given that the current average per capita electricity generation in SSA is 158 kWh and that several countries in the area are experiencing energy problems, MSW electricity generation offers untapped economic development prospects. These findings highlight the economic advantages of effective waste management in SSA to mitigate future environmental and climate change consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, this study underscores the need for stakeholders to develop cost-effective and sustainable waste management strategies to avoid possible future economic and environmental damage in SSA.

Trends and Status of Renewable Energy Power Generation in China

Energy is an essential and critical material foundation for economic development, contributing to the rapid growth of the economy and playing an integral role. In today's world, the revolution of energy resources is an imperative task. This is due to the continuous decline in the reserves of traditional energy resources worldwide, such as the urgent need for reserves of fossil energy resources, and the worsening global greenhouse effect and excessive greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, energy resources need to undergo a restructuring, with the key focus on diversification, efficiency, and cleanliness. Currently, several countries, including China, are either planning or actively developing a low-carbon or even zero-carbon energy system. Furthermore, they are accelerating the revolution of energy consumption and production.China is becoming an essential contributor and guide to the transformation of the world's energy revolution, alongside the realization and improvement of this new energy system.Given this context, the inadequacies in China's ability to support renewable energy are identified by examining China's development objectives. The discussion covers the quantity of renewable power produced, the extent of its consumption and restrictions placed upon it. The present state of renewable energy development in China is viewed through a market-oriented approach. Additionally, the current state and future Development plans of renewable energy generation in China are assessed by considering the legal framework and policy instruments involved.

Optimized fuel values for emission reduction

Aviation is an integral and vital part of modern society. The growth over the last decades has consequences for greenhouse gas emissions and reducing this through efficiency within the same framework is difficult. Precision flight planning is crucial for reliably and optimized real environment aircraft operation. The presented study gives an overview of the status of the legal requirements for flight planning under the current fuel requirements of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the emerging opportunities for fuel savings. As part of the larger study, planned and actual fuel figures of an international cargo airline were statistically analyzed. The overall analysis showed that there was no significant deviation between planned and consumed fuel. Based on the results, an adjustment of the planned alternative fuel quantity can be considered within the framework of an individual fuel plan. The possible savings potential using the example of Destination Alternate Airport fuel is presented.

Utilization of Solid Waste to Energy in India

Abstract: With increase in population and advent of electric vehicles, electricity consumption in world will comprise an increasing portion of global energy demand in upcoming decades. In recent years, the increasing prices of fossil fuels and concerns about the environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions have renewed the interest in the development of alternative energy resources. Utilization of solid wastes as a renewable source of energy can achieve sustainable development and overcome shortage of other energy sources. We are highlighting the various routes of harvesting energy from solid waste into clean and sustainable way. Waste to energy concepts are techniques to address the growing menace of solid waste as well as to meet upcoming demands of energy in the form of biofuels. This concept provides environmental benefits and introduce a renewable energy source as well. Here, we discuss alternative technologies for enhancing renewable energy deployment and energy use efficiency from solid waste and also focuses the renewable energy scenario of India.

KOMPARASI PRAKTIK GREEN ACCOUNTING PADA PERUSAHAAN DI INDONESIA: PERSPEKTIF PERUSAHAAN JASA DAN PERUSAHAAN DAGANG

This study aims to determine the similarities and differences betweenservice and trading companies' green accounting practices. PT BankMandiri (Persero) Tbk is used as a sample for service companies andPT Matahari Department Store Tbk is a sample for tradingcompanies. The method used descriptive comparative by comparingthe green accounting practices of the two companies disclosed in theirannual reports and sustainability reports. These two companies donot carry out production activities, but both provide quitecomprehensive environmental responsibilities. The two companiesrecycle waste, offer environmentally friendly products, reduce the useof plastic and paper, and work to reduce the negative effects ofgreenhouse gas emissions. The difference between the two lies inwhether or not a special team handles the environment and thedifferent components included in the details of environmentalmanagement costs.

Regenerative fertilization strategies for climate-smart agriculture: Consequences for greenhouse gas emissions from global drylands

Cultivated drylands are significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with declining yields. Regenerative practices are vital to achieve joint goals of boosting yields and mitigating GHGs emissions. Nevertheless, studies usually consider crop yields and soil properties, often lacking quantitative analysis of GHGs. This meta-analysis used log response ratio (lnRR) to perform effect size statistics; assessing impacts of major regenerative (manure, biochar, and two integrated applications) and inorganic fertilizers on GHGs emissions. The results reveal that GHGs emissions were increased by fertilizer or manure addition, but biochar decreased GHGs emissions, with greatest benefit at 50 t ha−1. Combining biochar or manure application with fertilizer emitted CO2 and/or N2O. Applying biochar alone led to 144% reduction in global warming potential (GWP). Paddy-rice with fertilizer emitted N2O and CH4, whereas these were mitigated by wheat with biochar. Fine-textured soils with manure emitted all three GHGs, whereas biochar with coarse-textured soils reduced emissions. Medium-textured soils had reduced N2O (18%) and CH4 (25%) emissions with integrated biochar and fertilizer. CO2 and N2O emissions were highest for neutral and acidic soils with fertilizer but lowest for alkaline soils after biochar application. Soil C:N ratios affected the best strategy to minimize GHGs: for high C:N ratio, fertilizer or manure should be avoided, in favour of biochar. Yet integrated biochar and fertilizer should be avoided for soils with low C:N ratio. We conclude that regenerative strategies using manure risk converting global drylands into major GHGs emitters. However, strategies incorporating biochar could mitigate dryland GHGs emissions and minimize GWP.

A Review of Different Renewable Energy Resources and Their Energy Efficiency Technologies

In recent years, the increasing prices of fossil fuels and concerns about the environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions have renewed the interest in the development of alternative energy resources. Renewable energy is now considered a more desirable source of fuel compared to nuclear power due to the absence of safety risk and disasters. Considering that the major component of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide, there is a global concern about reducing carbon emissions to minimize the problem of climate change. In this regard, different policies could be applied to reducing carbon emissions, such as enhancing renewable energy deployment and encouraging technological innovations. Two possible solutions may be implemented to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and hence to overcome the problem of climate change: replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources as much as possible and enhancing energy efficiency. In this paper, we discuss alternative technologies for enhancing renewable energy deployment and energy use efficiency keeping into consideration of climate conditions in Libya.

How changing environments alter the microbial composition and ecological response in marine biofilms: a mini review

ABSTRACT Marine environments are made up of different types of surfaces with different physicochemical and biological features. The aim of this study is to review literatures on how stress induced by changing marine environment alters microbial biofilm niches and triggers ecological responses. The present review show how Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and climate change causes alteration of the marine environment leading to temperature change, acidification and increase in deoxygenation of marine environment. The mini review also shows the processes involve in microbial biofilms formation in marine environment. The mini review shows the role play by marine biofilm in the sustainability of marine environment. The role of marine biofilm in marine carbon sequestration was also discussed because carbon is the most important tool for the building of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The present study report processes involve in marine nitrogen deposition and the role of marine biofilm in the process of nitrogen transformation and deposition. The effect of GHGE on ecological response in marine biofilms was also fully explained in this mini review..

Generation of Hybrid Energy System (Solar-Wind) Supported with Battery Energy Storage

Abstract: The utilization of renewable energy is significantly important for the world because global energy consumption is increasing, while conventional energy sources are no longer sufficient to meet the energy demand, triggering energy crises. In recent years, the increasing prices of fossil fuels and concerns about the environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions have renewed the interest in the development of alternative energy resources. Renewable energy is now considered a more desirable source of fuel than nuclear power due to the absence of risk and disasters [1]. Considering that the major component of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide, there is a global concern about reducing carbon emissions. In this regard, different policies could be applied to reducing carbon emissions, such as enhancing renewable energy deployment and encouraging technological innovations. There are various of renewable energy sources such as Solar, biomass, wind, hydrogen, fuel cell, nanocomposite, and supercapacitor. Each of the energy sources are suitable for specific geographical locations and can suits from region to region. However, variation in solar radiation and wind speed caused by climate and weather conditions restricts the stable operation of renewable energy systems, therefore, causing the output to fluctuate. A hybrid renewable energy generation system can be highly efficient by combining multiple renewable energy sources and is regarded as a promising solution to overcome from this issue. Hybrid solar systems are the systems combining two renewable sources of energy, like solar and wind. Then, energy is generated through solar on sunny days and when there is limited sunshine but there is wind, energy can be generated through it. The study aims to focus on generation of hybrid solar-wind power plant with the optimal contribution of renewable energy resources supported by battery energy storage technology. The motivating factor behind the hybrid solar–wind power system design is the fact that both solar and wind power exhibit complementary power profiles. Advantageous combination of solar and wind with optimal ratio will lead to clear benefits for hybrid solar-wind power plants such as smoothing of intermittent power, higher reliability, and availability. However, the potential challenges for its integration into power grids cannot be neglected. A potential solution is to utilise one of the energy storage technologies, though all of them are still very expensive for such applications, especially at large scale. Therefore, optimal capacity calculations for energy storage system are also vital to realise full benefits. Currently, battery energy storage technology is considered as one of the most promising choices for renewable power applications. However, solar-wind power technology are most suitable for off-grid services, serving the remote are without having to build or extend expensive and complicated grid infrastructure. Therefor standalone system using renewable energy sources have become a preferred option. Hence hybrid energy systems are an ideal solution since they can offer substantial improvements in performance and cost reduction and can be tailored to varying end user requirements

Comparative Analysis of the Effect of the Evolution of Energy Saving Regulations on the Indoor Summer Comfort of Five Homes on the Coast of the Basque Country

In the last decade, several European directives have been established to contribute to the 2020, 2030 and 2050 energy saving targets and impose energy efficiency requirements for new construction, existing buildings and building renovation operations. One of the ways to achieve said objectives is to rely on the most demanding energy efficiency labels existing in Europe, such as Passivhaus, and to implement similar concepts into the national energy regulations of European countries based on a high-performance thermal envelope (high insulation and high-performance windows), high airtightness and high-performance heat-recovery ventilation systems, and solar heat harvesting. This energy conservation concept has shown to be effective for houses with low-density occupation in cold climates, but may cause severe overheating problems in denser collective housing in temperate and hot climates with higher solar radiation. To assess this impact, five flats in three developments from different periods that range from no insulation at all to a nZEB, Passivhaus-certified high-rise are compared in this paper, using data from a monitoring campaign during the summer of 2020. The results show and quantify the strong impact the evolution of the energy saving regulatory trend has had on summer indoor comfort, which may in some cases lead to previously unnecessary air conditioning for cooling and, ultimately, be counterproductive towards the end goals of reducing energy consumption and greenhouse-effect gas emissions and mitigating climate change.

Climate justice: a new way of looking at environmental issues

Climate change is a concerning topic, as it is impossible to deny its damaging effects on the planet. Different policy responses have been offered regarding climate change adaptation, and these have brought forward issues related to climate justice. As this topic is still not very well known in Brazil, this paper aims to raise awareness on climate justice concepts and related issues. This is a literature review which analyses climate justice theories and their relation with the concept of climate change adaptation in order to offer a new point-of-view on the topic. This paper has come to the conclusion that the concept of climate change has been created due to the increased importance of climate justice. Its origins lie in climate change activism, which seeks to help the most affected communities. That was when the fight for sharing the burden of climate change emerged, giving rise to the concepts of mitigation and climate adaptation. Thus, the most affected populations should receive assistance in the form of climate change impact adaptation, financed by the countries which are responsible for most greenhouse effect gas emissions, in name of climate justice.

Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Related to Wine Production: The Case Study of a Winery in Douro Wine Region-Portugal

Water use and its associated energy consumption in wine processes are often unnoticed in best practice. Many proprietors are insensitive to how water is used within their winery procedures. Key areas of environmental concern currently faced by the wine industry include water and energy use and the production of greenhouse effect gas emissions, among others. This review revealed that the practice within wine organizations tends to be largely unexplored and inadequate. To address the present needs for accurate water and energy resources control, it is vital to develop research on how water and energy are related and used in wine production to increase the effective use of these resources, minimizing the related environmental impact. The main aim of this paper was to find the relationship between energy and water utilization and subsequent CO2 emissions from a winery located in the Douro Valley, contributing to its sustainability in terms of resources consumption. A two-year monitoring plan on water use was implemented, and the related energy consumption and CO2 emissions were calculated. The results showed high values of energy (148.5 kWh/day) as well as related CO2 emissions (54 kg CO2/day) associated with high water consumption (that ranged from 16.20 to 27.66 m3 water/day). This information is very important and contributes to enlarging the database of environmental parameters related to wine production in the Douro wine region, creating opportunities for environmental improvement.

Phosphorus Cycle and Primary Productivity Changes in the Tethys Ocean During the Permian-Triassic Transition: Starving Marine Ecosystems

The ultimate cause(s) of the end-Permian mass extinction (∼252 Ma ago) has been disputed. A complex interplay of various effects, rather than a single, universal killing mechanism, were most likely involved. Climate warming as consequence of greenhouse gas emissions by contemporaneous Siberian Traps volcanism is widely accepted as an initial trigger. Synergetic effects of global warming include increasing stratification of the oceans, inefficient water column mixing, and eventually low marine primary productivity culminating in a series of consequences for higher trophic levels. To explore this scenario in the context of the end-Permian mass extinction, we investigated sedimentary total organic carbon, phosphorus speciation as well as nickel concentrations in two low-latitude Tethyan carbonate sections spanning the Permian-Triassic transition. Total organic carbon, reactive phosphorus and nickel concentrations all decrease in the latest Permian and are low during the Early Triassic, pointing to a decline in primary productivity within the Tethyan realm. We suggest that the productivity collapse started in the upper C. yini conodont Zone, approximately 30 ka prior to the main marine extinction interval. Reduced primary productivity would have resulted in food shortage and thus may serve as explanation for pre-mass extinction perturbations among marine heterotrophic organisms.

The health consequences of greenhouse gas emissions: a potential pathway.

Excessive greenhouse gas emissions might be the major culprit for environmental degradation, which have direct and indirect adverse impacts in various ways. As the largest emitter of carbon emissions, China suffered great harm from climate change during the past 40years. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the impact of carbon emissions on health issues and their potential mechanism. Using the panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2002 and 2017, this study employes and extends the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model and mediating effect model to analyze the direct and indirect effects of carbon emissions. The main results are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions has a certain negative impact on public health, which would increase with the rise of temperature. (2) The increase in carbon emissions has a more significant negative effect on health with the average temperature exceeding 17.75°C, indicating that the temperature has a threshold effect. (3) The potential health risks become higher with the development of urbanization, but there is no obvious spillover effect in the health consequences. The results remain robust after controlling other factors. This study supplements the literature of climate governance and human health, potentially contributing to the next stage of high-quality and sustainable development.

Plastic-Free Bioactive Paper Coatings, Way to Next-Generation Sustainable Paper Packaging Application: A Review

Hydrocarbon-derived polymers have been utilized in various packaging applications, such as pouches, films, foamed containers, rigid containers, and multiple components for medical, food, and other uses. However, mounting environmental considerations increased knowledge of the harmful consequences of greenhouse gas emissions, landfills, and disposal difficulties. Rising oil prices are forcing researchers and businesses to produce environmentally friendly packaging. These new sustainability requirements are particularly suited to biomass-based products, instead of petroleum sources; sourced from biomass entities. More functional and performance-oriented packaging is necessary despite the widespread usage of bio-based materials like paper. As a result, the transition to eco-friendly packaging will necessitate the improvement of existing bio-derived packaging and the development of new bio-derived materials like biopolymer paper coatings. The goal of this brief study was to give a synopsis of the present status of bio-derived packaging and an insight into ongoing and prospective developments in sustainable next-generation paper coatings for the packaging industry.

A study of households’ intention towards solar panel installation case study: villagers of the northern regions of Iran

ABSTRACT Taking into account the devastating consequences of greenhouse gas emissions and therefore shifting energy from fossil fuels into renewable resources to achieve low-carbon societies has become one of the greatest challenges of our world. As a high-rate energy consumption country and carbon-intensive economy, Iran with its immense sun-kissed lands is greatly prone to develop the renewables’ share in its energy consumption basket. By implementing an integrated analytical model based on Diffusion of Innovation theory (DOI) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) this study has investigated households’ intention to apply solar panel technology for residential consumption. A total of 462 completed questionnaires were collected among villagers of Mazandaran to validate the proposed hypotheses by using structural equation modeling. Overall, a designed model that included the variables of compatibility, relative advantage, perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) explained 23% of the variances of households’ intention. While the results also confirmed significant paths from perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) to installation intention, the study concluded that due to the weaknesses in communication channels, lack of appropriate energy culture and unprepared social structure, achieving the objectives of solar panel development is a premature target for the current context.

Microplastic fibers affect dynamics and intensity of CO2 and N2O fluxes from soil differently

Microplastics may affect soil ecosystem functioning in critical ways, with previously documented effects including changes in soil structure and water dynamics; this suggests that microbial populations and the processes they mediate could also be affected. Given the importance for global carbon and nitrogen cycle and greenhouse warming potential, we here experimentally examined potential effects of plastic microfiber additions on CO2 and N2O greenhouse gas fluxes. We carried out a fully factorial laboratory experiment with the factors presence of microplastic fibers (0.4% w/w) and addition of urea fertilizer (100 mg N kg− 1) using one target soil. The conditions in an intensively N-fertilized arable soil were simulated by adding biogas digestate at the beginning of the incubation to all samples. We continuously monitored CO2 and N2O emissions from soil before and after urea application using a custom-built flow-through steady-state system, and we assessed soil properties, including soil structure. Microplastics affected soil properties, notably increasing soil aggregate water-stability and pneumatic conductivity, and caused changes in the dynamics and overall level of emission of both gases, but in opposite directions: overall fluxes of CO2 were increased by microplastic presence, whereas N2O emission were decreased, a pattern that was intensified following urea addition. This divergent response is explained by effects of microplastic on soil structure, with the increased air permeability likely improving O2 supply: this will have stimulated CO2 production, since mineralization benefits from better aeration. Increased O2 would at the same time have inhibited denitrification, a process contributing to N2O emissions, thus likely explaining the decrease in the latter. Our results clearly suggest that microplastic consequences for greenhouse gas emissions should become an integral part of future impact assessments, and that to understand such responses, soil structure should be assessed.