Greenhouse Concept Research Articles

BFSF: A secure IoT based framework for smart farming using blockchain

Many smart applications, including smart cities, healthcare, smart agriculture, manufacturing, etc., have widely adopted the Internet of Things (IoT). Smart Farming (SF) integrates a set of technologies, such as cloud and edge computing and greenhouse concepts, to improve agricultural processes. Due to its capacity to generate fresh agricultural products at an incredible pace of development and output, the greenhouse business has recently attracted the attention of the farming community. However, the cost of labor and energy consumption causes the greenhouse’s production cost to rise by roughly 40%–50%. To avoid this, SF concepts have been introduced. Data management in SF has received a lot of attention in recent years due to its high potential for more accurate and cost-effective agriculture. Traditional client–server and cloud-based data management systems are plagued by single faults, data protection, centralized data management, and system vulnerabilities. In this paper, an IoT-based framework is proposed for SF to improve the productivity of crops. AI-based precision model is introduced in the framework, which can be integrated with remote sensor data for correct prediction of crop growth in smart agriculture. The result shows that the random forest model works better with 97% accuracy compared to Support Vector Classifier (SVC) have 93%, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) have 90%, and Logistic Regression 84%. This technology helps to reduce costs while also improving the overall quality of the agricultural process and product management with blockchain-based supply chain management to enhance farmers’ economic backdrop. The blockchain performance is evaluated on gas consumption, execution time, throughput and latency.

Early Brood Development of Carp Fishes Utilizing Greenhouse Technology in Winter Seasons

Carp aquaculture is very popular in both seasonal and permanent ponds. Carp seeds are available for stocking in culture in late May and the ideal water temperature for carp gonad development is 28°C–32°C. The aim of this study was to develop the species’ broods in winter season by raising water temperature, utilizing the greenhouse concept. Two identical ponds, T1 (Greenhouse Pond, GHP) and T2 (Non-greenhouse pond, NGHP) each with three replications were used. Transparent polyethylene-sheet to a bamboo frame covered the T1, whereas no covering for T2. On December 1, 2020, 20 broods/pond stocked equally in the two ponds and reared until February 28, 2021. The mean water temperature of T1 was 28.67±0.49, 28.67±0.78, and 28.83±0.39°C in December, January, and February, respectively compared with T2 found to be 18.25±0.62, 18.58±0.52, and 18.92±0.51°C in December, January, and February, respectively. The average water temperature was 28.75°C and 18.58°C in T1 and T2, respectively. The statistical t-test revealed that the temperature in T1 notably increased in the winter than T2. About 90% of the broods matured within February in T1 while only 15% in T2. The growth of fish gonad was benefited from the usage of greenhouse technology in this study.

Solar drying in Indonesia and its development: a review and implementation

The immense food demand in Indonesia can no longer be satisfied by the current agricultural and plantation process. Both sectors need a more effective and productive solution to produce more food while also maintaining the quality. Yet, most of the farmers work in remote and rural areas where technology is an uncommon thing. Indonesia’s agricultural and plantation sectors are urgently in need of technological support to upgrade the processes, specifically for lower-to-middle class farmers. Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligent (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) need to be adopted to system dynamics in agricultural processing, specifically drying stage. The drying model system that adopts the greenhouse concept, such as the solar dryer dome, is one of the promising drying methods. Implementation of industry 4.0 technology can optimize the solar dryer dome through several activities such as IoT that can track and organize the dryer data remotely or ML/AI that can automatically predict and control the dryer environment. This is proven by our developed smart solar dryer functionality and capability to support the agricultural drying process by utilizing IoT-enabled connection and AI/ML system. In this study, researchers review the development of solar dryer in Indonesia and provide the results from the developed smart solar dryer to optimize and encourage the development Indonesia’s agricultural industry which potentially improve post-harvest product quantity and quality.

Nursing and management of early produced larvae of Thai pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) using greenhouse concept

This experiment was conducted for the development of nursing techniques of early produced larvae of Thai pangus (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) using Greenhouse concept for a period of 40 days from 10th February to 20th March 2020. The experiment was designed into two treatments (i) Greenhouse pond (GP) and (ii) Control or open ponds (CP) having three replicates each. Greenhouse concept was used for increasing the temperature during the winter month for proper growth and survival of the spawn. For this purpose, three ponds were covered with transparent polyethylene sheet fastened into bamboo frame and three ponds with no such covering. All the nursery ponds were stocked at a density of 20 g hatchling/decimal with 3 days old P. hypophthalmus. After 40 days of nursing period, the highest mean final length, weight gain and survival rate of fry were found to be 9.75 cm, 12.44g and 73.19% in greenhouse pond where in Control ponds it was 6.39 cm, 7.22g and 58.08%, respectively. A significantly higher (p<0.05) mean gross production of 6.07 kg/ decimal was found in greenhouse pond where in Control ponds it was 2.80 kg/ decimal in 40 days of nursing period. Water quality parameters were found to be better with good primary production in the green house ponds due to retaining day light temperature by polyethylene sheet. Results from the present experiment indicated that greenhouse technique can be suitable for the nursing and management of early produced larvae of Thai pangas with proper growth and good survival rate.

Smart sustainable greenhouses utilizing microcontroller and IOT in the GCC countries; energy requirements & economical analyses study for a concept model in the state of Qatar

A smart sustainable greenhouse concept model (SSGHCM) was built to demonstrate the effectiveness and the profitability of using renewable energy and smart control systems in closed agriculture environment. SSGHCM is powered by solar photovoltaic energy and utilizes waste water management. Microcontrollers and multiple sensing arrangement were installed to completely control the irrigation, temperature and humidity of the greenhouse autonomously. Two types of control systems were used; microcontrollers connected to LabVIEW and a wireless control system based IOT. It was found that the installed PV capacity with storage can support the required energy. IOT combined with microcontrollers, as well as using the renewable energy in greenhouses in the GCC countries can make vegetable growth a profitable investment. Water recycling and management system is contributing to reduction of water need to around 40% of that needed for traditional greenhouses. Condensate from the AC contributes to around 65% of the needed water for irrigation by collecting the condensate from these systems. All of these factors will further improve the profitability of smart sustainable greenhouses and contribute largely to food security in the GCC countries. Scaled to commercial greenhouses, the economic analysis showed an attractive investment with 340% ROI and 5 years of payout period.

Prototype Penyiraman Otomatis Berbasis IOT untuk Multi Zona Tanaman Hias

The greenhouse concept for the cultivation of ornamental plants can optimize the conditioning of a good planting environment because it can protect plants from direct rain, can distribute temperature, divide sunlight evenly and regulate the intensity of watering plants regularly. The important thing to pay attention to in the cultivation of ornamental plants is the intensity of watering plants. Regular watering of plants can be optimized with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) technology so that the process of watering plants becomes a smart watering system. In this study, automatic watering of ornamental plants was divided into 3 zones based on the characteristics of humidity, watering time, and required water quantity. The smart watering system for 3 zones is implemented in the form of a prototype including a monitoring system based on the MQTT protocol

Advancements in solar technologies for sustainable development of agricultural sector in India: a comprehensive review on challenges and opportunities.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the majority of people in India. The majority of the population in India is dependent (directly or indirectly) on agriculture as an occupation. The agriculture sector requires more freshwater and power for better yield in the current scenario. Nevertheless, the ever-increasing rate of energy consumption, limited fossil fuels, and rising pollution have made the expansion of renewable resources essential. Due to the suitable solar potential available in India, the deployment of solar energy has been more as compared to other renewable resources. The current study aims to discuss the various technologies, initiatives and policies of solar energy usage in agriculture. This work delivers an assessment of the advancement of solar energy vis-à-vis agricultural applications through the greenhouse concept and photovoltaic approach in India. Various agricultural applications of solar energy, such as solar water desalination system, solar water pumping system, solar crop dryer system for food safety, etc. are discussed as a means to promote solar-based technology. It also highlights the scenario of solar energy in India with important accomplishments, developmental approaches, and future potential. In-depth studies of various policies and government initiatives including those in research and development are also discussed. The current survey on solar technologies will be an aid to agribusiness frameworks to comprehend the statuses, obstructions, and extent of advancement. Finally, some future recommendations for further developments in this approach are discussed. This work sheds light on varied areas of solar energy-assisted agricultural systems as a potentially sustainable and eco-friendly pathway.

Valuation of Climate Performance of a Low-Tech Greenhouse in Costa Rica

The expansion of protected agriculture has technological, climatic, and topographic limitations. The agricultural regions of Costa Rica use the greenhouse concept and adapt it to its conditions. The objective of this work was to describe the variation in temperature and humidity in a greenhouse ventilated passively and on land with a more than 45% slope. To evaluate the environment inside the greenhouse, temperature and humidity variations were measured with a weather station installed outside of the greenhouse to measure the external environment. Inside the greenhouse, 17 sensors were placed to measure the temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). During data recording inside the greenhouse, tomato crops were in the fruit formation stage, and pepper was less than one week old. Six scenarios were tested to determine the air temperature and humidity dynamic under different climatic conditions. An evaluation of the greenhouse environment was carried out employing an analysis of variance of temperature and RH to establish if there are significant differences in the direction of the slope of the cross-section. The uniformity of temperature and RH do not present stratifications derived from wind currents that can affect the effective production of these crops.

Implementation of Fuzzy Logic on Internet of Things-Based Greenhouse

This research is an internet of things-based monitoring system using LoRaWAN and the IoT Thingspeak application server. This research is focused on helping farmers, or the agriculture sector focused on Pakcoy. Pakcoy is a plant that can live at an altitude of 500-1200 meters above sea level using the Greenhouse concept; Pakcoy plants can be protected from pests. Nutrients for Pakcoy are sprayed through the leaves, accelerating the provision of nutrients for plants. The Fuzzy Sugeno method is used to control the Greenhouse temperature and Soil Moisture for effective plant development, as well as monitoring the Greenhouse temperature, soil moisture, and pH of the growing media based on the Internet of Things that uses the Long Range 915 Mhz, therefore, the users can find out in real-time the data can be accessed by using Thingspeak and can be used in areas where internet access is difficult.

«Зеленый» тренд становящейся культуры будущего

The Anthropocene, as a transitional geological era, is characterized by growing human activity that changes and destroys Earth's ecosystems. The ecological conception of a dialogue between humans and nature is ripening, where nature is an equal actor of coevolution of humankind and the living on our planet. For more than 50 years, we have gone from a green-house concept to plant-powered light bulbs, a tire concept using moss to purify urban air, and digital devices that “communicate” with plants. The connection of biology and technologies leads to the new bio-disciplines’ formation, which plays a remarkable role in our understanding of life, its bonds, targeting and meaning, and the develop­ment of sustainable ecosystems with various communicative connections of dif­ferent kinds. There is an influential developing movement whose task is to transform the relationship between humans and animals. New results in plant biology let us raise plants to a new level as agents. New ethical and legal issues emerge plant forests-sanctuaries are being created. Some issues of interdiscipli­nary communication and human communication with living systems are consid­ered as well as possible ways of their solution with the help of TRIZ and biosemiotics. An issue of distinguishing progress and sustainability in eco-tech­nological context is set up.

Design, Control, and Performance Aspects of Semi-Closed Greenhouses

Several greenhouse energy saving technologies and management strategies have been developed in order to meet the needs for implementation of production systems with low and efficient energy use and low CO2 emissions. Towards this aim, a number of greenhouse concepts that make use of these technologies have been developed and tested, such as the closed greenhouse, the solar greenhouse, the energy-producing greenhouse, and others. The closed or semi-closed greenhouse concept is widely accepted as a concept to achieve the targets for energy saving and low CO2 emissions. A major difference of this concept to a conventional greenhouse is that climate control by window ventilation is partially or completely replaced by systems that treat the air, regulate the air exchange between inside and outside, and in few cases collect and store the excess heat load in order to be reused at a later time. A semi-closed greenhouse allows temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration to be controlled independently, during heating as well as cooling mode function. Among others, semi-closed greenhouses offer possibilities for better control of greenhouse environment, for increasing water use efficiency by decreasing the evaporation losses via ventilation and for reducing the pesticide use by decreasing the entry of insects and fungal spores in the greenhouse through the ventilation openings. The aim of this review is to focus on the design, control, and performance aspects of semi-closed greenhouse systems which use either (a) an air treatment corridor with evaporative cooling pad connected with an air distribution system with perforated polyethylene tubes or (b) decentralized air treatment units distributed inside the greenhouse. It gives on overview of the principles of the semi-closed greenhouse, the potential energy consumption and the expected savings. Additionally, it gives insight into the climate conditions in relation to the conventional greenhouse, crop growth, water consumption, and pest control.

Increase of light transmission by 10% in the Venlo-type greenhouse: from design to results of a cucumber experiment

During the autumn and winter at higher latitudes natural light is the limiting factor for crop growth in greenhouses. A new greenhouse and cultivation concept has been developed to increase the overall light transmission of the greenhouse with at least 10%. Several innovative elements have been considered: diffuse glass with an anti-reflective coating, high transmission under wet conditions, increased glass panel size, improved screen material, V-shaped screen installation, highly reflective coatings on constructional parts. This has led to an integral design and realization of a 500 m2 greenhouse in 2016 at Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands. In an earlier study Kempkes et al. (2017) presented the final results of the new Winterlight greenhouse design. According to model calculations a 10.5% gain in PAR sum could be reached during winter. The greenhouse concept has been tested by growing cucumbers. In cooperation with growers a growing strategy has been developed. Besides maximizing the use of natural light, energy consumption was reduced using two movable screens, a balance ventilation system with heat recovery during dehumidification and growing according to the principles of the ‘New Cultivation Strategies’. Light transmission has been measured and was compared with raytracing simulations. Especially during diffuse light conditions, the accuracy was within 1%. On the long-term the difference between calculated and measured PAR sum was below 3%. Greenhouse climate and energy consumption have been compared with those of commercial growers. Energy savings up to 40% and production increases up to 30% were reached growing cucumber ‘High Power’ in the new greenhouse compared to commercial greenhouses. Light transmission was increased with more than 10%. Energy use was 176 kWh m-2 for heat and 2.5 kWh m-2 electricity for the fans of the balance ventilation and heating system. Additionally, 10.2 kg m-2 of CO2 was purchased. Cucumber production was 120 kg m-2 with good quality (284 pcs). An average Dutch grower using the high-wire system uses about 282 kWh m-2 gas equivalents producing around 95 kg m-2.

Emerging Technologies to Enable Sustainable Controlled Environment Agriculture in the Extreme Environments of Middle East-North Africa Coastal Regions.

Despite global shifts in attitudes toward sustainability and increasing awareness of human impact on the environment, projected population growth and climate change require technological adaptations to ensure food and resource security at a global scale. Although desert areas have long been proposed as ideal sites for solar electricity generation, only recently have efforts shifted toward development of specialized and regionally focused agriculture in these extreme environments. In coastal regions of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), the most abundant resources are consistent intense sunlight and saline sea water. MENA coastal regions hold incredible untapped potential for agriculture driven by the combination of key emerging technologies in future greenhouse concepts: transparent infrared collecting solar panels and low energy salt water cooling. These technologies can be combined to create greenhouses that drive regionally relevant agriculture in this extreme environment, especially when the target crops are salt-tolerant plants and algal biomass. Future controlled environment agriculture concepts will not compete for municipal fresh water and can be readily integrated into local human/livestock/fisheries food chains. With strategic technological implementation, marginal lands in these environments could participate in production of biomass, sustainable energy generation, and the circular carbon economy. The goal of this perspective is to reframe the idea of these environments as extreme, to having incredible untapped development potential.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM REKAYASA LINGKUNGAN SMART GREENHOUSE MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER PADA TANAMAN CABAI

In Indonesia, chili can be planted in various areas, both in the fields or moor, sea coast, and mountains. However, chili productions is not good, it is only increasing little by little and is not proportional to the rapid market needs. Efforts are neede to encourage the advancement of technology so that chili cultivation is more efficient. Smart Greenhouse is one of technology that can be used to help humans produce their own chili plants. The concept of smart greenhouse is the integration of data into the internet that connected to a accessed database using an android smartphone application compatible with features such as reporting, updating feeds, and controlling. DHT 22 is used as a sensor for reading temperature and humidity in Greenhouse, Moisture Sensor is a sensor for reading soil moisture. Fuzzy Logic Controller is applied for controlling temperature, humidity and soil moisture in Greenhouse. From the testing that has been done, Fuzzy Logic Controller that is applied can reach the reference temperature at 27oC in 465 seconds, the humidity control can reach 80% in 150 seconds and the soil moisture control can reach 80% in 10 seconds.

Application of the adaptive greenhouse concept in Lebanon

Agriculture in Lebanon consumes most of the country’s fresh water resources. Officials, organizations and related stakeholders mostly approve a water consumption use by irrigation of about 60 to 75% of the renewable and non-renewable water resources. Protected cultivation is still practiced largely in simple individual tunnels. Water use efficiency is very low, but protected cultivation and soilless cultivation may increase it. In this project first steps are made to demonstrate to Lebanese growers how to improve traditional tunnel cultivation and to introduce new techniques. The adaptive greenhouse concept was followed here: analysis of local climate, analysis of growth in present tunnels and modeling effects of new growing techniques in tunnels together with simple innovations: sidewall ventilation, insect netting, bumblebees for pollination, soilless cultivation, high wire cultivation, steering growth on climate and passive heating. Finally, four greenhouse tunnels were built at the LARI site in Tal Amara, two improved ones and two traditional. In both types there was one tunnel with soil and one with soilless cultivation. Two short crops (tomato in spring/summer; cucumber in autumn) gave preliminary indications about the potentials in relation to yield and quality of produce. An improved water use efficiency could not yet be achieved. This first year of cultivation was a year of learning for all parties involved, both technically and cultivation level. Growers and technicians visited the site several times to get informed about the different techniques.

The runaway greenhouse radius inflation effect

Planets similar to Earth but slightly more irradiated are expected to enter into a runaway greenhouse state, where all surface water rapidly evaporates, forming an optically thick H2O-dominated atmosphere. For Earth, this extreme climate transition is thought to occur for an increase of only ~6% in solar luminosity, though the exact limit at which the transition would occur is still a highly debated topic. In general, the runaway greenhouse is believed to be a fundamental process in the evolution of Earth-sized, temperate planets. Using 1D radiative-convective climate calculations accounting for thick, hot water vapor-dominated atmospheres, we evaluate the transit atmospheric thickness of a post-runaway greenhouse atmosphere, and find that it could possibly reach over a thousand kilometers (i.e., a few tens of percent of the Earth’s radius). This abrupt radius inflation resulting from the runaway-greenhouse-induced transition could be detected statistically by ongoing and upcoming space missions. These include satellites such as TESS, CHEOPS, and PLATO combined with precise radial velocity mass measurements using ground-based spectrographs such as ESPRESSO, CARMENES, or SPIRou. This radius inflation could also be detected in multiplanetary systems such as TRAPPIST-1 once masses and radii are known with good enough precision. This result provides the community with an observational test of two points. The first point is the concept of runaway greenhouse, which defines the inner edge of the traditional habitable zone, and the exact limit of the runaway greenhouse transition. In particular, this could provide an empirical measurement of the irradiation at which Earth analogs transition from a temperate to a runaway greenhouse climate state. This astronomical measurement would make it possible to statistically estimate how close Earth is from the runaway greenhouse. Second, it could be used as a test for the presence (and statistical abundance) of water in temperate, Earth-sized exoplanets.

Optimal design for solar greenhouses based on climate conditions

Greenhouses require energy in order to provide a proper environment for crop production. Utilizing solar energy in solar greenhouses is a sustainable solution to face this problem. In this study, a solar greenhouse concept is considered, and a dynamic thermal model is developed to predict the inside air temperature. The model is integrated into an optimization procedure to find the optimal greenhouse design that has the best thermal performance by adjusting its structural parameters. This optimization procedure provides a tool to find the optimal solar greenhouse design for each climate condition and predict its performance. For instance, for the case study of Tehran (Iran), the optimal solar greenhouse works 85% of times passively in a year. Besides, this tool is flexible to change the objective function, from year-round performance to seasonal or cultivation period performances. For example, the optimal solar greenhouse for the case study has completely different structural parameters comparing the optimal seasonal solar greenhouse. This is also a decision-making tool to decide the cultivation type based on best energy performance. For the case study, the results indicate that the cultivation of cucumber, melon, and watermelon is the priority comparing other usual greenhouse products.

Design and Concept of an Energy System Based on Renewable Sources for Greenhouse Sustainable Agriculture

Bio-organic greenhouses that are based on alternative resources for producing heat and electricity stand out as an efficient option for the sustainable development of agriculture, thus ensuring good growth and development of plants in all seasons, especially during the cold season. Greenhouses can be used with maximum efficiency in various agricultural lands, providing ideal conditions of temperature and humidity for short-term plant growing, thereby increasing the local production of fruit and vegetables. This paper presents the development of a durable greenhouse concept that is based on complex energy system integrating fuel cells and solar panels. Approaching this innovative concept encountered a major problem in terms of local implementation of this type of greenhouses because of the difficulty in providing electrical and thermal energy from conventional sources to ensure an optimal climate for plant growing. The project result consists in the design and implementation of a sustainable greenhouse energy system that is based on fuel cells and solar panels.

Evaluation of a hybrid system for a nearly zero energy greenhouse

Greenhouses are widely used in the World, especially in the Mediterranean climate, to provide suitable environment in cultivation of different agricultural crops. Significant amount of energy is necessary to produce, process and distribute these crops. Various systems, including steam or hot water radiation system and hot air heater system, are being used in greenhouse heating. A ground source heat pump system, generally seen as a favorable option since it can provide both heating and cooling energy, is considered for a greenhouse in this study. The aim of this study is to evaluate a renewable energy option for the required total energy need of a greenhouse. Grid connected solar photovoltaic panels are selected to assist a ground source heat pump, and generate sufficient electrical energy for lighting. In this way, a nearly zero energy greenhouse concept is foreseen for three different agricultural products. Monthly and annual heating, cooling and lighting energy load of the greenhouse for these agricultural products were computed. The monthly average electricity generation of 66 photovoltaic panels, which cover 50% of the southern face part of the asymmetric roof, was calculated. Annual photovoltaic electricity generation was found as 21510.4kWh. It was observed that photovoltaic electricity generation can meet 33.2–67.2% of greenhouse demand in summer operation months. Nevertheless, the coverage ratio, calculated by dividing the photovoltaic panels electricity generation to the electricity demand of the greenhouse (heating, cooling and lighting) for each crop, were very high in winter operation months. Yearly coverage ratio values were 95.7% for tomato, 86.8% for cucumber and 104.5% for lettuce. These high coverage ratio values justify the nearly zero energy concept for the considered greenhouse. Economic and environmental evaluation of the considered system were also accomplished. A simple payback time of the crop cultivations was computed between 7.0 and 7.4years. The energy payback time of the system was found to be 4.9years and the greenhouse gas payback time value of 5.7years and 2.6years were calculated, based on natural gas and coal based electricity generation, respectively.

Greenhouse concept with high insulating cover by combination of glass and film: design and first experimental results

Dutch greenhouse horticulture puts a lot of effort in reduction of energy demand. Using (multiple) thermal screens, mainly during night, is the most common way to reduce heat losses in practice. In winter, even during daytime, transparent screens are closed, which saves energy, but results in significant reduction of light at plant level. For additional saving a substantial increment of greenhouse insulation is needed. Double covering materials can reach very high insulation levels, resulting in energy savings of 50% compared to the use of single glass with screens. Drawback of insulating glass panels are high investment and problems with snow accumulation in Northern latitudes. A new greenhouse concept with a new type of covering material has recently been developed. The insulating cover consists of a combination of a high transparent glass panel in combination with a high transparent and durable plastic film (F-Clean). The insulation properties are flexible. By blowing warm air through the split, possible snow accumulation is expected to be avoided. The new greenhouse concept has a new roofing structure including a different type of ventilation for a Venlo greenhouse. In a feasibility study, different combinations of different types of glass with different types of F-Clean have been investigated at Wageningen UR LightLab. Different model calculations have been carried out to study the effects on greenhouse climate and energy consumption. The results of a feasibility study with the search for the best combination of glass and plastic film in terms of transmissivity and light diffusing properties as well as the calculated energy savings of the total greenhouse concept are presented. In summer 2014, this concept was built on a scale of 500 m2 at the research station of Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture in Bleiswijk. The first results of a tomato experiment, using new crop growing strategies are presented.