Green Extraction Technology Research Articles

Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Green Solvent Technology for the Extraction and Characterization of Sesame Seed Oil

Traditional methods of extracting oil with organic solvents raise issues related to health, safety, and the environment. Microwave-assisted enzymatic green solvent extraction (MAEGSE) technology is environment friendly because it involves less hazardous chemical synthesis, utilizes renewable feedstock, and decreases the chemical load and emissions produced by organic solvents. The solvents methanol, ethanol, and various cell wall degrading enzymes such as hemicellulose, viscozyme L, pectinase, xylanase, and cellulase were used in this study. The MAEGSE process of sesame oil was conducted, and the results indicated that, unlike the controlled group, no enzymes were used during the process. Among all the combinations a higher oil extraction efficiency was obtained with combination of pectinase and ethanol (37.27%) followed by the xylanase with ethanol (36.75%) from sesame seed without compromising the quality of oil. Among the enzymes tested, pectinase resulted in the highest oil extraction efficiency, followed by xylanase. Use of pectinase improved the oil extraction efficiency in both ethanol and methanol mediums. The outcomes suggested that the application of pectinase enzymes plays a significant role in increasing the oil yield in comparison with the control without compromising quality of oil. Oil extracted without the use of enzyme (control) had a lower free fatty acid (FFA) concentration than the oils extracted with MAEGSE. Even though the specific gravity (SG) and refractive index (RI) of extracted oils were not significantly different in the solvents, the saponification value (SV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), and free fatty acid (FFA) were found to have minor differences among the extraction techniques.

Optimization of green extraction technologies for recovering bioactive compounds from Ixora coccinea waste flower biomass: A comparative response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling

Red pigment from Ixora coccinea waste flower biomass was extracted using water as a cost-effective solvent for a sustainable source of organic color. The significant effect of selected variables on the method of extraction was studied for the green-extraction techniques, i.e., microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and conventional technique, i.e., heat-assisted extraction (HAE). Optimization of the pigment extraction was examined using response surface methodology (RSM) for each extraction technique. The parameters considered for MAE were power (W), time (s), pH, and solvent-to-sample ratio (mL/g) while temperature (°C), time (min), pH, and solvent-to-sample ratio (mL/g) were studied for both UAE and HAE. A training set for an artificial neural network (ANN) was created using the same design obtained from RSM. The modeling techniques (ANN and RSM) were then statistically differentiated by the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean square error (MSE) which revealed the superiority of the RSM regression design over the ANN model. It was found that the energy consumption of pigment extraction was minimal for MAE. The obtained pigment was further characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to reveal functional groups and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to define its bioactive constituents.

Enhancement of antioxidant properties of Eisenia bicyclis extracts through combination of green extractions: parameter optimization and comparison

We compared and optimized combined green extraction (CGE) technologies to maximize the antioxidant activity of Eisenia bicyclis through response surface methodology (RSM). Firstly, conventional extraction (CE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and supercritical fluid extraction by carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) were applied to extract and compare antioxidant activities of E. bicyclis. The antioxidant activity results indicated that MAE and SFE-CO2 were superior to CE alone. Based on the optimum conditions for MAE and SFE-CO2, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and high-pressure processing (HPP) were combining to increase antioxidant activity. SFE-CO2+UAE was selected as the optimum CGE technology. The DPPH-radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content of E. bicyclis extracts using SFE-CO2+UAE were approximately 2 and 5-fold higher than those of extracts using CE with almost 9-fold higher dieckol content. We demonstrated that E. bicyclis has substantial potential as a natural antioxidant and that CGE is more effective than CE and GE in enhancing antioxidant yields.

Green extraction technologies for valorization of date seed waste to achieve sustainable development goals: Biofunctional and innovative food applications

Green extraction technologies for valorization of date seed waste to achieve sustainable development goals: Biofunctional and innovative food applications

Bromic acid-thiourea synergistic leaching of sulfide gold ore

Abstract Bromate–thiourea coordinated leaching of gold sulfide ore for gold sulfide ore as leaching object. The effects of leaching reagent, stirring speed, and leaching time on gold leaching were investigated in this article. The results showed that the optimum leaching conditions were potassium bromate 0.1 M, thiourea 0.6 g·L−1, hydrochloric acid 0.2 M, agitation speed 250 rpm, ratio of liquid to solid 4, and leaching time 10 min. Under these conditions, high efficiency and rapid leaching of gold can be achieved, and reagent consumption is reduced. The research results have theoretical and practical significance for expanding new green gold extraction technology.

Green and sustainable technologies for extraction of carotenoids from natural sources: a comprehensive review.

In recent years, driven by increasing consumer demand for natural and healthy convenient foods, the food industry has been shifting from synthetic to natural products. This shift is also reflected in the growing popularity of non-conventional extraction methods for pigments, which are favored for sustainability and environment-friendliness compared to conventional processes. This review aims to investigate the extraction of carotenoids from a variety of natural sources, including marine sources like fungus, microalgae, and crustaceans, as well as widely studied plants like tomatoes and carrots. Additionally, it delves into the recovery of valuable carotenoids from waste products like pomace and peels, highlighting the nutritional and environmental benefits. The review also emphasizes the role of green solvents such limonene, vegetable oils, ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, and natural deep eutectic solvents in effective and ecologically friendly carotenoid extraction. These technologies support the ideas of a circular and sustainable economy in addition to having a smaller negative impact on the environment. Overall, the present study highlights the crucial importance of green extraction technologies in achieving the dual goals of sustainability and public safety.

Green Technology for Baru Oil Extraction Using Solar Energy: Assessing Extraction Efficiency and Process Parameters.

This study explores the application of solar concentrator technology for Baru oil extraction, a crucial resource in various industries. Through systematic experimental investigations, the effects of particle size and solvent flow rate on extraction efficiency were evaluated. Results demonstrate that smaller particle sizes (1.01 mm) significantly enhance extraction efficiency, achieving yields up to 89.25%, compared to larger particles (2.18 mm) with yields averaging 54.32% (±3.2%). Additionally, the solvent flow rate of 25 mL/min maximized extraction efficiency. These findings highlight the critical influence of particle size and solvent flow rate on extraction performance and underline the potential of solar-assisted leaching as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional extraction methods. The research provides a novel contribution to the field by advancing sustainable oil extraction practices and offering a viable solution for small-scale producers to increase the value of their agricultural products.

A green extraction technology of lignocellulose from cassava residue by mechanical activation-assisted ternary deep eutectic solvent

Lignocellulose (LC) is a natural polymer material that holds immense potential for various applications. However, extracting LC from biomass wastes with high-starch content has been challenging due to low selectivity and yield. In this study, LC was prepared from cassava residue (CR) via a combination of mechanical activation pretreatment and a citric acid (CA)-enhanced ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES) consisting of choline chloride (ChCl), lactic acid (LA), and CA. The mechanical activation reduces the size of CR, greatly promoting the removal ability for starch, lignin and hemicellulose using TDES, and thus improving yield and selectivity of LC through this method. The CA esterified LC to prevent its excessive hydrolysis and increased a significantly higher LC content (82.52 wt%) compared to mechanical activation only and DES without CA, increasing by 6.97 times and 1.26 times, respectively. The extraction temperature significantly affected the structure, composition, thermal stability of LC and the properties of recovered TDES. The LC extracted at 90 °C (LC-90) had the highest cellulose content (82.52 wt%), crystallinity index (44.82 %), and higher degradation temperature (339.7 °C). The properties of the recovered TDES and extraction mechanism were analyzed. This study provides a strategy for the high-value utilization of biomass waste.

Obtaining phenolic-rich extracts from tree nut shells biomass by room temperature green extraction: Molecular insights and attribution analysis

The recycling of tree nut shells biomass (TNSB), a million-tons level inedible food waste, toward food and drug applications should be one of the most promising valorization pathways. However, therein biggest opportunity and challenge is to fully dig for treasure such as its own high-value biomacromolecules and natural active ingredients. This study completed a food and drug grade extraction by using five TNSB sample (i.e., walnut shell, hazelnut shell, macadamia shell, pin nut shell, and pistachio shell), two green solvents (water and ethanol), and cleaner room temperature green extraction (RTGE) technology; and revealed the molecular basis of the raw materials and their extracts through systematic and in-depth molecular analysis. The results showed that TNSB have extremely high lignin content, and their extracts (whether water or ethanol) are rich in phenolic compounds, which results in the latters having extremely strong antioxidant activities (comparable to vitamin C) and α-amylase inhibitory activities (comparable to acarbose). More specifically, walnut shell has the highest ever lignin content of 57% in all reported biomass. The water extract of walnut shell has more excellent properties, such as 147.65 mg/g of total reducing sugars (TRS), 60.49% of total phenolic content (TPC), 0.24 mg/mL of IC50, DPPH, 0.08 mg/mL of IC50, ABTS, and 13.44% of α-amylase inhibitory activity. Further molecular information shows that these reducing sugars are glucose, fructose, arabinose and fucose, and these phenolic compounds include phenol, vanillin, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, and (trans)catechin. These results demonstrate fully that TNSB will become the preferred feedstock species for lignin-first biorefinery in the future, and walnut shell is undoubtedly the best one. Furthermore, TNSB-based RTGE extracts have the potential to be developed into natural antioxidants, preservatives, diabetes-therapeutic pharmaceutical preparations, nutraceutical and functional foods. In addition, we also used XLSTAT software to conduct a systematic attribution analysis, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), revealing the inner relationship between the multifactors including TRS, TPC, DPPH, ABTS and α-amylase inhibitory activity among TNSB species.

Application of Different Aqueous Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Process Parameters on the Quality of Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) Leaves Extract

Pandan of Pandanaceae family, known for its aromatic foliage, vibrant green color, and rich in bioactive compounds, requires green extraction technology to stabilise compounds. Hence, this study aims to optimise process parameters of aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on the color, yield, and antioxidant content of pandan extract using the Response Surface Method (RSM), and compare the volatile compounds present in optimised ultrasonicated pandan extract with macerated extract (control). The analysis includes DPPH and FRAP assays, total phenolic content (TPC), color, and yield. Optimally validated parameters (R2 ≥ 0.90, p-value lack-of-fit ≥ 0.05) were: 80°C extraction temperature, 90 min ultrasonic time, 2.60 % of solid in 20 mL distilled water yielded promising antioxidant activities: 277.64 mg/g AAE, 19.90 mg/g GAE, and 1.48 g/g AAE for DPPH, TPC, and FRAP assays, respectively). UAE technique has significantly (p<0.05) higher yield of extract (86.24%) and DPPH scavenging activity (277.64 mg/g AAE) compared with control. The 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone is the most abundant volatile compound found in both extracts. The cavitation in ultrasonication generates currents, increasing pandan's mass transfer rate into the solvent medium. The optimised ultrasonication condition contributes to the increased quality of the pandan extract.

Optimization of Enzymatic Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Olea europaea Leaves

Nowadays, the circular economy trend drives researchers in the recovery of various bioactive compounds from agri-food by-products. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) has been shown to be an innovative green technology for the effective extraction of various phytochemicals from agri-food section by-products; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of EAE as green technology to obtain extracts from olive leaves (Olea europaea) for potential industrial production. The used enzymes were Celluclast, Pectinex XXL and Viscozyme L. EAE was conducted under various enzyme dose combinations and an incubation time of 120 min. Obtained extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenols (TP) and total antioxidant activity (AA). Firstly, the enzyme synergistic effect in the enzymatic extraction of polyphenols was evaluated. TP optimal extraction conditions (468.19 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/L of extract) were achieved after EAE using Pectinex and Viscozyme enzymes (50–50 v/v) and for AA (69.85 AA%). According to the above results, a second experiment investigated the effect of incubation time (min.) and enzyme dose (mL) on the optimal extraction conditions of olive leaves. The final results after optimization were 75% higher than the control sample for the TP content (605.55 mg GAE/L) and 8% higher for the AA (70.14 AA%). These results indicated that EAE is an excellent choice for the green extraction of polyphenols from the olive leaves.

Effects of Green Extraction Methods on Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Leaves.

Artichoke leaves, an important waste product of the food industry, have an important antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. Although there are several studies in the literature to determine their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, a comparison of green extraction technologies including microwave, ultrasound probe and ultrasound bath methods in relation to the maceration technique has not been performed. Also, several parameters such as the extraction temperature, power, extraction mode and extraction time are important parameters for obtaining targeted compounds in the highest amount. For this reason, we aimed to compare various extraction methods including microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction with probe, ultrasound-assisted extraction in a water bath and maceration in terms of extraction parameters for obtaining bioactive compounds from artichoke leaves. Microwave-assisted extraction at two different power values, ultrasound-assisted extraction with probe in continuous or pulsed mode with two different extraction times each, ultrasound-assisted extraction in a water bath at two different power values with two different extraction times each and maceration with two different times were used for the extraction. The extraction temperature is an important parameter affecting the thermal degradation of bioactive compounds. We used a constant extraction temperature of 50 °C. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, phenolic compound profile analysis by LC-QTOF-MS and antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods were determined. The bioactive compounds were found to be significantly affected by the parameters used in each extraction method. The microwave-assisted extraction method was more efficient than the other extraction methods at both power values. This method also required the shortest extraction time. The ultrasound-assisted probe extraction method was the second most efficient method. The type of process, continuous or pulsed, did not affect the results, but shortening the extraction time led to lower results. A longer extraction time of the ultrasound-assisted extraction in a water bath method led to better results, similar to the ultrasound-assisted probe extraction, regardless of the used power. The extracts were highly effective against many opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms. This study provides valuable insights into the extraction parameters of different extraction methods to obtain bioactive compounds from artichoke leaves, which could have potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Green extraction of agar from Hypnea pannosa seaweed: A comparative study of different techniques and optimization using response surface methodology

This study aimed to evaluate the optimal method for extracting agar from Hypnea pannosa seaweed and assess its purity and yield. Agar is a hydrocolloid found in red seaweeds and used in various industries such as food, cosmetics, and medicine. Three different extraction methods were employed for this study, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), each using varying power levels and extraction times. A central composite Response surface methodology (RSM) design was used to compare these methods. Results showed that UAE had the highest extraction yield at 32.99 %, followed by MAE, UMAE, and conventional methods at 27.04 %, 26.19 %, and 12 %, respectively. Various techniques were used to evaluate agar quality, including spectral analysis (FT-IR), gel strength, viscosity, 3,6 anhydrous L galactose (AG), and sulfate content. Samples treated with ultrasound had higher-quality agar than those treated with other methods, with significantly better gel strength, 3,6 AG content, viscosity, and lower sulfate content. Gel strength was 485.50 ± 4.27 g cm−2, 3,6 AG content was 62.89 ± 2.89 %, viscosity was 48.32 ± 0.03 centipoises and sulfate content was 1.32 ± 0.02 % in UAE. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the fingerprint region of identification for polysaccharides in UAE agar. UAE (30 min, 60 % amplitude) was identified as the most viable green extraction technology, offering superior extraction yield and agar quality compared to the other treatments. Using green extraction techniques in obtaining agar has significant implications for the sustainable production of natural products. This research also highlights the potential application of agar in the skincare or pharmaceutical industry, paving the way for developing eco-friendly products. Overall, this study suggests that UAE is an efficient method for extracting agar from H. pannosa and has novel applications in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Novelty impact statementThe current study presents a comprehensive investigation of the green extraction of agar from Hypnea pannosa seaweed using different techniques, along with optimization through response surface methodology. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on sustainable and eco-friendly extraction methods, which are increasingly gaining importance in the current global scenario. The comparative study on the different techniques used for the extraction of agar provides a critical evaluation of the advantages and limitations of each method. The use of response surface methodology in the optimization process is a noteworthy feature, as it allows for the identification of optimal extraction conditions with greater accuracy and reliability. The findings of this study significantly contribute to the development of sustainable practices in the seaweed industry, and its academic value is undeniable.

A clean and green technology for iron extraction from refractory siderite ore via fluidization self-magnetization roasting

As a refractory iron resource, siderite has gained significant attention in the fields of mineral processing and metallurgical industry due to its abundant availability. However, its direct utilization in iron and steel production is often hindered by the presence of impurities, including silicates and carbonates, as well as the lower theoretical iron grade so it is necessary to increase iron and reduce impurities. To unlock the full potential of these abundant iron ore deposits, advanced processing techniques are imperative. In this work, a clean and green technology was proposed for extracting iron from siderite via fluidization self-magnetization roasting and magnetic separation. The mechanism of fluidization self-magnetization was investigated by thermodynamic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), iron phase analysis, Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that concentrate with a Fe grade of 61.74% and Fe recovery of 81.78% could be obtained after treatment by fluidization self-magnetization roasting and magnetic separation. The analysis reveals the siderite eventually transformed into magnetite after fluidization self-magnetization roasting, with the saturation magnetization increasing from 0.91 A·m2·kg−1 to 7.92 A·m2·kg−1. In this process, many cracks were generated on the surface of the ore, which not only likely contributes to the self-magnetization roasting but also facilitates the individual dissociation of iron minerals from gangue minerals during the grinding process. Subsequently, iron minerals can be recovered through magnetic separation. The fluidization self-magnetization roasting technology demonstrates significant potential in achieving the green and clean utilization of siderite.

HPLC-MS based metabolomics & chemometrics studies of Cassia absus seeds extracted through green extraction technology

BackgroundCassia absus member of fabaceae family is commonly used medicinal plant in India as it is useful in many ailments and diseases from centuries. Despite the great advancements in pharmaceutical medicine in recent decades, medicinal plants still plays an important role in human kind and health. The last decades have witnessed a surfeit of research geared towards validating the various biological activities of plants/products. AimsThe organic solvent based phenolic extraction, affecting the human health and environment in many ways, so an alternative of this old fashion with eco-friendly extraction is need of hour. The present study was aimed for HPLC-MS based metabolomics & chemometrics studies of Cassia absus seeds, extracted with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based green extraction (CAA, CAB, CAC, CAD) of Cassia absus and the comparison with the organic methanol extract. MethodsThe green extraction done by various deep eutectic solvents and extracts were checked for their chemometrics studies and HPLC-MS based phenolic metabolomics. These extracts were checked for their antioxidant activities through a battery of In-vitro assay viz. DPPH, deoxyribose, chelating, reducing, and lipid peroxidation. All these extracts were also tested for their antimicrobial and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. ResultsIt is pertinent to mention here that all green extracts showed enrichment of phenolic compounds and more biological activities as compared to methanol extract in all these biological assays. The phenolic fingerprinting analyzed using Metaboanalyst 5.0 showed dysregulation of major phenolic compounds in different set of extracts. The heatmap and PCA plots showing a clear inter and intraclass variation/separation of phytochemicals.

Bio-inspired metal extraction: Tailoring peptides for highly selective scandium recovery

Scandium, a pivotal metal with widespread applications, faces challenges in recovery due to its highly dispersed distribution. Biological molecules such as proteins and peptides have shown great potential in the field of metal recovery due to their unparalleled affinity and remarkable selectivity. This research aims to design a scandium-binding peptide by mutating the amino acids and optimizing the structure of the EF-hand peptide derived from lanmodulin, a naturally lanthanides-binding protein. Utilizing computer-aided techniques, three peptides-P1 and its two variants (P2 and P3), were screened and synthesized to characterize their interaction with scandium and other competing metals through circular dichroism (CD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as column adsorption experiments. Results showed that the peptide P2 and P3 exhibited higher affinity to scandium than P1, as a result of the more binding sites and the existence of hydrogen bonds in the peptides. Moreover, scandium could induce the significant change in backbone structure of these peptides, and coordinated with carboxyl groups of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The column adsorption experiments with immobilized peptide P3 on microbeads revealed that a final scandium purity of 96.71 % was achieved and a enrichment coefficient of > 103 was obtained. This study offers a transformative strategy for selective scandium extraction from complex industrial matrices and lays the foundation for future innovations in green extraction technologies.

Organic Ligand-Mediated Dissolution and Fractionation of Rare-Earth Elements (REEs) from Carbonate and Phosphate Minerals.

Global efforts to build a net-zero economy and the irreplaceable roles of rare-earth elements (REEs) in low-carbon technologies urge the understanding of REE occurrence in natural deposits, discovery of alternative REE resources, and development of green extraction technologies. Advancement in these directions requires comprehensive knowledge on geochemical behaviors of REEs in the presence of naturally prevalent organic ligands, yet much remains unknown about organic ligand-mediated REE mobilization/fractionation and related mechanisms. Herein, we investigated REE mobilization from representative host minerals induced by three representative organic ligands: oxalate, citrate, and the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB). Reaction pH conditions were selected to isolate the ligand-complexation effect versus proton dissolution. The presence of these organic ligands displayed varied impacts, with REE dissolution remarkably enhanced by citrate, mildly promoted by DFOB, and showing divergent effects in the presence of oxalate, depending on the mineral type and reaction pH. Thermodynamic modeling indicates the dominant presence of REE-ligand complexes under studied conditions and suggests ligand-promoted REE dissolution to be the dominant mechanism, consistent with experimental data. In addition, REE dissolution mediated by these ligands exhibited a distinct fractionation toward heavy REE (HREE) enrichment in the solution phase, which can be mainly attributed to the formation of thermodynamically predicted more stable HREE-ligand complexes. The combined thermodynamic modeling and experimental approach provides a framework for the systematic investigation of REE mobilization, distribution, and fractionation in the presence of organic ligands in natural systems and for the design of green extraction technologies.

Ultrasound and microwave extraction from Moringa oleifera Lam.: Characterization and antiproliferative effect

Moringa oleifera has been a focus of interest because of the different properties (anticancer, antioxidant, etc.) that have been attributed to this plant. However, the most used methodology is soxhlet, which requires long periods of reaction (18 hours), generating greater energy expenditure. Recently, green extraction technologies have been developed like ultrasound and microwaves, reducing reaction time by up to 97%. The objectives of this study were to extract and identify the polyphenolic compounds present in aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts from Moringa oleifera dried leaves using ultrasound and microwave, as well as to evaluate their in vitro cytotoxic effect using cancer and non-cancer cells. A combination of ultrasound and microwave was utilized to extract polyphenolic compounds from Moringa dried leaves. HPLC–MS analysis was conducted to qualitatively identify the polyphenols in the samples. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT and comet assays using non-cancer (3T3, Hek293, and Vero) and cancer (HepG2) cells lines. Results: 30 polyphenolic compounds from 9 different families were identified by HPLC. Data suggested that hydro-alcoholic extracts from Moringa leaves have potent cytotoxic activities in a depend-doses response. Also, compounds from aqueous extracts did not cause cell death, while polyphenol extract from hydro-alcoholic extracts decreased populations in both cancer and non-cancer cell lines measurement by MTT. HepG2 cells showed DNA damage by comet assay. The extraction using ultrasound and microwaves at 30 minutes of reaction has an antiproliferative effect through apoptosis in cancer cells, in addition ethanolic extracts have higher cytotoxicity compared to aqueous extracts.

Statistical Tools to Optimize the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Byproducts.

Techniques for extracting important bioactive molecules from seafood byproducts, viz., bones, heads, skin, frames, fins, shells, guts, and viscera, are receiving emphasis due to the need for better valorization. Employing green extraction technologies for efficient and quality production of these bioactive molecules is also strictly required. Hence, understanding the extraction process parameters to effectively design an applicable optimization strategy could enable these improvements. In this review, statistical optimization strategies applied for the extraction process parameters of obtaining bioactive molecules from seafood byproducts are focused upon. The type of experimental designs and techniques applied to criticize and validate the effects of independent variables on the extraction output are addressed. Dominant parameters studied were the enzyme/substrate ratio, pH, time, temperature, and power of extraction instruments. The yield of bioactive compounds, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, peptides, enzymes, gelatine, collagen, chitin, vitamins, polyphenolic constituents, carotenoids, etc., were the most studied responses. Efficiency and/or economic and quality considerations and their selected optimization strategies that favor the production of potential bioactive molecules were also reviewed.

Beneficial Effects of Castanea sativa Wood Extract on the Human Body and Possible Food and Pharmaceutical Applications.

The aim of this review was to investigate the potential use of Castanea sativa wood extract as a food supplement and to evaluate its beneficial properties for human health. The results of the limited amount of studies suggest promising properties, including potential anti-inflammatory effects. The literature indicates that the extract, which is rich in bioactive compounds such as tannins, offers promising therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of conditions associated with chronic inflammation. Consequently, interest in its use in food and pharmaceuticals is growing. Phytochemical studies have reported antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and neuroprotective activities. A suitable extraction method and solvent is crucial for the isolation of bioactive compounds, being green extraction technologies outstanding for the industrial recovery of chestnut wood's bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize the importance of adhering to regulatory guidelines and obtaining the necessary approvals from regulatory authorities to ensure product safety and compliance. The regulation of herbal medicinal products with proven efficacy and traditional herbal medicinal products is well defined, monitored by authorized bodies, and subject to strict control measures. It is noteworthy that medicinal products are subject to stringent quality testing to ensure safety and efficacy in use, whereas there are no comparable regulatory standards and specific labeling requirements for dietary supplements. When using herbal products, compliance with established standards in health research is essential.