Green Tiger Shrimp Penaeus Semisulcatus Research Articles

Reproductive biology of green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 in Palk Bay, southeast coast of India

Penaeus semisulcatus forms a single-species fishery of significant importance along Palk Bay’s southeast coast of India. The reproductive biology of the species was studied from the region as parameters like ovary development, maturity stages, and the spawning season are necessary for better management of the resources. The male testis of P. semisulcatus has eight testicular lobes with oval-shaped ampoules. Chromatin oocytes in immature females, cortical oocytes in mature females, and Atreatic oocytes in mature females were observed. The dark green (or greenish brown) ovary with elongated cortical bodies in the periphery of the ova is fully mature. The spawning season is most active in the post-monsoon and monsoon, with a minor peak in the pre-monsoon. The Lm50 determined was extremely low when compared to other studies conducted on the species, which is attributed to fishing pressure. Males mature earlier than females, and they do not have specific seasons or cyclic changes. The female-to-male ratio was not equal, and females were always found in greater numbers. Beyond 3 Nautical Miles (NM), the entire Palk Bay is designated as a spawning ground, while up to 3 NM, is designated as a nursery ground. These species can be harvested sustainably by imposing a seasonal ban on shrimp fishing during the peak breeding season, regardless of gear.

Molecular investigation on the presence of monodon slow- growth syndrome (MSGS) in the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in Egypt; biofloc as a control measure

Molecular investigation on the presence of monodon slow- growth syndrome (MSGS) in the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in Egypt; biofloc as a control measure

Genomic analysis of a decapod Penstylidensovirus 1 isolated from Penaeus semisulcatus

The purpose of this study was to identify the genomic characteristics of Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV 1) affected farming of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus. Shrimp samples tested positive for PstDNV 1 by PCR and showing pathognomonic lesions were taken for cloning. Genomic DNA from infected shrimp was digested with restriction enzymes and plasmid libraries made before taking recombinant clones for shotgun sequencing. Altogether, 11 PstDNV1 contigs 3,530 to 3,912 nucleotides (nt) long were generated from P. semisulcatus. Each sequence contained ORFs encoding nonstructural (NS) proteins NS1 and NS2 and coat protein. The genome length of the isolates ranged from 3,598 to 3,912 bases. The GC content of the isolates varied from 42.5 % to 43.2%. These eleven PstDNV 1 isolates shared a pairwise identity of 96.4%. The phylogenetic analysis of the eleven PstDNV 1 isolates and the previously reported sequences showed the formation of 5 groups. Group 1 contains isolates from China, Brazil, California, Hawaii and 4 sequences from Egypt (KT316255.1, KT316260.1, KT316256.1 and KT316256.1). The second group contains sequences from Australia and 4 sequences from Egypt (KT316253.1, KT316252.1, KT316251.1 and KT316250.1). The third group clusters sequences from Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan and two sequences from Egypt (KT316257.1 and KT316259.1). The appearance of PstDNV 1 in Egypt occurred after the introduction of Litopenaeus vannamei and Fenneropenaeus indicus. The complete genomes characterized in this study suggest that PstDNV was introduced to Egypt via movement of infected animals from distinct parts of the world. These finding serve as evidence that stricter monitoring protocols for the movement of shrimp species are fundamental as biosecurity measures to avoid the spread of pathogens that could potentially compromise the growth of the shrimp industry in Egypt.

Sargassum wightii-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles – from antibacterial and insecticidal activity to immunostimulatory effects on the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus

The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using phytochemical from marine seaweeds is a fast-growing research field in nanotechnology. Here, the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was achieved using the hot water extract of Sargassum wightii. The hot water extract prepared from S. wightii (H Sw) and ZnO NPs were studied by UV–visible and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and XRD. Then, both products were evaluated for antibiofilm activity towards aquatic pathogens. The nanoparticles' immunostimulating potential on green tiger prawns, Penaeus semisulcatus was studied through immersion and dietary administration. Shrimp immune parameters (i.e., total hemocytes count (THC), respiratory bursts (RBs), phenoloxidase (PO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity) were significantly affected by exposure or ingestion of ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, the hot water extract and ZnO nanoparticles had high antibiofilm activity against Gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) and Gram-negative (S. sonnei, P. aeruginosa) microbial pathogens. It was accomplished that the ZnO nanoparticles can be used as the bacteriostatic and immunostimulant agents through immersion and dietary administration enhancing immunity of green tiger shrimp. Furthermore, the toxicity effects of ZnO nanoparticles were 100% at 24 h on Aedes aegypti 3 rd instar larvae at the concentration of 100 μg/mL and the greatest efficacy was accomplished by H Sw ZnO NPs against the Ae. aegypti after 24 h (LC50 49.22; LC90 86.96 mg/mL), if compared to the seaweed extract alone. Morphological and histological damages triggered by nanoexposure were investigated.

Nursery habitats and life history traits of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (De Haan, 1844) in the Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf

The green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus is one of most productive fisheries in the Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf. Currently, two artisanal fleets harvest the stock and management is limited to input control measures. Progress to quantitatively-based, sustainability-oriented management is precluded by the lack of basic ecological and biological knowledge. In this study we identify nursery and juvenile habitats, spawning seasons, estimate maturity of females, cohort composition, individual growth, natural mortality, and derive biological reference points. Beach seining and trawl surveys show that coastal embayment systems are important nursery grounds. The population is composed of a maximum of three cohorts born at 6 months intervals. Among three growth models, a 2-parameters version of the Gompertz model was the most supported by the data with individual growth parameters of 57mm carapace length (CL) asymptotic length and 1.9yr−1 growth rate coefficient. Spawning is continuous along the year with two main peaks in early summer and in December. At 23mm of CL 50% of females are mature, and at 29mm CL 95% have reached maturity. Natural mortality was estimated at 2.391yr−1. Fishing mortality corresponding to a target of 40% of virgin spawning biomass per recruit is 1.3yr−1. All parameters are estimated with good precision. These life history traits correspond to a short-lived stock whose abundance is driven by recent recruitment pulses.

Biological studies and assessment of the exploitation status of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus from Jizan Area, Red Sea

The present study was undertaken to investigate some biological aspects of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in order to provide the biological information required for its proper management of the fishery in Jizan area, Red Sea. Growth parameters were calculated as (L∞ = 94.40; K = 0.81; to = -0.2); maximum age tmax = 3.7037 years; growth performance indices (ØL = 3.86; Øwt = 1.36). Carapace length at which P. semisulcatus females attained 50% of maturity was 38 mm. The annual mortality coefficients were (Z = 3.124 year-1; M = 1.163 year-1 & F = 1.961 year-1). Carapace length and age at first capture were 35.73 mm and 0.387 year, while carapace length and age at recruitment were 28.52 mm and 0.24 year, respectively. The length at first sexual maturity was found to be 38 mm, while the carapace length at first capture L50 was estimated as 35.73 mm .This indicates that there is a poor opportunity for the recruits of P. semisulcatus in Jizan area to spawn before fishing which is considered an important factor that would lead to overexploitation the stock. The estimated exploitation ratio (0.628) was higher than Emax (0.581) which indicates that, the fisheries status of this species under study is in overexploited.

Immune indices and identical functions of two prophenoloxidases from the haemolymph of green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus and its antibiofilm activity.

In the present study, we purified two prophenoloxidases (proPO) from haemolymph of green tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus by gel fermentation chromatography using blue Sepharose matrix. The two purified prophenoloxidase macromolecules are of about 76 and 75kDa determined through SDS-PAGE and named as Penaeus semisulcatus prophenoloxidase I (PSproPO I) and Penaeus semisulcatus prophenoloxidase II (PSproPO II). It was further characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The purified PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed the strongest agglutination titre against human erythrocytes compared to goat RBC. The PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed phagocytic activity against yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and encapsulation activity against Sepharose CL 6B beads compared to CM Sepharose and Sodium alginate beads. The functional analysis of purified PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed enhanced PO activity when added with the triggering molecules such as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), metals and chemicals. In addition, eluted fraction containing PSproPO I and PSproPO II showed antibiofilm activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The above results concluded that no significant differences were found between the purified PSproPO I and PSproPO II immune indices and functions. This study might provide a sensitive platform to understand more about the critical roles of PSproPO I and PSproPO II in crustacean immune system.

Growth Performance of the Green Tiger Shrimp Penaeus Semisulcatus Raised in Biofloc Systems

Biofloc technology (BFT) is a technique of enhancing water quality in aquaculture to produce a microbial biomass or a that could be consumed by the cultured animals as a food source. For this purpose, an intensive feed trial for the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus was conducted throughout an indoor system to determine the benefits of biofloc technology in water quality control and growth performance of the shrimp. The impact of substrate on the shrimps' performance in this system was also evaluated. In addition, the nutritive quality of the shrimps' flesh was assessed. Water quality was enhanced in the biofloc systems in terms of dissolved oxygen, pH, unionized ammonia and nitrate. Growth rates and weight gains of shrimps in the biofloc tanks increased significantly while the feed conversion ratios decreased with increasing the C: N (16:1) ratio. The effect of substrate on the survival rate of shrimps is also discussed.

Population dynamics of the shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in the Yemeni Red Sea waters

Length-based analyses were conducted to assess the stock of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus. Monthly carapace length frequency data were collected from commercial catches at two main landing sites on the Yemeni Red Sea coast for eight months. Growth parameters, mortalities, exploitation rate and yield per recruit were estimated for this species in this area. The estimated growth parameters were CL∞ = 44.65 mm, K = 1.2 yr -1 and to = 0.15 for males and CL∞ = 58.8 mm, K = 1.4 yr -1 and to = -0.12 for females. The natural mortality coefficient (M) was estimated as 2.19 yr -1 and 2.27 yr -1 for males and females respectively. The total mortality coefficient (Z) was 6.55 yr -1 for males and 5.63 yr -1 for females. The exploitation rate was 0.67 and 0.60 for males and females, respectively. Yield per recruit analysis showed that the current exploitation rate will result in higher stock biomass than the maximum exploitation rate.

Variations in biochemical and histological characteristics of WSSV infected green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus

White Spot Syndrome Virus causes viral disease in crustaceans and generates a significant burden in the developing nations. Biochemical and immunological assays were performed in WSSV infected Penaeus semisulcatus which were monitored in different salinity conditions. Continuous exposure of shrimps to WSSV showed a reduced life span, indicating the pathogenicity in Penaeidae species. Hence, this study is intended to investigate the protective antioxidant potential of the innate immune system consisting biochemical and morphological alterations. Penaeus semisulcatus challenged with white spot syndrome virus (5.5 × 104 copy number; WSSV) reared at different salinity 5, 15, 25 (control) and 35 g/L were examined after 0–120 h for immunological parameters such as total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) and respiratory burst (RB) and alkaline and acid phosphatase activities. After 72 h, the WSSV injected P. semisulcatus tissues were histopathologically sectioned and stained. This study would be helpful to understand host–pathogen interaction and envisages the improvement of better management practices in shrimp aquaculture system.

Variation in the Biochemical Constituents during Different Moulting Stages in Green Tiger Shrimp, Peneaus semisulcatus

A hallmark of crustacean physiology is the periodic shedding of their old exoskeleton achieved by moulting as an external manifestation of a discontinuous growth process. Crustacean metabolism, reproduction and behavior are all affected by the periodic shedding of the exoskeleton and the characteristics of moulting cycles. There are major gaps in our understanding of moulting patterns of commercially raised shrimp; hence, further investigations on the duration of each moult stage, in-moult cycle and the relationship between biochemical constituents and moult cycling are essentially needed. The present research work was aimed at describing characteristic features and biochemical changes that occur at various stages (A-D) during moulting cycle of the Indian green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus. Experimental animals (wet weight, 20 ± 2 g) were reared individually in aerated plastic aquaria under normal laboratory conditions (12L: 12D; 28.2oC) and 50% of the water was replaced daily for one month. Animals were provided twice daily with commercial Magnum Scampi feed ad libitum and were observed regularly for moulting by setal development and biochemical analysis in conjunction with established parameters for morphological changes during the moulting cycle. Results Original Research Article Annual Research &Review in Biology, 4(6): 985-997, 2014 986 showed that muscle protein content peaked during the post-moult stage A (51.23  2.51 mg/g) and gradually declined through the inter-moult and pre-moult stages. Similarly in the hepatopancreas, distinct increase in the total protein content was observed during the post-moult stage B (15.78  0.26 mg/g) and a steady decline was noticed thereafter (p < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of total sugars from muscle tissues were observed in late post-moult stage B (51.23  2.65 mg/g) and minimum level of total sugars were observed in late pre-moult stage D2-3 both in muscle tissue (28.43  2.98 mg/g) and in hepatopancreas (18.79 1.62 mg/g). A sharp fall in lipid content of muscle tissues was observed in inter-moult stage C (19.54  1.45 mg/g) and a corresponding decline (48.21  3.25 mg/g) was observed in the hepatopancreas. The present study documents and further expands our understanding of the physiological and biochemical changes occurring in P. semisulcatusduring four different moulting stages and will provide useful criteria for identifying different stages in the life cycle of this commercially farmed shrimp.

Purification, characterization and functional analysis of a novel β-1, 3-glucan binding protein from green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus

A β-1, 3-Glucan binding protein (β-GBP) was isolated from green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus and purified using laminarin precipitation and affinity chromatography on laminarin-Sepharose 6B column respectively. P. semisulcatus β-GBP exhibits a single band with a molecular weight of 112 kDa on SDS-PAGE and pI of 5.9 in isoelectric focusing (IEF). Negative staining of P. semisulcatus β-GBP showed large aggregates with crystalline surface when viewed by Electron Microscopy. Circular dichroism spectra of P. semisulcatus β-GBP showed broad negative minimum wavelength extending from 200 to 250 nm can be attributed to the presence of β-sheets in its secondary structure. P. semisulcatus β-GBP comprises the specific binding affinity with the polysaccharide β-1, 3-glucans (laminarin), this recognition and binding leads to the activation of prophenoloxidase cascade. Interestingly, P. semisulcatus β-GBP also involved in the agglutination of baker's yeast, bacteria, erythrocytes (RBCs) and enhances the PO activity. Herein, we have investigated the importance of β-GBP in innate immune response of P. semisulcatus and they implicate the evolutionary link with similar proteins found in other invertebrates.

Feeding ecology of the grooved tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in inshore waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf

The feeding ecology of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus was studied in inshore fishing grounds off Doha, Qatar, using a combination of stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) analysis and gut contents examination. Samples of post-larvae, juvenile and adult shrimp and other organisms were collected from intertidal and subtidal zones during the spawning season (January–June). Shrimp collected from shallow water seagrass beds were mostly post-larvae and juveniles and were significantly smaller than the older juveniles and adults caught in deeper macroalgal beds. Gut content examination indicated that post-larvae and juvenile shrimp in seagrass beds fed mainly on benthos such as Foraminifera, polychaetes, benthic diatoms and small benthic crustaceans (amphipods, isopods and ostracoda), whereas larger shrimp in the macroalgal beds fed mainly on bivalve molluscs and to a lesser extent polychaetes. In shrimp from both seagrass and algal beds, unidentifiable detritus was also present in the gut (18, 32%). δ13C values for shrimp muscle tissue ranged from −9.5 ± 0.26 to −12.7 ± 0.05‰, and δ15N values increased with increasing shrimp size, ranging from 4.1 ± 0.03 to 7.7 ± 0.11‰. Both δ15N values and δ13C values for shrimp tissue were consistent with the dietary sources indicated by gut contents and the δ13C and δ15N values for primary producers and prey species. The combination of gut content and stable isotope data demonstrates that seagrass beds are important habitats for post-larvae and juvenile P. semisulcatus, while the transition to deeper water habitats in older shrimp involves a change in diet and source of carbon and nitrogen that is reflected in shrimp tissue stable isotope ratios. The results of the study confirm the linkage between sensitive shallow water habitats and the key life stages of an important commercially-exploited species and indicate the need for suitable assessment of the potential indirect impacts of coastal developments involving dredging and land reclamation.

Cloning and characterisation of a prophenoloxidase from the haemocytes of mud crab Scylla serrata

A prophenoloxidase (proPO) cDNA was cloned from the haemocytes of mud crab Scylla serrata using oligonucleotide primers and RT-PCR. Both 3′- and 5′-regions were isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) method. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed that the cDNA clone has a full length of 2663 bp, with an open reading frame of 2019 bp, a 124-bp 5′-untranslated region, and a 520-bp 3′-untranslated region containing a poly A signal. It encodes a protein of 673 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 77.5 kDa and with an estimated p I of 5.96. It contains two putative tyrosinase copper-binding motifs with six histidine residues (copper A, 185, 189, 211, and copper B, 346, 350, 386). The proPO has thiol-ester-like motif (GCGWPQHM), which showed similar structural features of proPOs from other decapod crustaceans. It also contains five possible glycosylation sites, and a conserved C-terminal region common to all known proPOs. Sequence comparison showed that the proPO-deduced amino acid of mud crab S. serrata has an overall similarity of 78%, 57%, 56%, 51–55%, 54%, 53%, 52%, 52%, and 52% to that of Dungeness crab Cancer magister, American lobster Homarus americanus, European lobster Homarus gammarus, kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus, crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus, and giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, respectively. The proPO was strongly expressed in haemocytes, but not in heart, eyestalk, gill, muscle, ovary, hepatopancreas, stomach, and intestine. The proPO transcript of mud crab S. serrata increased significantly in 12 and 24 h post-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, but returned to the original values in 72 h post injection.

Molecular cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase cDNA from haemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and its transcription in relation with the moult stage

Expression of prophenoloxidase (proPO) cDNA was determined from haemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA using oligonucleotide primers based on the proPO sequence of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus, kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus, and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The proPO of M. rosenbergii was constitutively expressed. The 2547-bp cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2013 bp, a 96-bp 5′-untranslated region, and a 438-bp 3′-untranslated region containing the poly A tail. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence (671 aa) was 76.7 kDa with an estimated p I of 7.05. It contained putative copper-binding sites, a complement-like motif (GCGWPRHM), a proteolytic activation site, and a conserved C-terminal region common to all known proPOs. However, no signal peptide sequence was detected in giant freshwater prawn proPO. Comparison of amino acid sequences showed that prawn proPO is similar to the proPO of penaeid, crayfish and lobster. Prawn proPO was only synthesised in haemocytes. The proPO transcript was significantly increased in the A stage and achieved the highest level in the B stage, and then declined sharply in the C stage and reached the lowest level in the D 2/D 3 stage.

Molecular cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase from haemocytes of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

cDNA encoding prophenoloxidase (proPO) of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was obtained from haemocytes by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA using oligonucleotide primers based on the proPO sequence of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (accession no.: AF521949) and kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (accession no.: AB0733223). proPO of L. vannamei was constitutively expressed. The 2471-bp cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2058 bp, a 96-bp 5′-untranslated region, and a 317-bp 3′-untranslated region containing the poly A tail. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence (686 amino acids) was 78.1 kDa with an estimated pI of 6.02. It contained putative copper binding sites, a complement-like motif (GCGWPQHM), a proteolytic activation site, and a conserved C-terminal region common to all known proPOs. However, no signal peptide sequence was detected in white shrimp proPO. Comparison of amino acid sequences showed that white shrimp proPO is more closely related to the proPO of another penaeid than to that of a freshwater crayfish. White shrimp proPO mRNA was synthesized in haemocytes and not in the hepatopancreas or muscle. The activation responses of the proPO of the white shrimp to an exogenous protease (trypsin), a detergent (sodium dodecyl sulphate), and algal and microbial cell wall components (laminarin, sodium alginate, zymosan, and lipopolysaccharide), and its susceptibility to protease inhibitors in vitro resemble the proPO activation system of other crustaceans. These facts suggest that the proPO system in haemocytes of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei serves an important function in non-self recognition and host immune reactions.