Green Wax Research Articles

Extraction and Clarification of Orange Wax Obtained from Waste of the Citrus Industry

AbstractThe processing of the orange leads to a large generation of waste, which is underutilized or discarded. Thus, this study proposes a route to treat oily waste from the orange juice industry, transforming it into a by‐product of higher added value to the chemical industry. The orange wax is obtained by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, and the clarification of the wax is carried out with the oxidative treatment using H2O2. A 32 Experimental Design confirmed that the factors, temperature, and concentration of the reactant, influence both response variables, the colorimetric changes and yield. The obtained waxes are characterized by chromatographic (CG‐MS), thermal, and rheological analysis. The results of the CG‐MS indicate that the clarification method is effective as the components responsible for the pigmentation and odor of the wax cannot be identified after the clarification process. Thermogravimetry analysis and differential exploratory calorimetryindicate a slight increase in thermal stability and a decrease in crystallinity after the clarification process. Rheological analyses show that the obtained waxes present similar flow behavior as commercial beeswax. Therefore, it can be affirmed that this work obtains a green wax from a residue for potential replacement of commercial waxes according to its properties analyzed.Practical applications: This work shows the extraction of orange wax from oily industrial wastes for possible applications in the food and cosmetics industries. The orange wax can be a sustainable substitute for nonrenewable products and supply the wax market due to the high demand. In addition, methods for processing and characterization of the waxes are presented in this work.

Optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction by response surface methodology, composition analysis and economic evaluation of bamboo green wax

Bamboo processing is faced with increasing requirements of resource reusability in China. A large amount of waste bamboo green produced in bamboo processing needs to be recycled. Waste bamboo green contains a large number of environmentally friendly wax components. In this study, supercritical CO2 extraction was used to extract bamboo green waste to obtain natural wax. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process and the yield of bamboo green wax under pressure of 20–30 MPa, temperature of 318–328 K, and time of 30–90 min. The extracted bamboo green wax was characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RSM optimization shows that under the conditions of 26 MPa, 328 K, and 56 min, the yield of bamboo green wax was the highest at 2.327%. The compositions of esters, fatty acids, sterols and so on in bamboo green wax were characterized by GC-MS. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that the melting point of bamboo green wax is 334 K. At last, the economic evaluation of bamboo green wax was made to analyze its potential application prospect. It is supposed that bamboo green waste is a resource for natural wax with potential application value.

A critical review on the development of wax inhibiting agent in facilitating remediation process of contaminated groundwater.

Transportation of crude oil and refined petroleum is the main function of pipeline system in petroleum industry. Unfortunately, wax precipitation has become a serious problem for the petroleum industry where it causes pipeline blockage and eventually results in operational catastrophe. Up-to-date, the technique used to mitigate wax deposition by injecting chemical wax inhibiting agent remains a debate amongst researchers. This review addresses the evolution of chemical wax inhibitor generations started from polymer-based in the early 1980s, followed by biosurfactant-based in the late 1990s and finally plant-based or agricultural-based in recent years. Pivoting to environmental impact, petroleum industry is amidst finding a green wax inhibiting agent to solve wax deposition problem that occurs during the transportation of crude oil whilst facilitating the remediation process of contaminated groundwater.

Novel Simulation and Optimization for the Production of Green Products I.E., Green Gasoline, Green Diesel and Green Waxes.

During the last decagon, there has been expanding international worry over the rise of anthropogenic CO2 discharge into the Earth’s atmosphere. The application of CO2 into a valuable asset is a major concern. The generation of syn gas and then usage of the syn gas into liquid fuel, seems to be one of the promising options in terms of industrial employment, as it offers several advantages: (a) reduction of CO2, (b) conversion of gases, specially bio-gas, natural gas, LPG, and etc. and CO2 into syngas (c) producing syngas with H2/CO2 ratio 1:1.9 to 1:2.1 which may further be used for the generation of valuable petrochemicals. The present research focusses on the gas to liquid conversion using the simulating software, Aspen Plus ®. The outcomes are then subjected to Design Expert ® for calculation of the optimal generation rate. The feedstocks used for the proposed present examination are bio-gas or pyro-gas, natural gas and LPG. The research scheme, gas to liquid conversion is carried out using three steps: (a) gas (feedstock) to syngas from the combination of dry reforming and steam reforming of methane, (b) Fischer Tropsch process to produce long chains of hydrocarbons and (c) usage of unconverted CO and H2 and other alcohol derivates in the CHP unit for the production of electricity. Amongst all the feedstocks natural gas production or generation is maximum followed by bio-gas or pyro-gas and then LPG. Due to non-available resources of natural gas and generation of GHG emission, for countries like India, bio-gas or pyro-gas can be used as a promising sustainable feedstock for reducing GHG emission and global warming. The outcomes of Aspen Plus ® of biogas or pyro-gas are then subjected to Design Expert ® for the prediction of the maximal production. It can be confirmed that with 6997.54 kg/h of biogas flowrate and 99.39% recycling of CO2, the production of green gasoline, green diesel and green waxes are 565.24 (kg/h), 545.45(kg/h) and 642.68 (kg/h) respectively. The outcomes are in good agreement with the theories, thus proving the process to be a realistic one in nature. Therefore, bringing its viability for India in terms of reduction in CO2 emission and development of gas to liquid conversion process.

MARGARET DE LACY, COUNTESS OF LINCOLN AND PEMBROKE

Letter to her dear friend Sir Robert. She requests the return by the messenger carrying her letter a knife with a jasper handle which Earl Walter had given Robert's father, as she wants to send it to the earl overseas along with other things she is sending. [April × October 1242]A= Northamptonshire Record Office, Stopford-Sackville MS 2200.162 × 42 mm, approx. Tongue and tie cut from right for seal attached, tongue above tie. Endorsed: sanz date (s. xvi). Seal: Vesica, green wax. Armorial, Lacy with a label of four points. A seven-pointed star in upper cusp. No legend, the rim decorated with lions passant guardant.

Green waxes, adhesives and lubricants

General characteristics of waxes, adhesives and lubricants as well as the recent fundamental investigations on their physical and mechanical behaviour are introduced. The current R&D status for new type/generation of waxes, adhesives and lubricants from natural products is reviewed, with an emphasis on their tribological applications. In particular, some crucial issues and challenges relating to technological improvement and materials development are discussed. Based on the current predicted shortage of energy resources and environmental concerns, prospective research on the development of green waxes, adhesives and lubricants is suggested.

Life cycle assessment in green chemistry

Background, Aims and Scope. Using renewable feedstock and introducing biocatalysts in the chemical industry have been suggested as the key strategies to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The Swedish interdisciplinary programme 'Greenchem', is aiming to develop these strategies. One target group of chemicals for Greenchem are wax esters which can be used in wood surface coatings for wood furniture, etc. The aim of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment of four different wood surface coatings, two wax-based coatings and two lacquers using ultra violet light for hardening (UV lacquers). One of the two wax-based coatings is based on a renewable wax ester produced with biocatalysts from rapeseed oil, denoted 'green wax', while the other is based on fossil feedstock and is denoted 'fossil wax'. The two UV lacquers consist of one '100% UV' coating and one 'water-based UV coating. The scope was to compare the environmental performance of the new 'green' coating with the three coatings which are on the market today. Methods. The study has a cradle-to-grave perspective and the functional unit is decoration and protection of 1 m(2) wood table surface for 20 years'. Extensive data collection and calculations have been performed for the two wax-based coatings, whereas mainly existing LCI data have been used to characterise the production of the two UV lacquers. Results. For all impact categories studied, the '100% UV' lacquer is the most environmentally benign alternative. The 'waterbased UV is the second best alternative for all impact categories except EP, where the 'fossil wax' is slightly better. For GWP the 'fossil wax' has the highest contribution followed by the 'green wax'. For AP and EP it is the 'green wax' that makes the highest environmental impact due to the contribution from the cultivation of the rapeseed and the production of the rapeseed oil. For POCP the 'fossil wax' makes the highest contribution, slightly higher than the contribution from the 'green wax'. Also the energy requirements for the '100% U-V' lacquer is much lower than for the other coatings. The results from the toxicological evaluation conducted in this study, which was restricted to include only the UV lacquers, are inconclusive, giving different results depending on the model chosen, EDIP97 or USES. Discussion. The result in this study shows that the environmental benefits of using revewable feedstock and processes based on biocatalysis in the production of wax esters used in wood surface coatings are rather limited. This is due to the high environmental impact from other steps in the life cycle of the coating. Conclusions. Overall the '100% UV' lacquer seems to be the best alternative from an environmental point of view. This study shows that the hot spots of the life cycle of the coatings are the production of the ingredients, but also the application and drying of the coatings. The toxicity assessment shows the need for the development of a new model, a model which finds common ground in order to overcome the current situation of diverging results of toxicity assessments. The results in this study also point to the importance of investigating the environmental performance of a product based on fossil or renewable feedstock from a life cycle perspective. Recommendations and Perspectives. The results in this study show that an efficient way to improve the wood coating industry environmentally is to increase the utilization of UV lacquers that are 100% U-V-based. These coatings can also be even further improved by introducing biocatalytic processes and producing epoxides and diacrylates from renewable raw material instead of the fossil-based ones produced with conventional chemical methods in use today. In doing this, however, choosing a vegetable oil with good environmental performance is important. An alternative application of the 'green wax' analysed in this study may be as an ingredient in health care products, for example, which may result in greater environmental benefits than when the wax is used in wood coating products. The results in this study illustrate the importance of investigating the environmental performance of a product from cradle.-to-grave perspective and not consider it 'green' because it is based on renewable resources.

Life cycle assessment in green chemistry

Background, Aims and Scope Using renewable feedstock and introducing biocatalysts in the chemical industry have been suggested as the key strategies to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The Swedish interdisciplinary programme ‘Greenchem’, is aiming to develop these strategies. One target group of chemicals for Greenchem are wax esters which can be used in wood surface coatings for wood furniture, etc. The aim of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment of four different wood surface coatings, two wax-based coatings and two lacquers using ultra violet light for hardening (UV lacquers). One of the two wax-based coatings is based on a renewable wax ester produced with biocatalysts from rapeseed oil, denoted ‘green wax’, while the other is based on fossil feedstock and is denoted ‘fossil wax’. The two UV lacquers consist of one ‘100% UV’ coating and one ‘water-based UV’ coating. The scope was to compare the environmental performance of the new ‘green’ coating with the three coatings which are on the market today.

Oviposition of the Papaya Fruit Fly Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker as Affected by Fruit Maturity

A scale for assessing damage to papaya fruit by the papaya fruit fly Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker was used in the field to help detect egg and larval infestation. There were more eggs in green fruits than in ripe fruit, whereas more larvae were found in ripe fruit than in green fruit. Under laboratory conditions, papaya fruit fly preferred to oviposit in green papayas than in ripe fruit. In an experiment of the choice type, papaya fruit flies showed strong preference for oviposition in green wax domes than in yellow wax domes. The color preference of papaya fruit fly females was confirmed.

An evaluation of occlusal indicator wax

0 cclusal indicator wax is often used to determine occlusal contacts. These strips of 28-gauge casting wax have been treated on one surface with an adhesive and on the other surface with a release agent.’ The transparent green wax is 0.4 mm thick, 44 mm long, and 11 mm wide. The contrast of the wax against teeth and dental restorations makes visual location of occlusal contacts possible. Areas of occlusal contact are marked with a special wax pencil. Although occlusal indicator wax has been used since 1956, its validity as an indicator has been evaluated only by clinical judgment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of occlusal indicator wax compared with the indicating qualities of another medium.

Development and Survival of Lygus lineolaris1 Exposed to Different Laboratory Rearing Conditions

Potato shoots were preferred to green beans, wax beans, pea sprouts and bean sprouts as food and oviposition sites for Lygus lineolaris . Celery stalks, turnip stalks and broccoli were not found satisfactory. At rearing temperatures between 16°C and 28°C, development was faster at higher temperatures, but egg viability and nymphal survival was lower. Fluctuating temperatures (28°C for 16 h and 24°C for 8 h) proved better than constant temperatures between 16°C and 28°C for mass rearing.

NOTE ON THE STATUTES OF LABOURERS

JN I9I7 Miss Bertha Putnam sent a note to The Athenurnml pointing out that there was evidence elsewhere of some convictions under the Statutes of Labourers among the tenants of the Bishop of Winchester, although I had failed to discover any such evidence in the Winchester Pipe Roll.2 In I9I7, however, there were problems in Europe even more urgent than historical research, and Miss Putnam's criticism remained unanswered. Many years after, the " Pipe Rolls " have yielded more information as to offences under the Statutes than seemed at all likely. The relevant entries are easily overlooked, as they appear under the heading of Virida Cera,3 on certain manors which possessed the right to the profits of royal justice, and hence received the fines imposed by the Justices of Labourers. These entries appear at Esher (Surrey), West Wycombe (Bucks), Downton (Wilts), Witney (Oxon), Wargrave (Berks), Brightwell (Berks), Ivinghoe (Bucks), in the years I356-57 and I36o-6i,4 and possibly in other rolls. There are none, apparently, in Hampshire. The number of offences varies sharply. Thus Esher and West Wycombe have only one case apiece; Downton has 27, Witney 54, Wargrave about 26, Brightwell has 8, and Ivinghoe 57. The fines imposed seem to have been somewhat stereotyped; they range from 2d., 4d., up to 6s. 8d., never more: the majority are under is. If they represent, as is generally stated, the difference between the statutory wage and the actual wage, it is difficult to understand the relation between the fine and the time for which excess wages were paid. It is unlikely that most cases were stopped after one or two days. At Witney or Downton a large proportion of the population was involved, and the men who appear as pledges for an offender often figure a little lower on the list as offenders themselves. Unfortunately the entries are not made on a uniform plan;5 sometimes the occupation of the offender is given, sometimes not. Thus at 1 The A thencsum, July, I9I7, P. 348. Cf. Enforcement of the Statutes of Labourers, I48, note 4. 2 Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History (ed. Vinogradoff), v. I44. 3 I.e., Estreats of Green Wax. & Eccles. Comm. Vaarious, I59,368 and I59,372. For the correct dating of these rolls cf. THE ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Vol. II., No. I, P. 93. 5 The usual entry is as follows: " De Radulfo Lovring Tannere de finibus pro excessibus per plegium J. Tyny et Henrici Baker xiid.

Green wax process

Green wax process

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax

A feud about Green Wax