Green Revolution In India Research Articles

Revisiting the Green Revolution in India: Assessing Achievements, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Revisiting the Green Revolution in India: Assessing Achievements, Challenges, and Future Prospects

An overview of oilseeds seed industry

The seed industry of the country has played a central role in bringing green revolution in India leading to record growth in production and productivity of different crops. Today, the Indian seed sector with a value of USD 3.0 billion is the fifth-largest seed industry in the world and is growing at a fast pace. The oilseed seed industry market is worth 0.06 Bn USD (Approx.) in India, out of which, the hybrid oilseed seed market is worth 0.027 Bn USD (Approx.). The oilseed sector is faced with several challenges concerning poor SRR as compared to other crops, which is less than 25%-30% leading to low productivity. In the case of mustard, castor, soybean, and linseed, the SRR is higher as compared to other oilseed crops. The other challenges are the inadequacy of seeds of high yielding and climate-resilient varieties, the availability of hybrids only in mustard, sunflower, and castor not with full exploitation of their potential. There is an urgent need to promote research varieties developed by private seed companies which suited to local situations and help in increasing the VRR of oilseed crops. Transfer of new agricultural technology to farmers including new seeds of oilseed crops also needs to be strengthened. Further, it is important to look at the concerns of the seed industry relating to IPR, seed traceability, support to private seed industry R&D, incentivizing the private seed industry for increased production of seeds of targeted crops/varieties, involving the seed industry in implementing government programmes on seed production and distribution and strengthening seed storage infrastructure. These are the suggested initiatives for enhancing the availability of quality seeds of oilseed crops.

Revisiting the Green Revolution in India: Assessing Achievements, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Revisiting the Green Revolution in India: Assessing Achievements, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Effect of Green Finance on Environmental Performance of Banking Institutions: A Critical review

Effect of Green Finance on Environmental Performance of Banking Institutions: A Critical review

A sustainable rural entrepreneurship model developed by the organic farmers of India

Learning outcomes Teaching objective 1: To flourish and explore the current business model to get socioeconomic benefits from organic farming compared to conventional farming; in the context of hill farming. Teaching objective 2: To explore and design innovative entrepreneurship opportunities in the field of organic farming and how these opportunities can be seized by using managerial skills. Teaching objective 3: To analyze the economic benefits of organic farming compared to conventional farming. Case overview/synopsis Manj Gaon is a small village in the Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. This village serves as the Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board’s training facility. Organic farming was the primary source of income for farmers in the late 1970s, but the Green Revolution in India had a negative impact on agriculture, the environment and the economy of the country. After the Green Revolution, the agriculture sector was completely dominated by conventional farming, and the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides affected the village to some extent. But farmers like Bhagchand Ramola paved the way for other farmers to grow and shine through organic farming. The organic farming model developed by Ramola was helping farmers and society in several aspects, such as the economy, health and the environment. A self-developed organic farming model had been generating fair revenue for the farmers and uplifting their socioeconomic status as compared to conventional farming. Complete adoption of organic farming in the village requires an analysis in terms of sustainable economic growth. However, there was a certain dilemma that was stifling the growth of the newly adopted business model because farmers were dependent only on Japanese buyers and input providers. So, there was a huge need to tie up with other consulates across the country. Secondly, expanding a business model requires more input and output in terms of manpower and revenue, so persuading conventional farmers to adopt the organic farming model was quite a challenge for Ramola. Complexity academic level The case can be taught to the MBA-level students. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Traditional crops as source of Agri-Entrepreneurship in Chakrata block of Dehradun District (Uttarakhand)

Traditional crops are being cultivated since ancient times in the hilly areas of Uttarakhand state. After the green revolution in India, the rate of crop production has increased but the farming system of traditional crops were reduced. Due to the use of more chemicals fertilizers in modern crops, on the one hand, the fertility of the soil has decreased, on the other hand, due to the consumption of these products; various types of diseases have arisen in the human body. Keeping in view the above problems, now again the people are promoting traditional crops and it is getting positive results too. From nutritional point of view traditional crops and pure organic products are proving to be a boon in human life. Ten families from 10 villages of Chakrata block, district Dehradun were selected for present investigation to find out per year productivity rate and income of local people. The outline of the present work was prepared on questionnaire basis. Study showed that the income of each family is getting higher as compared to those in government jobs. It was also observed that women are becoming self-reliant by earning from traditional crops and it is necessary to cultivate such type of crops for entrepreneurship.

Assessing predictability of post-monsoon crop residue fires in Northwestern India

Over the past five decades, the Green Revolution in India has been a great success resulting in significantly increased crop yields and food grain productivity. Northwestern India, also known as the country’s breadbasket, alone produces two-thirds of the wheat and rice grains under the crop rotation system. Our previous study has shown that the post-monsoon rice crop production in the Punjab state of India has increased by 25%. The crop yields produce proportionate amounts of residue, a large part of which is subjected to burn in the open fields due to the near-absence of a wide-scale, affordable, and environmentally sustainable removal mechanism. A significant increase in crop productivity coincides with a 60% increase in post-harvest crop residue burning during 2002–2016. The study also demonstrated a robust relationship between satellite measurements of vegetation index—a proxy for crop amounts, and post-harvest fires—a precursor of air pollution events, for predicting seasonal agricultural burning. In this report, the efficacy of the proposed prediction model is assessed by comparing the forecasted seasonal fire activity against the actual detection of active fires for the post-monsoon burning seasons of 2017–2021. A simple linear regression model allows efficient prediction of seasonal fire activity within an error of up to 10%. In addition to forecasting seasonal fire activity, the linear regression model offers a practical tool to track and evaluate the effectiveness of the residue management system intended to reduce fire activities and resulting air pollution.

Radio and technology adoption during India’s Green Revolution: Evidence from a natural experiment

Can mass communication play a role in spurring technology adoption and productivity growth in agriculture, particularly when there are significant barriers to social learning? To answer this question, I estimate the impact of regional radio broadcasts, that included significant farm programming, on the adoption of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice and wheat during the Green Revolution in India. I exploit the staggered expansion of the regional radio network to identify the impact. Using an annual district-level administrative dataset from 1966 to 1978, I find that introduction of regional farm radio broadcasts led to a large persistent increase in the adoption of HYVs of rice, a spatially heterogeneous technology less amenable to social learning. By contrast, there was at most a transient impact on the adoption of HYVs of wheat, a spatially homogeneous technology with a lot of scope for social learning. Importantly, I find that the regional farm radio broadcasts increased rice yields by 15%, a magnitude potentially large enough to justify the investments in the expansion of the regional radio network. Overall, this paper demonstrates that mass communication can indeed play a key role in diffusing profitable agricultural innovations when there are significant barriers to social learning.

Impact of green revolution in India

Ever since from classical times, the Indian economy is totally dependent on agriculture. During the1950s, India experience a terrible food crisis that is identified as the Bengal Famine. Agricultural planning has also resulted in a relative increase in crop yield. This advancement is known as the “Green Revolution,” a modern phase of agricultural growth. The green revolution denotes an increase in agricultural output through the use of high-yielding seed varieties (HYVS), water management, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides, and high technological assistance, among other things. The Green Revolution had a significant positive influence on the state’s agricultural industry. Despite a huge positive impacts, the majority of people in India suffer from over usage of fertilisers, malnutrition and poor health. This study attempts to analyse the positive and negative impacts of Green Revolution.

Weed Management Strategies in Direct Seeded Rice: A Review

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a staple food of more than half of the population of the world and provides food security and livelihoods for millions of population. Direct seeding of rice (DSR) refers to the process of direct sowing the seeds in the field rather than by transplanting seedlings from the nursery. Direct seeded rice is an age old practice and before the introduction of green revolution in India. Rainfed rice was often broadcasted into moist soil and crops were highly prone to weed competition resulted into low yield. Rice ecosystems and establishment methods determined the weed spectrum and degree of infestation in rice field (DSR). Weeds are considered as a major biological constraint in direct seeded rice. In direct seeded rice, weed management depend on weed flora, critical period of weed control, availability of water and method to be adopted. Integrated weed management (IWM) is essential to achieve the long term, sustainable and economic management of weeds in direct seeded rice. The literature regarding the direct seeded rice, critical period of crop weed competition, different types of weed flora and different methods for the effective and sustainable management of weeds in direct seeded rice are reviewed in this paper.

CHANGING ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN INCOME, EMPLOYMENT AND VALUE ADDED PER WORKER IN MAJOR COUNTRIES

Agriculture sector has the largest share in employment and value added for many developing countries. This paper analyses the spatial contribution of agriculture sector to income, employment and per worker value added in top thirty countries which have highest share in agriculture sector in the World. The success of agricultural sector in income and employment has been designated to green revolution in India. China has proceeded with the process of structural change very rapidly. Ethiopia has the highest share of agriculture in employment which is an agriculture dominant country. The study gives clear picture that development of agriculture has been the essential element of structural transformation and will continue to be crucial in transformation in the future. The estimates of this study indicate that the changing role of agriculture in income and employment in the major countries followed by structural change has led to increasing the integration of the economies of the countries and their changing patterns of interlinkages between the agriculture sector and the other sectors in countries.

Recycling of agricultural wastes to vermicomposts: Characterization and application for clean and quality production of green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

With increasing agricultural production after green revolution in India, generation of agricultural waste is a concern for clean agricultural production system. The purpose of the study is to recycle locally available agricultural wastes into vermicompost and apply it on crops. In this study vermicomposts prepared from combinations of four sources of each plant biomass and animal excreta were characterized and tested for yield and quality of green bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Vermicompost samples were analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients and enzymatic activities at intermediate (40 d) and final (80 d) stages of decomposition. During composting, total organic carbon content of the bedding material decreased and C: N ratio was narrowed down. Zinc, Cu, and Mn contents were decreased by 6.9–177.3%, 28.5–318.5% and 0.7–207.4%, respectively, while Fe content increased by 15.4–64.3% in the matured samples. Acid phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase activities were reduced by 2.5–26.0% and 15.5–84.1%, respectively; while the β-glucosidase activity of vermicompost from cow dung and pig dung was increased by 2.0–30.7% at maturity. Application of vermicompost along with NPK fertilizers enhanced morphological, biochemical and yield attributes of green bell pepper which in-turn improved yield (7.1–135.7%) over the control. Vermicomposts also improved soil fertility by increasing organic C and plant-available N, P and K. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the properties of mature vermicomposts were mainly determined by the animal excreta. Poultry litter along with paddy straw and Azolla pinnata proved to be superior raw material in the production of high quality vermicompost which could produce good quality and quantity of fruits. The study also suggests that production of vermicompost from locally available plant biomass and animal excreta will sustain crop harvest with quality produce and improve soil fertility.

Capitalist agriculture, COVID-19 and agrarian labour relations in Punjab, India.

In the state of Punjab, the heart of the green revolution in India, a large fraction of agricultural labour is expended by migrant workers. The unplanned lockdown imposed by the Indian government affected paddy transplantation, a labour‐intensive activity in Punjab primarily due to interstate restrictions on movement. Drawing on a primary survey in a village from the Malwa region of Punjab, the paper examines the changes in agrarian relations in rural Punjab due to the Covid‐19 pandemic by critically analysing the dynamics of capital labour relations. The restriction on labour movement and unilateral imposition of transplantation wage rates by a few Panchayats in Punjab (dominated by capitalist landlords and rich peasants) has intensified class conflict in the state. The Punjab government's policies, which are driven by the capitalist landlords and rich peasants, have played a significant role in the increased exploitation of workers. The paper concludes with a brief evaluation of the changes induced by Covid‐19 in the agrarian political economy of Punjab.

Organic Farming and Bio-Nanomaterial Conflux: A Way Forward for Sustainable Agriculture.

Increasing population pressure and decreasing cultivable land brought the agricultural sector at an alarming situation of food production particularly in the developing countries. To feed the burgeoning population, the agriculture sector needs to become more productive and diversified while facing the adversity of climate change and limitations of natural resources. During 1960-70, the improved irrigation facilities, the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the cultivation of high yielding varieties of cereals successfully led to the Green revolution in India. In the present scenario, the low irrigation and fertilizer use efficiencies, poor pesticide application and delivery are amongst the important issues in developing countries that need to be addressed for getting higher productivity. Also, fertilizer and pesticide usage also had severe associated environmental consequences like eutrophication, resistance and resurgence in pest, toxicity to non-target organisms, residues in food and feed, accumulation in the environment, etc. In such conditions, organic farming, a traditional practice coupled with the exploration of bio-nanoparticles to achieve a sustainable production system seems to be a better option. This review focuses on current research developments in the areas of bio-nano-enabled crop nutrition, protection, post-harvest management, and the possibility of bio-nanomaterials and organic farming confluence to revolutionize the agricultural sector by ensuring sustainable food security for coming generations.

The Direct Radiative Forcing Impact of Agriculture‐Emitted Black Carbon Associated With India's Green Revolution

AbstractBiomass burning contributes considerably to black carbon (BC) emissions in South Asia, but such emissions have not been linked with the Green Revolution (GR) which has enabled substantial crop production growth in South Asian countries, India in particular. Here, we use an Earth system model to quantify climate change through the direct radiative forcing (DRF) by agriculture‐emitted BC associated with the GR in India. We show that the BC DRF in India has increased significantly since the GR, especially during the post‐GR period. The estimated BC DRF in India rose from +0.197 W/m2 in 1961 to +0.805 W/m2 in 2011; this represents a fourfold increase in DRF since the onset of the GR. The contribution of BC DRF by India's intensive agriculture to the global BC forcing also increased from 2.6% to 4.4% during the GR. Our results reveal that increasing BC emissions associated with the GR raises the importance of emission mitigation from agriculture source.

Are the modern-bred rice and wheat cultivars in India inefficient in zinc and iron sequestration?

Zinc and iron deficiency is a serious global health problem in humans depending on cereal-diet and is largely prevalent in low-income countries like Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and South-east Asia. We report inefficiency of modern-bred cultivars of rice and wheat to sequester those essential nutrients in grains as the reason for such deficiency and prevalence. To substantiate, experiments were conducted with elite, high-yielding cultivars of rice (n = 16) and wheat (n = 18) released in succeeding decades since the beginning of green revolution in India. The inherent Zn and Fe sequestering capacity in grains of the cultivars, and their responses to external application of Zn and Fe fertilizers were evaluated following standard protocols. We found a downward trend in grain density of Zn and Fe in those cereals in past more than 50 years. However, we failed to notice yield-dilution as a causative effect for such unwitting downward trend. With time, the cultivars again became stubborn to Zn and Fe fertilization for enhancing their grain density. Further, we noticed that external supply of one element, to improve its density in grains, had inhibitory effect on accumulation of the other, and the effect was magnified along the succeeding decades. Our innovative research warrants an improvement in ionomes of the cereals to alleviate the said incapacitating effect and ultimately the deficiency of those elements in humans, particularly living in low-income countries.

Colour based nutraceutical potential of some traditional rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) varieties of India

Consumption of unpolished grain, rather than polished grain has become a modern trend and consumers are mainly putting their thoughts and effort to consume products with more antioxidant capacity. Rice is the main staple food and apart from being considered as the main source of energy, it contains many nutraceutical properties because of its enriched secondary metabolites. This study is an effort to bring back the indigenous traditional rice landraces that almost disappeared from the farm fields after the advent of the Green Revolution in India. This article focuses on colour-based nutritional properties of six coloured and four non-coloured indigenous rice varieties based on antioxidant potential, total phenol and flavonoid content along with secondary metabolites profiling by high performance liquid chromatography. The biochemical uniqueness of these varieties has been explored that opens the gate for the conservation of more indigenous rice varieties for food security, as a cheap source of nutritional food and to construct a better niche for public health in developing country like India.

How Technology Drives the History of the Green Revolution

ABSTRACT This paper argues that histories of the Green Revolution are often underpinned by commitments to theoretical models of technology and science in ways which shape the parameters of such narratives in politically normative ways. This paper explores the accounts of the Green Revolution in India given by Vandana Shiva and Govindan Parayil and demonstrates the ways in which these accounts are influenced by their models of technology and science. It is argued that Shiva and Parayil represent key theoretical positions in technological theory, determinist and instrumentalist, respectively, and that examination of their Green Revolution narratives clearly indicates the ways in which such theoretical commitments can determine the scope and content of analyses of technology-driven development, and thereby exclude political content necessary for the evaluation of the efficacy of such development and the validity of the theoretical model.

From Colonialism to Globalisation How History Has Shaped Unequal Power Relations Between Post-Colonial Countries

This paper examines the ways globalising initiatives have been used to mirror neo-colonial practices and foster unequal power relationships between countries in the Global North and Global South. By taking a historical perspective, this paper points to the ways inequality is structured over time and highlights how many globalising mechanisms such as the spread of free markets, foreign lending, and the myth of development theory have favoured growing inequalities. To clarify how globalisation creates neo-colonial relations in modernity, two examples shall be used: the Green Revolution in India and the effects of the Newmont mining corporation in Peru.

An Epitome of Organic Agriculture in North-Eastern India: A Way Forward for a Sustainable Future

Green revolution in India has brought noticeable transformation in Indian agriculture. When the country was deficit in food production there was immediate need for transformation. This transformation needed backup of change of technology and increased use of inputs. Since change of technology needs time, so there was high demand for modern agriculture techniques and also increased use of inputs. Subsequently, to make inputs available to large section of small and marginal farmers, subsidies were given on various inputs. The fertilizers played an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. Since then the consumption of fertilizer increased for almost all the states. High use of fertilizer was followed by increased subsidy. There was over-utilization of resources. Many states resorted to high use of fertilizers since it was unsustainable and posed negative impact on the environment. Though rural economy is not totally developed in these sister states but these states have moved towards more sustainable kind of agriculture i.e. organic agriculture. There was sharp decline in growth rate of per ha fertilizer use during TE 1993-94 and TE 2005-06 for almost all the major states but highest decline was found for North-Eastern India in TE 2014-15. The results on decline in growth was supported by decline in amount of subsidy per ha and share of area treated with chemical and organic input was strikingly low as compared to other agriculturally progressed states. This paved a pathway for a sustainable future which needs to be adopted by rest of the country as well.