Greenhouse Complexes Research Articles

Роль инвестиций в повышении экономической эффективности сельскохозяйственного производства

The research is aimed at studying the role of investments in increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production. As a result of the analysis, a close relationship was revealed between the index of the physical volume of investments and the increase in gross output. More than 70 % of state support for agriculture is concentrated in the Central Federal District and the Volga Federal District. This fact determines the uneven development of rural areas. The authors note that the livestock industry, due to the high saturation of the domestic market, becomes less attractive to investors, as the risks of non-demand for products increase. A negative situation is also developing in grain production as a result of the lack of opportunities for the development of the production base, high export duties, reduced technological efficiency of cultivation, and high natural and climatic risks. A decrease in investments is also observed in the greenhouse industry, due to the highly competitive market and the lack of state support measures to reimburse capital costs for the construction of greenhouses. There is no stagnation in the industrial segment of dairy production. There is a tendency to suspend investment projects for the construction or modernization of livestock complexes, greenhouse complexes, grain terminals, as well as grain processing plants. The main attractive segments for investment at the moment are the production of fertilizers, grain cultivation, production of oils and fats, and production of dairy products.

DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF LED PHYTOIRADITATOR

With the development and popularization of methods for growing plants in controlled conditions, such as vertical farms and greenhouse complexes, there is a need to optimize phyto-lighting. This article is devoted to the development and research of an LED phyto-irradiator designed for the efficient process of growing plants in greenhouses. In the course of the study, a prototype phytoirradiator was developed with a power consumption of 8.8 W, with a photosynthetic photon flux of 16.2 µmol/s and a photosynthetic efficiency of 1.84 µmol/J. The light intensity curve of the irradiator corresponds to the cosine type. The spectral distribution of radiation contains two pronounced regions (maxima) corresponding to 440 nm and 642 nm, which promotes vegetative growth of plants, rapid growth of green mass, and also slows down flowering processes. Thus, the developed phytoirradiator can be used for an efficient process of growing plants in greenhouses, providing optimal lighting conditions and helping to increase the yield and quality of crops.

Prospects of artificial soil substrate use for flower crops cultivation in protected ground

Harsh continental climate of Orenburg region is characterized by extremely low rates of precipitation at vegetation period, so the cultivation of flowers with protected root system has wide usage and is highly developed. The search for the optimal combined artificial soil in terms of physico-chemical composition is of great scientific and practical importance. In the short-term model experiment, variants of artificial soils are under exploration, with differing ratios of basic fillers that cover the physiological needs of flower crops when grown with a closed root system in greenhouse complexes. The results of laboratory study of artificially constructed soils based on essential materials (peat, coconut filler, river sand) and agricultural waste (horse manure, sunflower seed husk, raw fawl dung) are also presented. Combined soils are developed for the purpose of growing gerbera on “Bounty” soil and garden chrysanthemum on “Elysium” soil. These soils take into account the bioecological and agrotechnological features of greenhouse cultivation of these types of flower plants. The studied flower crops respond quite well to the physico-chemical composition of soils, showing stable growth of vegetative and generative organs.

Growth and Development of Leaf Vegetable Crops under Conditions of the Phytotechnical Complex in Antarctica

Ensuring the technical and technological possibility of regularly obtaining fresh, high-quality plant production in Antarctic stations is an urgent task of our time. This work is devoted to studying the growth and development of leaf vegetable crops and the main quality indicators of their edible parts when grown in the phytotechnical complex greenhouses at the “Vostok” Antarctic station and at the agrobiopolygon of the Agrophysical Research Institute (AFI). The plants, belonging to 13 varieties of 9 types of leaf vegetable crops (arugula, garden cress, cabbage, mustard, leaf radish, leaf lettuce, amaranth, dill, parsley leaf), were studied during five growing seasons at the “Vostok” station and at the AFI agrobiopolygon under controlled conditions (control). The experimental data obtained demonstrate the high productivity of the phytotechnical complex for most of the investigated crops per unit of useful area, with lower costs of electricity and water consumption per unit of production compared with a number of greenhouses at foreign Antarctic stations and greenhouse complexes with controlled conditions located on other continents. Lettuce crops were the most adapted to the growing conditions at the Antarctic station “Vostok”. They did not differ in their evaluated characteristics from the control. All other investigated crops, while not differing in their development rate and quality, had statistically significant (16–61%) decreases in their yield per 1 m2 per year. This may demonstrate the difference in the “genotype–environment” interaction in plants grown at the Antarctic station and AFI agrobiopolygon, probably due to the different barometric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen at the two locations. The positive psychological effects of the greenhouses were identified along with nutritional and other qualities of the plants.

Влияние питательного субстрата на рост и распределение биомассы сеянцев Picea obovata Ledeb. в Северной Монголии

The development of seedling production technology and methods of establishing highyielding plantations of Picea obovata Ledeb. on a scientific basis is one of the urgent problems of forestry in Mongolia. In this study, we aimed to solve the following problems: to conduct a comparative analysis of the seedling growth parameters and biomass accumulation grown on different nutrient substrates; to assess the relationship between seedling growth, biomass accumulation and soil properties; to determine the most optimal nutrient substrates for seedling production of Siberian spruce in greenhouse conditions in Northern Mongolia. Six formulations of nutrient substrates (T1, Т2, Т3, Т4, Т5, Т6) were used for the seedling production of Picea obovata Ledeb. in greenhouses equipped with a sprinkler system. Nutrient substrates were prepared using black soil, manure, compost, peat, sawdust, sand in different composition ratios. During the 4-year-observation period height, root collar diameter, root length and aboveground and belowground biomass of seedlings were measured at the end of each growing season. We divided the biomass of seedlings into several structural elements. We found that all tested nutrient substrates, except the control substrate, had a positive effect on seedling growth in height and diameter. Comparative analyses showed that different ratio and composition of black soil, compost, manure, sawdust, and sand in the nutrient substrate had different effects on seedling growth (p > 0.001) and biomass accumulation (p > 0.001). Among the proposed nutrient substrates, the treatments T2 (50 % black soil + 20 % sand + 20 % peat + 10 % compost) and T6 (60 % black soil + 20 % sand + 10 % peat + 10 % compost) were selected as the most effective soil substrate that are suitable for further seedling production of Siberian spruce under greenhouse conditions in Mongolia. There fore, it was observed that good root system development was a determinant of seedling growth in height, diameter, and aboveground biomass accumulation especially from 3–4 years of age. Spruce seedling growth was positively correlated not only with humus content (r = 0.46), but also with soil acidity (r = 0.43) and available phosphorus (r = 0.48). The results of this investigation made an important contribution to the development of production technology for growing standard and large-sized seedlings of Picea obovata in greenhouse complexes in Northern Mongolia. For citation: Jagdag D., Batsaikhan G., Baatarbileg N., Lobanov A.I., Gerelbaatar S. Effect of Nutrient Substrate on Seedling Growth and Biomass Allocation of Picea obovata Ledeb. in Northern Mongolia. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 57–69. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-57-69

Directions for the Development of the Production Infrastructure of the Greenhouse Industry of the Agro-industrial Complex

The problems and directions of development of the domestic greenhouse industry are considered, promising measures of state support for the construction and modernization of greenhouses and greenhouse complexes are considered, the need to update the regulatory and methodological documentation for technological design, construction and reconstruction of greenhouses and greenhouse complexes is shown, new construction technologies and materials with improved thermal insulation properties, innovative methods of creating and maintaining a microclimate are presented.

CFD Model Verification and Aerodynamic Analysis in Large-Scaled Venlo Greenhouse for Tomato Cultivation

To address the challenges of climate change and food security, the establishment of smart farm complexes is necessary. While there have been numerous studies on the productivity and environmental control of individual greenhouses, research on greenhouse complexes is considerably limited. Conducting environmental studies during the design phase of these complexes poses financial constraints and practical limitations in terms of on-site experiments. To identify potential issues that may arise when developing large-scale greenhouse complexes, it is possible to utilize modeling techniques using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess environmental concerns and location issues before constructing the facilities. Consequently, simulating large-scale CFD models that incorporate multiple greenhouses and atmospheric conditions simultaneously presents significant numerical challenges. The objective of this study was to design and verify the 3D CFD model for a large-scale Venlo greenhouse, where acquiring field data before construction is not feasible for designing a greenhouse complex. The verification of the CFD models was conducted using the improved grid independence test (GIT) and wall Y+ approaches. The findings revealed that a grid resolution of 0.8 m and a first-layer height of 0.04 m were suitable for developing large-scale greenhouse models, resulting in a low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.9% and a high coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.968. This process led to a significant reduction of 38% in the number of grid cells. Subsequently, the aerodynamic characteristics and regional ventilation efficiency were analyzed in a 3D greenhouse model for developing a new large-scale greenhouse complex.

The Practice of Combating Marshantsi (Marchantia polymorpha L.), Which is Changeable in the Cultivation of Scots Pine Seedlings with a Closed Root System, in Relation to Greenhouse Complexes of the Irkutsk Region

One of the main tasks defined by the legislation in the field of reforestation is to increase the volume of cultivation of planting material with a closed root system (PMZKS) for use in its silvicultural production. This determines the increased research and production interest in both domestic and foreign experience in growing PMZKS. Technological features of container cultivation of plants in greenhouses are characterized by the presence of some problems that significantly reduce the quality of planting material and the yield of products per unit area. One of them is the problem of the growth of bryophyte plants (including Marchantia polymorpha L.) on the surface of the nutrient substrate. Forest nurseries in the European part of Russia and Siberia have faced this problem in recent years, while in the countries of North America and Europe' development of measures to combat volatile marching has long been relevant in both agriculture and forestry. In this paper, based on the analysis of theoretical and practical data, we considered the factors determining the negative impact of marchant changeable on the growth and development of seedlings of Scots pine. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various measures to suppress the marching of variable in the closed and open ground of nurseries. Recommendations for growing seedlings of Scots pine with a closed root system, for preventing the appearance and growth of variable marschantia in the conditions of the Irkutsk region on the example of the greenhouse complex of Magistral-Transit LLC have been developed and implemented.

Анализ теплоэнергетических параметров тепличных комплексов

The analysis of existing heating systems for greenhouse complexes was carried out, their advantages and disadvantages were identified. Tasks have been set for the use of structures based on an energy-efficient surface-distributed method of heating (heating) using plate and volumetric multi-electrode composite electric heaters. A complex for determining the heat balance in the greenhouse has been carried out, inflows and outflows of heat have been identified. The possibility of using heat influx from a plate multi-electrode composite electric heater is presented, which makes it possible to normalize the microclimate in the greenhouse during the cold periods of the year. Keywords: TEMPERATURE HEAT SUPPLY, HEATING, GREENHOUSE, ENERGY BALANCE, HEAT BALANCE, HEAT TRANSFER, ENERGY SAVING

Evaluation of the effectiveness of ultraviolet disinfection (254 nm) of aqueous solutions from phytopathogenic microorganisms

Relevance. Currently, greenhouse complexes use water for irrigation from open surface sources (ponds, lakes, rivers) and underground water from wells, adding a return (drainage) solution to it. At the same time, water from both open sources and drainage solution often becomes a source of emergence and spread of phytopathogenic infection in greenhouses, which brings economically significant crop losses. In this regard, the need to develop guaranteed methods and methods for the disinfection of drainage water and water from open sources is relevant. One of the methods of water disinfection is the use of ultraviolet irradiation, but for the effective use of irradiation, it is necessary to ensure the minimum effective UV dose. This UV dose is typical for each pathogen.Results. Work was carried out to experimentally establish doses of UV irradiation that allow complete inactivation of vegetative cells and spores of bacteria and fungi (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pythium debaryanum, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae, Phoma destructiva) in a solution prepared on the basis of distilled water. A dose of UV irradiation of 40 mJ/cm2 ensured complete inactivation of the bacterial pathogen, and a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 showed complete inactivation of the pathogens of the studied fungal infections.

Environmental aspects and microclimate in greenhouses in the republic of Uzbekistan

Over the years, the persistence of pandemics has further increased the population's demand for environmentally friendly products. Greenhouses are a key factor in solving this socio-economic problem. A temperate climate is needed to grow organic produce. This experiment is carried out only in greenhouse complexes. Creating an ecological microclimate in greenhouses in the Republic of Uzbekistan will help to solve these problems. The aim of the study is to create and optimize low-cost ecomicroclimate conditions in greenhouses using natural resources. In the study of ecological microclimate processes in greenhouses, the methods of analysis, synthesis, inductive, monographic research, abstract logic, and other general scientific research are used. The study found that an optimal ventilation system improves climate control and therefore optimize energy consumption, in addition to linking other factors such as airborne carbon concentration, temperature, humidity, which directly affect the growth and development of aerated crops. Ventilation affects the temperature inside the greenhouse, another ecological aspect of the correct and optimized operation of a sustainable greenhouse agroecosystem, as it provides the same air circulation from outside the greenhouse to remove excess heat during high solar radiation found to have a positive effect on quality ; this has been proven to affect quality with a positive effect. To prevent problems such as high heat and evaporation, stress of plant water and physiological diseases, including cracking of fruits, death of flowers and fruits, the temperature of 10, which provides optimal physiological and biochemical processes in plants. A decrease in °C is observed, so their resistance increases. affects plants and the degree of non-loss of yield has been determined. The results of this study were recommended for use as a guideline for all regions with the assistance of the Agency for Horticulture and Greenhouse Development under the Ministry of Agriculture of Uzbekistan.

Innovation as a strategic direction for increasing the economic efficiency of the agro-industrial complex

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the processes of innovatization and informatization of the agro-industrial complex. Critical review of publications of academic and business circles and identification of strategic directions of innovative development of the agro-industrial complex; formation of a statistical database and quantitative analysis of indicators of innovative development and digital maturity of the agro-industrial complex; identification of key milestones in the development of the agro-industrial complex in the context of ongoing digital reforms. In the process of writing a scientific article, general scientific (observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning) and specifically scientific (static analysis, expert assessments, graphical method) methods of scientific cognition were used. The main directions of innovation and digitalization of the agro-industrial complex are: the development of precision agriculture, the formation of a network of smart farms and greenhouse complexes, the implementation of the federal program of technological cooperation of the agro-industrial complex and the IT sphere "Industrial FoodNet". The main obstacles to the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex are: the dominance of state financing of projects in the field of digital reform; lack of educational programs in the field of cooperation of the agroindustry and IT; insufficient dissemination of ideas and requirements of responsible business policy, expressed in the adoption and compliance with ESG principles; internal resistance of agribusiness management to deep reforms due to the fear of disclosure of trade secrets and the need for admission of partners from the IT sphere to sensitive economic information.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НЕЙРО-НЕЧЕТКИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ДЛЯ ЗАДАЧ СИНТЕЗА СИСТЕМ АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The article presents a study of methods for the synthesis of intelligent ACS, using the apparatus of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic, for the design of automation systems for greenhouse complexes.

Мониторинг миграционной активности растений между открытым и защищенным грунтом

Monitoring of the migration activity of plants spontaneously dispersing between open and protected ground was organized with a certain frequency in greenhouse complexes of the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS, Moscow). The relevance of this study is the identification of species that, due to their adaptive capabilities, aggressive distribution and climate warming, may pose a potential danger as alien taxa. A total of 174 species from 123 genera of open-ground plants were identified around all greenhouses of the MBG RAS (within 15 meters), most of which are local and alien weeds. Only 32 species from 28 genera of open-ground plants were found on the greenhouse basement and even fewer were found in the protected ground - 24 species from 22 genera. Only 4 species of plants of protected ground were found on the outside basement of greenhouses, and 3 species belong to ferns. The only flowering plant Cymbalaria muralis, was repeatedly found both on the outer walls and in the cracks of greenhouses, and at a distance of up to 15 meters from the greenhouse buildings. In the open ground, this plant forms populations of up to several dozen specimens, blooms profusely and forms fruits with viable seeds that can successfully overwinter in deep recesses of walls, or under snow.

Application of electrical technologies to increase the productivity of cucumber in protected ground structures

The rationale for the need to improve greenhouse complexes using energy-saving technologies for growing vegetable products, including cucumber, is presented. The purpose of the work is to justify the use of modern electrical technologies in protected ground structures to increase the productivity of cucumber. Based on the objectives of the study, the following tasks were identified: analysis of the operating modes of electrical equipment to identify ways to increase its productivity and reduce energy costs in the production of cucumbers on protected lands, significantly increase the efficiency of pre-sowing treatment of cucumber seeds by developing a system for automatic stabilization of the ultraviolet radiation dose. Energy requirements are related to the strategic choice of producers in relation to the structure, greenhouse and climate equipment used, such as ventilation systems, cooling, heating, as well as cultivation and adaptation methods. The search for new and efficient electrical technologies is becoming an urgent research aimed at optimizing the entire technological cycle and all stages of obtaining a high and high-quality crop. Including: 3D light surveillance models affecting the angle of the roof of the greenhouse in the direction, as well as this approach allows the greenhouse to receive 25% more natural light in the winter months, saving up to 15% energy; two new sensors will be tested to measure the true photosynthesis of crops; existing LED lighting has achieved an energy efficiency increase of about 40% in both summer and winter.

Intellectual Scenario-synergetic Control of the Humidity and Temperature Regime of the Greenhouse Facilities

The article substantiates the management of the humidity and temperature regime of greenhouse complexes on the basis of a scenario-synergetic approach. The scenarios for controlling the temperature and humidity conditions in the greenhouse using the approach of fuzzy neural networks are formed. The structure of an automated control system for technological processes is developed, which provides automated collection and processing of information for the implementation of control actions in order to improve the efficiency of the greenhouse complex on the basis of a scenario-synergetic approach. The corresponding fuzzy neural networks are synthesized for a synergistic assessment of the interaction of technological parameters. Estimation of the root-mean-square error in the synthesis of fuzzy neural networks confirms the possibility of their use for the synergistic formation of scenarios for controlling the temperature and humidity regime in greenhouses to reveal the presence of a synergistic effect. Production rules for scenario management of temperature and humidity conditions are formed. It is shown that the use of fuzzy neural networks for the formation of scenarios for controlling the humidity and temperature regime provides the possibility of obtaining the appropriate scenarios for making managerial decisions and their prompt correction.

New Weed Hosts for Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus in Wild Mediterranean Vegetation.

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV; genus, Tobamovirus, family, Virgaviridae) was first reported in 2015 infecting tomatoes grown under protected cropping in the Jordan Valley. Since then, ToBRFV has been detected in tomatoes grown in both protected and open fields across Jordan. The increased incidence of ToBRFV prompted this investigation of the potential role of natural weed hosts in the dissemination of ToBRFV. A survey was conducted in the Jordan Valley and highlands to determine possible reservoir hosts of ToBRFV in fields and greenhouse complexes in which tomatoes were grown. Detection of ToBRFV infection was made by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and further confirmation by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by DNA cloning and sequencing, and bioassays. Thirty weed species belonging to twenty-six genera from sixteen families were tested. Twelve species belonging to eight families were infected of which ten species are newly reported hosts for ToBRFV. Seed transmission of ToBRFV in Solanum nigrum was confirmed in a grow-out experiment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of ToBRFV on weed hosts. Identification of natural reservoirs of ToBRFV can help to develop management practices focused on weed plant species to prevent ToBRFV transmission. The extent to which ToBRFV survives in diverse alternate weed host species outside tomato growing seasons in different world regions requires further research in order to establish the risk associated with the possible contribution of weeds as a reservoir for primary infections in tomato crops.

Adaptive microalgae disinfection system as the basis of a new technological approach to closed water supply installations

Modern conditions of industrial fish farming are accompanied by the uncontrolled influence of natural or man-made factors that affect water quality, which in turn affects the quality of products. One of the specific factors is the negative effect of microalgae and their toxins on water quality indicators. There is a need to create mechanisms to eliminate the factors of microalgae development and the manifestation of their toxins, if possible - the destruction of the toxins themselves. Industrial farms must have a system that can eliminate in a preventive automatic mode the negative effect of microalgae on the aquatic environment, while such a system must be safe for the environment and humans. Substantiation of technological and constructive solutions for the microalgae disinfection system operation using an adaptive approach to the structure in general, as well as individual blocks and units based on pulsed electrochemical methods as the main factors influencing water condition. The use of electrolytic methods of microalgae neutralization enables us to simultaneously realize the mechanism of change of toxic effect of aquatic organisms' urine when it is accumulating into nontoxic. This is done through the transformation, oxidation, and reduction of its aqueous solutions, which provides a change in the solution properties to optimal for plant nutrition. The use of electrolytic transformation methods is a new approach to the innovative technology of closed water supply systems (CWSS) for fisheries or greenhouse complexes, which can perform one, two, or more important tasks in a single technological cycle. The first one is the disinfection of hazardous bioagents as well as the destruction and removal of microalgae. The second one is the controlled transformation of the urine of aquatic organisms into a nutrient solution with the necessary ionic form for use by the plant root system. The third one is the synthesis and production of important components such as oxygen and hydrogen. The fourth one is the collection and subsequent use of the condensed fraction of microalgae. The main control parameter of water is light transmission - as a simplified, generalized indicator of the presence of microalgae in the aquatic environment. The system uses an effective process of destructive action on microalgae and their toxins - pulsed load current of electrodes with changes in its parameters and shape to prepare the water structure for better current effect due to cavitation blocks, which also destructively affect microalgae and toxins. When changing light transmission and pH of the working solution, the parameters of the pulsed load current are also changed by the adaptive power supply source to the most efficient. The proposed solution can be improved by using known developments used for better water purification in adaptive water purification systems. One of the promising areas is the selection and direction of microalgae and the condensed fraction of aquatic organisms at the same time to the adaptive biogas system (ABS) to obtain quality organic fertilizers and biogas. Another area is creating adaptive control systems for water parameters for hydroponics and aquaponics systems. An important extra factor of the new technological approach is the use of an electrolyzer with an insoluble anode and oxygen membrane that can be injected into the aquatic environment with aquatic organisms, as well as hydrogen for use as a source of power or heat.

ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ПОЧВ

The history of agriculture and social development shows the strategic role of soil fertility in the development of civilization. However, in the conditions of modern climatic, epidemiological and environmental challenges, guaranteed harvests are associated with greenhouse complexes, where the soil is replaced by soil-like bodies, mixtures and various substrates. Global pollution of the planet’s soil creates problems in obtaining ecologically clean agricultural products in natural conditions. All this urgently calls for the development of medical soil science, which would study the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the cultivation of ecologically clean plant products. The same reasons may explain why the present-day European civilizational centers are settled in a humid zone with low-fertility soils (podzolic, soddy-podzolic, gray forest, brown forest), nevertheless characterized by the best ecological functioning of the soils.

Machine learning in scenarios of control of temperature-humidity regime for greenhouse complexes

Machine learning in scenarios of control of temperature-humidity regime for greenhouse complexes