Size Of Green Spaces Research Articles

Integrity and Size of Green Spaces Are Critical for the Functional Diversity of Birds: Evidence from the Eastern and Northwestern Regions of China

Integrity and Size of Green Spaces Are Critical for the Functional Diversity of Birds: Evidence from the Eastern and Northwestern Regions of China

Are area-level socioeconomic inequalities in obesity moderated by neighbourhood greenery?

BackgroundReducing socioeconomic inequalities in obesity is a public health priority. Limited research exists on the role of neighbourhood environmental attributes in mitigating these inequalities. However, it has been shown that neighbourhoods with more greenery tend to have lower levels of socioeconomic inequalities in non-obesity health outcomes. We examined whether neighbourhood greenery moderates the association of area-level socioeconomic status (SES) with waist circumference.MethodsData from 3,261 middle-aged and older adults who participated in a national cohort study conducted in Australia (2011–12) were used. The outcome was objectively measured waist circumference. For area-level SES, a composite index of disadvantage based on census data was used. We used two measures of neighbourhood greenery: mean greenness and geographic size of greenspace. They were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 0.5, 1, and 2 km radius buffers around participants’ homes. The mean NDVI value within each buffer area was used for the former, and the geographic size of the area with NDVI ≥ 0.6 (dense greenery) was used for the latter.ResultsThere was a significant negative association between area-level SES and waist circumference: one standard deviation higher score in the area-level SES indicator (less disadvantage) was associated with 1.76 cm (95% CI: -2.68, -0.83) lower waist circumference. Analyses stratified by greenery levels found similar significant associations in the areas with low and high levels of greenery but not in the areas with medium levels of greenery for both greenery measures within 1 km and 2 km buffers.ConclusionsConsistent with previous studies, our study found that participants living in disadvantaged suburbs were likely to have a larger waist circumference than those living in advantaged suburbs. However, we also found that such socioeconomic inequalities in obesity were mitigated in the areas with medium levels of greenery for this sample of Australian adults. Our findings suggest that there may be an optimum level of greenery where inequalities in obesity are alleviated. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these findings.

A Study on the Impact of Public Parks on Community Health

To ascertain if living near green spaces is linked with the health and well-being of the inhabitants of Denton County, this study examines the variables that characterize community well-being regarding park accessibility and proximity. This research identifies a few factors likely to impact residents’ wellness. These factors determine whether living close to or having access to green spaces positively correlates with residents’ health and wellness. This paper found out that distance to the park is not the only factor that enhances physical activity; other factors such as types of nature (Blue space and Countryside) and size of green spaces, accessibility of parks, quality of parks, Social and recreational services availability; park maintenance, and management is influential. Overall, proximity to green spaces, such as parks and natural areas, has been associated with reduced stress, anxiety, and depression. Green spaces contribute to cleaner air by absorbing pollutants and producing oxygen.

Thermal regulation potential of urban green spaces in a changing climate: Winter insights

Global warming affects both summer and winter temperatures, altering the ecological and social dynamics of urban green spaces not only during the summer months but also during the winter. Strategies to mitigate climate change impacts often emphasize increasing urban vegetation cover, but the effectiveness of these green spaces in regulating the local microclimate depends on various factors, including the vegetation structure. These effects remain largely underexplored during the winter season. To investigate the thermal regulation capacity of urban green spaces we measured air temperature and humidity in 36 parks with different sizes and vegetation structures in Munich, Germany, in their non-green surroundings, as well as in a nearby forest during the 2022–23 winter. We then analyzed the relationship between the local microclimatic differences and the vegetation structure derived from mobile laser scans. In comparison with the nearby forest, we measured a winter urban heat island effect of 1.8 °C in Munich. The urban microclimates in winter were mainly influenced by the urban landscape of Munich, namely the distance to the city center with increasing air temperature closer to the center. Urban green spaces in Munich provided small but consistent local cooling and humidifying effects throughout the winter. These cooling effects largely depended on the green space size but partially also on the vegetation structure. We found a significant relationship between the microclimatic difference, the vegetation density, and the vertical homogeneity of vegetation. The canopy cover, however, could not significantly predict the cooling effect in winter. We conclude that increasing the structural complexity of urban green spaces through management decisions could improve their cooling effect and ecological value, even during winter months. To maximize the ecological and climatic benefits of urban green spaces, a nuanced understanding and management of urban microclimates is needed across all seasons.

Exposure to green and blue spaces and depression among older adults from the EPIPorto cohort: examining environmental, social, and behavioral mediators and varied space types

ABSTRACT This study investigated the associations between exposure to different types of natural spaces and depression among urban older adults and explored the potential mediators. We used data on 631 participants aged ≥60 from the EPIPorto cohort (Porto, Portugal). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale. We assessed greenness in residential surroundings using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and evaluated accessibility to green and blue spaces. Metrics were calculated separately for agricultural, natural, and urban green spaces. We used logistic regression to estimate associations and mediation analysis to examine the mediating effects of air pollution, temperature, physical exercise, social support, and social activities. Living near urban green spaces was associated with lower odds of depression (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.03–0.74). Contrastingly, natural and agricultural green spaces were associated with higher odds of depression (OR = 1.69, 1.02–2.79 and OR = 1.80, 1.23–2.64, respectively). No associations were found for NDVI, accessibility to blue spaces, or green space size. Social support explained a significant proportion (33.9%, p = 0.044) of the total effect between the type of nearest green space and depression. These findings suggest that enhancing the accessibility of urban green spaces holds promise as a strategy for mitigating depression among older adults.

Calculation of the Optimal Scale of Urban Green Space for Alleviating Surface Urban Heat Islands: A Case Study of Xi’an, China

Research has demonstrated that urban green spaces play a crucial role in mitigating the severe urban heat island (UHI) effect. However, existing studies often suffer from limitations such as the neglect of the cooling effect of water bodies within the green spaces and incomplete considerations of the overall cooling effect. These limitations may lead to inaccuracies in the research findings. Therefore, the present study takes the city of Xi’an as a case study to explore the optimal green space size for achieving efficient cooling. The results indicate that (i) urban green spaces exhibit robust cooling effects, with variations observed among the various types; (ii) for community parks without water, and for street gardens, the optimal areas of these green spaces are 3.44 and 0.83 hectares, respectively; (iii) for community parks with water, the area of internal water bodies should ideally be maintained at around 29.43% of the total green space area in order to achieve an optimal cooling efficiency. In conclusion, this study introduces a new perspective and new optimization methods for urban green space planning, thereby offering scientific guidance to urban planners in formulating effective development and management policies and urban planning schemes.

Identification and Prioritization of Thermal Environment Regulation Hotspots in Chengdu

Temperature condition in urban areas has a substantial impact on the well-being and safety of both urban residents and the ecosystems. Green spaces are crucial for mitigating urban heat impacts, and hence, their balanced supply and demand is essential. Due to rapid urbanization, Chengdu has had a significant increase in population, which has had an impact on the dynamic changes in its green space environment, making it a suitable case for our study. This study employs the high-temperature vulnerability framework to classify urban green spaces as entities that regulate the thermal environment. This classification is based on the analysis of ecosystem service supply and demand. The approach creates an assessment framework for managing the balance between the need for and availability of thermal environment regulation in urban green spaces. The study utilizes matching and a priority index to identify places in Chengdu where there are imbalances between supply and demand for services. Our findings suggest: (1) The demand for regulating the thermal environment in Chengdu’s green spaces is defined by three indices: thermal exposure, thermal sensitivity, and thermal adaptability. High-demand areas account for a relatively small proportion and exhibit a pattern of “global diffusion and local concentration”. (2) The supply capacity in Chengdu is determined by both the size of green spaces and the surface temperature. High-supply capacity areas are mainly located in the southeastern part of the city, and their distribution pattern is similar to that of green spaces. (3) The level of correspondence between the supply and demand in Chengdu varies significantly and can be classified into three categories: “insufficient supply and high demand”, “insufficient supply and low demand”, and “abundant supply and low demand”. Out of these, 32 units are located in the area with a shortage of supply, while 6 units are in the area with a significant imbalance of low supply and high demand. (4) The green space thermal environment regulation in Chengdu is categorized into four priority intervention levels: priority I, II, III, and IV zones. The priority IV zone, which has a high intervention priority level, consists of two units primarily located in the Inner Ring Qingyang, Inner Ring Jinjiang, Cuijiadian, Caotang, and Donghu, which are deemed crucial for needing prioritized regulation.

Human Activities and Urban Green Spaces of Slum-Dwelling Areas : A Case of Dandora Estates, Nairobi County

Rapid urbanization, coupled with population influx in many developing countries worldwide, is a prominent cause of the depletion of urban green spaces (UGS). These beautiful, green, and tranquil areas within urban forms are being depleted due to increased human interference in cities and urban areas globally. This paper examines the implications of various human activities that dominate the urban green spaces of Dandora by engaging with household heads and those found undertaking activities within the UGS. The results indicate that residents' participation in social and economic activities had a positive correlation (0.18 and 0.304, respectively) with the negative effects on UGS, while residents' participation in environmental activities had a negative correlation (-0.502) with the latter. The findings establish that the primary positive effect resulting from human activities practiced in the UGS in Dandora was increased UGS users who increased utility and made use of these spaces. Some of the recommendations include: the county government should reclaim and rehabilitate any open space that may have been encroached upon to facilitate other unplanned and haphazard developments. This move will tend to increase the green space size as they originally were, making them more functional, usable, and accessible to the public. The Ministry of Land needs to invest in a centralized land information system and Geographic Information System as a tool in innovative land use planning to reduce encroachments. There is a dire need for architects, engineers, and environmentalists within the country to advise and educate real estate developers on the importance of biophilic design to the contemporary urban form.

Impacts of Building Environment and Urban Green Space Features on Urban Air Quality: Focusing on Interaction Effects and Nonlinearity

Air pollution is a rising environmental concern that has detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Building environment and urban green space features play a crucial role in the dispersion and accumulation of air pollutants. This study examines the impacts of building environment and urban green space on air pollution levels in the highly urbanized city of Hong Kong, focusing on their interaction effects and potential nonlinearity. For the analysis, this paper investigates how building density, building height, building types, urban green space size, and number of urban green space clusters, as well as their interplays, impact PM2.5 concentrations using high-resolution, satellite-based PM2.5 grids coupled with spatial analysis techniques. The findings reveal that a unit increase in the size of urban green space and the standard deviation of building height contribute to a 0.0004 and a 0.0154 reduction in PM levels, respectively. In contrast, air pollution levels are found to be positively associated with building density (0.1117), scatteredness of urban green space (0.0003), and share of commercial buildings (1.0158). Moreover, it has been found that building height presents a U-shape relationship with PM2.5 concentrations. Finally, the negative association between the size of urban green space and air pollution levels tends to be enlarged in districts with more low-rise buildings. This study conveys important building environment and urban green space planning implications.

Study on Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in Small Urban Green Spaces in Tokyo, Japan—A Case Study of Chuo Ward

Small urban green spaces are abundant in densely populated urban areas, but little is known about their impact on the urban heat island effect and thermal comfort. Therefore, this study selected as research sites four small urban green spaces in a typical high-density built-up area, Chuo Ward in Tokyo, Japan. The ENVI-met software 5.1.1 simulation method was used to analyze these sites’ microclimate and thermal comfort conditions. The following are the results: (1) Small urban green spaces significantly reduce urban air temperatures, particularly during hot weather, with temperature reductions ranging from 2.40 °C to 2.67 °C, consistently lower than the highest temperatures in Tokyo’s Chuo Ward, mainly between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. (2) Thermal comfort analysis indicates that small urban green spaces can significantly improve urban thermal comfort during the day, particularly around noon, by reducing one or two thermal comfort levels compared to typical urban street blocks. However, these differences gradually diminish throughout the evening and night, and thermal comfort inside and outside green spaces becomes more uniform. (3) Green space size is not the only factor influencing thermal comfort; the layout of plants within the green space and the layout of the surrounding buildings also have an impact. Despite their small size, even small green spaces can significantly enhance comfort. This study highlights the need to promote urban sustainability through the extensive integration of small green spaces in dense urban environments. Small green spaces can serve as a high-frequency, low-cost solution for environmental sustainability by addressing the increasingly severe urban heat island effect as well as environmental challenges that in the urbanization process.

Salary Satisfaction of Employees at Workplace on a Large Area of Planted Land

Salary satisfaction (SS) perception by employees can be affected by psychological impacts from the workplace setting. Landscape attributes of green and blue spaces (GBS) may account for this effect, but relevant evidence is rarely verified. In this study, a total of 56 Chinese industrial parks were chosen as study sites, where employee satisfaction was assessed by rating facial expression scores (happy, sad, and neutral emotions) in photos obtained from social networks (Sina Weibo and Douyin). The structures of the GBSs were characterized remotely by largeness of size, height, and visible ratio of green view (GVI) in a 2 km radius buffer area around the workplace. Street view images from Baidu map were selected for estimating GVI using a pre-trained deep learning model and botanical experts evaluating woody plants’ diversity. The results indicated that SS can be estimated with the maximum likelihood analysis model against the happy score, which ranged within 8.37–18.38 (average: 13.30 ± 2.32) thousand RMB. A regression model indicated SS was lowered by a larger green space area in agreement with a reduced happy score. Further, sad scores in highland areas with tall plants and a strong depression on the happy score was associated with a greater plant diversity. Interesting from this study, the designed apparent size of green space should be considered in green space construction near a workplace to prevent perceptional decline towards SS, while blue space is irrelevant in this relationship. Similarly, the diversity of woody plants should be planned to control its negative impact on the perception of positive emotions, with plant diversity beyond a comfortable level perhaps further decreasing SS.

Contrasting relationships between socio-economic status and avian ecosystem service provision in a developing world city

Urban biodiversity, and the ecosystem services it provides, are not equitably distributed across socio-economic gradients. Previous studies have highlighted disparities in alpha-diversity along socio-economic gradients, but few have translated those findings into differences in ecological function, and critically, ecosystem service delivery by urban wildlife along the same gradient. This study tested whether turnover in bird functional diversity, and associated avian ecosystem services, varied along the socio-economic gradient of a large developing world city. We surveyed bird diversity in 27 public access urban green spaces across the urban and socio-economic gradients in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. Bird functional traits, representing cultural, regulation and supporting ecosystem services were assigned to species recorded during the surveys. A fourth-corner analysis revealed that socio-economic and urban landscape compositional variables surrounding the green spaces acted as filters of bird species’ functional traits, suggesting differences in ecosystem service provision along development gradients. Urban green spaces in low-income landscapes supported more birds of ‘public interest’ (a cultural ecosystem service), but in contrast had fewer nectivores (a supporting ecosystem service - pollination). Tree cover had a positive relationship with frugivorous bird abundance, and green space size had a negative relationship with granivorous bird abundance (both supporting ecosystem services – seed dispersal). The contrasting relationships, particularly between socio-economic status and ecosystem service provision, suggest that it is important to interrogate how socio-economic variables affect access to urban biodiversity beyond commonly used metrics of alpha-diversity. This allows for nuanced perspectives of environmental injustice in cities and relevant interventions that can aid in circumventing it.

Green space access and visitation disparities in the phoenix metropolitan area

Previous green space equity studies have relied on access measures, such as the distance to, number of, or size of green spaces and have produced mixed results on green space disparities in the U.S. While the benefits of green spaces can be fulfilled when people visit them, attention to the differential use of green spaces has been less common. We examined green space inequalities using traditional access measures in order to understand which group has lower access to local parks and then investigated which urban residents visit local parks more using SafeGraph’s mobility data. We found that the Phoenix metro area experiences green space access disparities by age group and (partially) income rather than by race and ethnicity. Access to local parks consistently decreased as the percentage of the elderly population increased in a neighborhood. However, the visit to local parks consistently increased as the percentage of children and the elderly increased. We discuss the implications of our findings for urban planning.

B.Y.O. Bees: Managing wild bee biodiversity in urban greenspaces.

As cities become more populated and the density of urban development increases, local biodiversity is threatened. Urban greenspaces have the capacity to preserve pollinator biodiversity, but the quality of support they provide depends on greenspace landscape attributes, including the availability of pollinator habitat and foraging resources. Wild native bees provide important pollination services to urban ecosystems, yet relatively little is known about how urban landscape management influences pollinator community composition and diversity. Our study explores how wild bee communities are affected by greenspace and landscape-level features like pollinator management practices, in urban greenspaces in and around Appleton Wisconsin: a mid-sized urban community spanning more than 100 sq. km. We sampled and identified native bees periodically between late-May 2017 and mid-September of 2018 using standardized arrays of pan traps at 15 sites around the city. We classified greenspaces based on their level of development (urban or suburban) and whether they were managed or unmanaged for increasing wild pollinator diversity. We quantified floral species diversity, floral color diversity, tree species diversity, and proximity of sites to open water for each site and used remotely sensed satellite data from both the USGS National Land Cover Database (NLCD) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). All variables were tested as potential correlates of wild bee abundance and species richness. Active pollinator management sites supported higher levels of bee abundance and richness. Notably, active greenspace management (e.g. planting native wildflowers) was a stronger correlate of bee abundance and richness than greenspace size and other landscape-level attributes. Within-greenspace attributes such as floral diversity, tree diversity, and proximity to open water contributed positively to both bee abundance and richness. Based on these findings, we suggest that urban greenspaces may be managed more efficiently and cost-effectively by focusing resources on active management by planting wildflowers, removing invasive species, creating nesting habitat, and providing water resources, rather than simply expanding in area.

Diversity of greenspace design and management impacts pollinator communities in a densely urbanized landscape: the city of Paris, France

The response of insect pollinator communities to increasing urbanization is shaped by landscape and local factors. But what about habitats that are already highly artificial? We investigated the drivers of pollinator diversity in a dense urban matrix, the city of Paris. We monitored insect pollinator communities monthly (March-October) for two consecutive years in 12 green spaces that differed in their management practices, focusing on four insect orders (Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera). Pollinator abundance and species richness were both positively tied to green space size and flowering plant species richness, but negatively linked to surrounding impervious surfaces. In addition, environmental features at both the local and landscape scales influenced the composition and functional diversity of wild bee communities. Indeed, small and large bees responded differently, with the occurrence of large-bodied species being impaired by the proportion of impervious surfaces but strongly enhanced by plant species richness. Also, sites with a majority of spontaneous plant species had more functionally diverse bee communities, with oligolectic species more likely to be found.These results, consistent with the literature, can guide the design and management practices of urban green spaces to promote pollinator diversity and pollination function, even in dense urban environments.

Does pattern matter? Exploring the pathways and effects of urban green space on promoting life satisfaction through reducing air pollution

Urban green space is widely acknowledged to promote public health through multiple pathways. However, there is limited understanding of how the spatial patterns of green space might play different roles in such a process. This study examined potential pathways through which spatial patterns of green space improved people’s life satisfaction (LS) by reducing air pollution. A partial least squares structural equation model was adopted to explore these pathways in sampled urban areas (township) of China (n = 60). Green space spatial patterns were measured using landscape metrics of size, aggregation, fragmentation, and diversity. The results did not show that green space spatial pattern promoted LS by reducing air pollution. However, green space size and fragmentation were negatively associated with air pollution (mainly PM 2.5, PM 10, and NO 2). The pattern of highly densely distributed small green spaces was related to higher LS, as was high diversity of green space type. Simply adopting a fragmented green space pattern to reduce air pollution might be simultaneously associated with reduced LS. This alerts decision-makers and planners to the potential “double-edged sword” effect of optimizing green space structures to improve air quality, which may not yield strongly favorable results due to the impacts that hinder LS.

Recommendations for the Management, Conservation, and Promotion of Urban Biodiversity

This rapid review explores the published scientific literature of the last 22 years in search of recommendations and consensus applicable to the management, conservation and promotion of urban biodiversity. Our search allowed us to compile 517 publications, 134 were considered for this study, from which 78 recommendations were extracted (Table 1) located in 27 of these publications. The size of green spaces is one of the most mentioned aspects, as well as the connectivity and heterogeneity of spaces in the city. In addition, the use of native plants or facilitating resources such as the installation of nest boxes or insect hotels is recommended to support biodiversity conservation in cities. However, important gaps were identified, such as the low representation of taxonomic groups on which the authors base their recommendations or the need for future research to provide concrete recommendations and how they are to be implemented.

Measuring the relationship between morphological spatial pattern of green space and urban heat island using machine learning methods

Land use pattern can substantially shape urban thermal environment. Although previous studies have shown that urban heat island (UHI) intensity will be easily affected by the landscape pattern of green space, the relationship between the morphological spatial pattern of green space and UHI intensity remains to be discovered. Compared with landscape pattern, morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) can reveal more specific details on the configuration and composition of land use. Therefore, this study aims to explore whether the morphological spatial pattern of land use matters to UHI using machine learning methods. Firstly, the morphological characteristics of green space were analyzed based on MSPA. Secondly, the linear associations between UHI intensity and a set of potential influencing factors (including morphological characteristics) were measured according to correlation coefficient. Lastly, the non-linear contribution of the morphological factors to UHI intensity was quantified based on random forest. An empirical case study in a rapidly-urbanized city has revealed the huge influence of morphological characteristics on UHI intensity with benchmark factors considered. The UHI intensity was negatively correlated with the cores, perforations, and loops of green space, but positively correlated with islets. Therefore, a few large core areas would be better than a large number of small islets when the total amount of green space is fixed. In addition, the fragmented patches of green space should be integrated or connected to enhance the cooling capacity. Our findings could offer some insights for UHI mitigation and land use planning, especially when the size of green space cannot be unlimitedly increased.

Diverse cooling effects of green space on urban heat island in tropical megacities

Cities in tropical regions are experiencing high heat risks by overlaying the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Urban green space (UGS) can provide local cooling effect and reduce UHI. However, there still lack a comprehensive exploration of the characteristics of UHI and cooling effect of UGS due to high cloud coverage and limited number of available remote sensing observations. In this study, the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance data fusion method was employed to develop an enhanced land surface temperature data in winter seasons in three tropical megacities, Dhaka, Kolkata, and Bangkok. The spatiotemporal variations of surface urban heat island (SUHI) were explored from 2000 to 2020 with a 5-years interval. The optimal size of UGS associated with its cooling effects was assessed by using the threshold value of efficiency (TVoE). The relationship between the intensity and range of urban cooling island (UCI) and four landscape metrics of green space patches, total area (P_Area), shape index (P_SI), normalized difference vegetation index (P_NDVI), and land surface temperature (P_LST), were analyzed. The results show that the average SUHI intensity increased by 0.98°C, 1.42°C, and 0.73°C in Dhaka, Kolkata, and Bangkok, respectively, from 2000 to 2020. The maximum intensity of UCI ranges from 4.83°C in Bangkok to 8.07°C in Kolkata, and the maximum range of UCI varies from 300 m in Bangkok to 420 m in Kolkata. The optimal size of green space is 0.37 ha, 0.77 ha, and 0.42 ha in Dhaka, Kolkata, and Bangkok, respectively. The P_NDVI and P_Area had significant positive effects on UCI intensity and range, while the background temperature had significant negative effects. With higher background temperature, the optimal patch size of UGS is larger. This study provides useful information for developing effective heat mitigation and adaptation strategies to enhance climate resilience in tropical cities.

A Systematic Review of Morphological Transformation of Urban Open Spaces: Drivers, Trends, and Methods

Ongoing urbanization has led to the continuous expansion of built-up areas; as a result, open space is under great threat. Despite the wealth of studies conducted on open spaces, there is still a further need to further investigate the morphology of open space, particularly in an effort to understand the trends and drivers of open space morphological transformation that remain under-researched. Besides, although the previous literature has highlighted several factors influencing urban space morphology, it remains unclear how those key drivers interact. In this article, the PRISMA methodology was used to conduct a systematic literature review, screening and selecting articles from three primary databases (Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus). In total, 47 journal articles covering the years 2000 to 2022 were selected for the final review to identify key factors that influence open space morphology, including natural geographical factors, socioeconomic factors, and government policy factors. The results indicate that, as cities developed, the size of green spaces decreased, their structure fragmented, and their distribution became progressively less connected. Meanwhile, socioeconomic determinants played a greater role in influencing changes in green spaces than natural geographical factors and policy management factors. In addition, carrying out the present study confirmed that Landsat remote-sensing data with landscape metrics is a powerful research method for studying green space change. A research framework is offered in this paper to illustrate an understanding of which factors influence the dynamics of green spaces, identify the interaction mechanisms, and provide an optimization strategy of urban open space for urban planners or policymakers.