Green Plant Material Research Articles

Impact of application volume and spray droplet size on soybean harvest aid efficacy

AbstractThroughout the mid‐southern United States, indeterminate maturity group (MG) IV soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) have largely taken the place of determinate MG V and VI soybean in order maximize yield. However, this shift towards earlier maturity groups results in more green plant material at physiological maturity. Consequently, harvest aids are of interest to producers who seek to defoliate and desiccate soybean in a timely and uniform manner. Field experiments were conducted from 2019 to 2020 to evaluate the impact of harvest aid, application volume, and spray droplet volume mean diameter (VMD) on soybean harvest aid efficacy in Mississippi. Applications of paraquat, saflufenacil, and sodium chlorate were made when soybean averaged 65% brown pods, with application volumes of 5 and 20 gal. acre−1, and VMDs of 200, 500, and 800 µm. Defoliation, desiccation, and green stems were evaluated at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after treatment (DAT). Soybean grain yield was obtained at harvest and adjusted to 13% moisture. Harvest aid efficacy did not vary due to application volume. Spray droplet spectra with a VMD of 200 µm maximized both defoliation and desiccation efficacy. At 14 DAT, applications of paraquat and sodium chlorate resulted in 95% defoliation but were similar to saflufenacil at 89%. Applications of paraquat resulted in desiccation of 16 more percentage points than saflufenacil, and 8 more percentage points than sodium chlorate. These data indicate soybean harvest aid applications should contain paraquat. Although efficacy was maximized with spray droplet spectra with a VMD of 200 µm, the total variance in efficacy due to VMD of spray droplets was minimal.

Foraging and Food Selection in a Desert Rodent: Diet Shifts of the Sandy Inland Mouse between Population Booms and Busts.

Seeds are commonly viewed as the mainstay of the diet of desert rodents. We describe the diet of a common Australian desert rodent, the sandy inland mouse Pseudomys hermannsburgensis, using direct observations of free-living animals and analysis of the stomach contents of preserved specimens. Direct observations showed that animals forage mostly on the ground surface and eat seeds from a wide range of plant species, as well as invertebrates and occasional green plant material. Stomach content analysis revealed no differences in the presence or absence of these three major food groups between seasons or the sexes. However, invertebrates were more prominent in the diet of mice during prolonged, dry, population 'bust' periods compared with post-rain population 'boom' periods, with this dietary shift probably reflecting a scarcity of seeds during the busts. The results confirm that seed is an important component of the diet of P. hermannsburgensis, with 92% of stomachs containing seed. The results also support the classification of the species as omnivorous rather than granivorous, with 70% of stomachs containing invertebrates and over half the specimens analysed containing both seeds and invertebrates. We suggest that dietary flexibility is important for rodent persistence in Australia's climatically unpredictable arid regions.

Liver Fatty Acid, Mineral, and Fat-Soluble Nutrients in Wild and Captive Greater Prairie-Chickens

Abstract We measured fatty acids, minerals, and fat-soluble nutrients in liver tissues from greater prairie-chickens Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus as an ecological dietary surrogate for endangered Attwater's prairie-chickens T. c. attwateri and investigated differences associated with captive (nonreleased captive raised; n = 4), wild (n = 12), and combination (released captive raised; n = 5) diets. In general, we found more variability across all fatty acids in samples from released captive-raised birds than in samples from either nonreleased captive-raised or wild birds. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were lowest in captive-raised birds. Regarding minerals, liver sodium values were uniquely lower in released captive-raised birds, and copper and manganese concentrations were lower for both released and nonreleased captive-raised birds. Of the carotenoids that we evaluated, β-carotene was lower in livers from captive-raised birds than in livers from wild prairie-chickens. Zeaxanthin was lowest in livers from birds that were captive raised but nonreleased. Differences in hepatic nutrient concentration among the three study groups may be directly correlated with dietary ingredients. Our results suggest possible management actions for improved nutrition of prairie-chickens in future release programs, such as further refinement of trace mineral and β-carotene content of captive commercial diets, the addition of supplemental feeds in release protocols that include an elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid profile, green plant materials that elevate β-carotene content, provision of trace mineralized salt sources at release sites, and timing releases to coincide with periods of high natural resource availability to better duplicate nutrient diversity.

Interspecific differences in plasma carotenoid profiles in nestlings of three sympatric vulture species.

Carotenoids are diet-based micronutrients important in health and coloration signaling. Related species with similar diets can differ in the kinds and levels of circulating carotenoids, which suggests specific physiological mechanisms to efficiently utilize these micronutrients, regardless of their availability. We explored whether diet and parental provisioning of unusual sources of carotenoids (fresh vegetal matter and vertebrate feces) can explain the occurrence and concentrations of carotenoids in the cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus, griffon vulture Gyps fulvus, and Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus nestlings, even when these pigments appear to not be deposited in their integumentary system. A greater diversity of wild prey in diet could be behind the profile of higher concentrations of carotenoids in the Egyptian vulture, the species with carotenoid-dependent coloration during adulthood, while differences in diet composition between cinereous and griffon vultures do not translate to different carotenoid profiles. The carotenoid profile appears to not be related to the ingestion of unusual matter rich in these compounds, although the infrequent occurrence of lycopene and unidentified γ-carotene-like compounds suggest that these vultures may be exploiting vegetal matter that left no identifiable unconsumed remains in the nest of Egyptian vultures. The consumption of green plant material by griffon vultures does not result in especially high levels of carotenoids when compared to the carotenoids found in cinereous vultures, which do not consume green plant material. Ungulate feces were not provisioned to Egyptian vulture nestlings, despite the fact they contain carotenoids that adults need for appropriate coloration. Overall, this study indicates that diet differences alone appear insufficient to explain contrasting interspecific carotenoid profiles, especially since all types of food consumed are considered to be poor in carotenoids, except vegetable matter. We suggest that nestling Egyptian vultures are comparatively efficient in uptaking carotenoids present in low concentrations in food when these compounds are not deposited in their integument, which suggests allocation to other functions.

Impact of Cutting Units’ Design on Biomass Cutting Resistance

Abstract The paper presents mathematical models describing the moments of resistance to cutting on the cutting drum shafts in the biomass cutting process. The mathematical procedures described in the paper have been verified on a test stand developed and constructed by the authors, which reflects real conditions of the process of cutting plant material into pieces of specified lengths. Experimental verification proved that the developed mathematical models are adequate for drums of both cylindrical and conical constructions. The value of the average error did not exceed 13%. Following the mathematical elaboration and verification studies, the authors carried out calculations for machines currently available on the market that are equipped with drum cutting units. The calculations were carried out for the most commonly cut material, i.e. for maize, straw and green plant materials. The obtained results confirm the complexity of the problem arising from a wide range of numerical values of cutting resistance, which is contained in the range of 400–1,800 nm. The compiled database can be practically applied in the selection of machines for specific field works, and the mathematical models developed and verified in the study can be applied at the stage of designing new designs of cutting drums used in forage harvesters.

First record of the elusive and endangered long-tailed nesokia, Nesokia bunnii, in Iran

Abstract We report for the first time the long-tailed nesokia rat, Nesokia bunnii, in Iran. A single female of this rodent killed by a stray dog in the Hoveyzeh marshes was identified as Nesokia bunnii according to its external and craniodental characteristics. With its four pairs of nipples, the collected specimen did not deviate from the condition is seen in Nesokia indica and the genus Bandicota. Here, we provide the first observations on the natural history of this elusive animal. Examination of the stomach contents of the specimen retrieved green plant material. The animal was killed in a marshy site with small pools scattered all around. The entrance to a burrow which was found on the spot was sheltered by dense reed Phragmites australis. We could not confirm an earlier report that N. bunnii constructs floating nests. This record extends the known distribution range of N. bunnii eastwards into the Khuzestan Province, Southwest of Iran.

Extracting Fractional Vegetation Cover from Digital Photographs: A Comparison of In Situ, SamplePoint, and Image Classification Methods.

Fractional vegetation cover is a key indicator of rangeland health. However, survey techniques such as line-point intercept transect, pin frame quadrats, and visual cover estimates can be time-consuming and are prone to subjective variations. For this reason, most studies only focus on overall vegetation cover, ignoring variation in live and dead fractions. In the arid regions of the Canadian prairies, grass cover is typically a mixture of green and senescent plant material, and it is essential to monitor both green and senescent vegetation fractional cover. In this study, we designed and built a camera stand to acquire the close-range photographs of rangeland fractional vegetation cover. Photographs were processed by four approaches: SamplePoint software, object-based image analysis (OBIA), unsupervised and supervised classifications to estimate the fractional cover of green vegetation, senescent vegetation, and background substrate. These estimates were compared to in situ surveys. Our results showed that the SamplePoint software is an effective alternative to field measurements, while the unsupervised classification lacked accuracy and consistency. The Object-based image classification performed better than other image classification methods. Overall, SamplePoint and OBIA produced mean values equivalent to those produced by in situ assessment. These findings suggest an unbiased, consistent, and expedient alternative to in situ grassland vegetation fractional cover estimation, which provides a permanent image record.

High-temperature oxidation reduces the bitterness of honeybush infusions depending on changes in phenolic composition

Honeybush tea infusions, especially those prepared from Cyclopia genistoides, can be unacceptably bitter, given the association of this herbal tea with sweet taste. Infusions prepared from both ‘fermented’ (high-temperature oxidised) Cyclopia longifolia and C. genistoides contain high levels of the bitter xanthone, mangiferin, however, C. longifolia is generally less bitter than C. genistoides. The effect of phenolic changes during fermentation on the bitterness of infusions was determined for both species. Bitterness was reduced by 34–68% for C. genistoides and 55–86% for C. longifolia. Fermentation affected the phenolic composition of the two species differently, notably the ratio of mangiferin to isomangiferin remained higher for C. genistoides. Bitterness prediction models for two data sets of infusions (126 fermented and green plant material; 122 fermented plant material) including variable selection based on phenolic content gave good performance (RMSECV < 5). Nine compounds, depending on the data set, were determined to be important for the models, including xanthones, benzophenones, flavones and flavanones. Mangiferin, two tetrahydroxyxanthone-di-O,C-hexose isomers, 3-β-d-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, vicenin-2 and scolymoside were common to both models. Future application of the model would be to screen large numbers of genotypes for the breeding of selections with low bitterness potential based on phenolic composition.

Dicamba emissions under field conditions as affected by surface condition

AbstractThe evolution and widespread distribution of glyphosate-resistant broadleaf weed species catalyzed the introduction of dicamba-resistant crops that allow this herbicide to be applied POST to soybean and cotton. Applications of dicamba that are most cited for off-target movement have occurred in June and July in many states when weeds are often in high densities and at least 10 cm or taller at the time of application. For registration purposes, most field studies examining pesticide emissions are conducted using bare ground or very small plants. Research was conducted in Knoxville, TN, in the summer of 2017, 2018, and 2019 to examine the effect of application surface (tilled soil, dead plants, green plants) on dicamba emissions under field conditions. Dicamba emissions after application were affected by the treated surface in all years, with the order from least to most emissions being dead plants &lt; tilled soil &lt; green plant material. In fact, dicamba emissions were &gt;300% when applied to green plants compared to other surfaces. These findings suggest that dicamba applications made to bare ground will likely underestimate what may occur under normal field use conditions when POST applications are made and the crop canopy or weed groundcover is nearly 100% green material. A potential change to enhance the accuracy of current environmental simulation models would be to increase the theoretical findings to allow for the effect of green plant material on dicamba emissions under field conditions.

Dietary regimen of the woodpigeon (Columba palumbus).

Recently, new agricultural policies and European Directives brought to important changes in farming practice, some of which could affect food availability for the wild bird population endangering biodiversity. This study aims to evaluate the consequences of such agricultural changes in France on the woodpigeon's dietary regimen. A total of 1,093 woodpigeons were collected over a four-year period (2014-2017). Voluntary sampling was performed in six regions in the south-west of France by local hunters during this species' autumnal migration and wintering. Ingluvies contents were recovered, macroscopically and microscopically identified, and then weighed before and after drying. Five food groups were identified: acorns, corn, green plant material, cultivated seeds and others. ANOVA testing followed by Tukey's test for multiple comparison were performed (R version 3.5.2). Significance was set at p<.05. A total of 762 woodpigeons met the study's inclusion criteria. Mean weight of total crop contents was less of 9 grams of dry matter. Most frequent food groups were "green plant material" (70.3%), acorns (42.3%) and corn (27.2%). In terms of grams of dry matter, the most important food in the crop content were acorns (62%): these were eaten more during the first two hunting seasons (p<.001), and in region A, lower amount was consumed compared to all other regions. On the contrary, corn intake peaked during the third year (p<.001), and in region A, birds had an increasing intake of this cereal. Cultivated seeds contributed to the diet more during migration (p=.007), while "green plant material" and others more during wintering (p=.011; p=.004). In conclusion, results confirm the opportunistic nature of the woodpigeon, balancing its diet according to food availability. Corn was eaten more in areas where the winter burying of chopped maize stover (mulching), provided by the Nitrate's directive, was in derogation.

PHYTOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON NANOCOMPOSITES BY IRVINGIA GABONENSIS (OGBONO) AQUEOUS AND ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS

The need for emerging materials based on nano-composites from green plants, or non-useful materials for adsorption process is on the increase. The objective of this research was to evaluate the phytosynthesis and characterization of iron nano-composites (Fe.NCs) formed by aqueous and ethanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) tree leaves. The composites were characterized by visual observation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Visual observation of the iron oxide nano-composites synthesized was confirmed by change in colour from yellow to brown within minutes of formation. The FTIR characterization showed that, phenolic groups were involved in the phytosynthesis of the iron nano-composites with the presence of –OH and –NH groups at 3348.54cm-1 and -C-N- group at 1635.69 cm-1 for aqueous extract and broad band of –OH and -NH stretch at 3363.97cm-1 and -C-H-stretch at 2978-2901.04cm-1 attributed to alkanes in alcohol extract. There was also –OH stretch at 2885.60cm-1 and Fe-O group at 671.25cm-1 in Fe. NCs with Fe-O stretch observed at 583.33cm-1 in I. gabonensis iron nano-composite. Cube-like structures, irregular shapes and sizes with individual, spherical particles forming aggregates and chains were revealed by the SEM micrographs, these are recognized attributes of strong magnetic properties of iron. The particle sizes are 30 and 45 nm for aqueous and alcohol extracts respectively, which could provide large surface area for contaminant adsorption. Conclusively, photosynthesis of Fe. NCs using water and ethanol extracts of I. gabonensis (Ogbono leaves) could be an effective one-step pathway for nano-composite production from eco-friendly, safe and less toxic green plant material.

Selective Chlorophyll Removal Method to "Degreen" Botanical Extracts.

Chlorophylls are present in all extracts from the aerial parts of green plant materials. Chlorophylls may act as in vitro bioassay nuisance compounds, possibly preventing the reproducibility and accurate measurement of readouts due to their UV/vis absorbance, fluorescence properties, and tendency to precipitate in aqueous media. Despite the diversity of methods used traditionally to remove chlorophylls, details about their mode of operation, specificity, and reproducibility are scarce. Herein, we report a selective and efficient 45 min liquid-liquid/countercurrent chlorophyll cleanup method using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) with a solvent system composed of hexanes-EtOAc-MeOH-water (5:5:5:5, v/v) in elution-extrusion mode. The broader utility of the method was assessed with four different extracts prepared from three well-characterized plant materials: Epimedium sagittatum (leaves), Senna alexandrina (leaves), and Trifolium pratense (aerial parts). The reproducibility of the method, the selectivity of the chlorophyll removal, as well as the preservation of the phytochemical integrity of the resulting chlorophyll-free ("degreened") extracts were evaluated using HPTLC, UHPLC-UV, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and LC-MS as orthogonal phytochemical methods. The cleanup process adequately preserves the metabolomic diversity as well as the integrity of the original extracts. This method was found to be sufficiently rapid for the "degreening" of botanical extracts in higher-throughput sample preparation for further biological screening.

Greenhouse gas emissions from a rice-rice-green manure cropping system in South China

Green manure crops play an important role in reducing chemical fertilizer applications while enhancing soil fertility. However, the effects of winter-planted green manure crops on rice paddy greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are poorly understood. Based on a 35 years experiment, we analyzed the impacts of a rice-rice-green manure cropping system on rice yield and GHG emissions during both rice and winter-green manure seasons. Our experiment consisted of four treatments: ryegrass-rice-rice (Ry-R-R), milkvetch rice-rice (Mv-R-R), rapeseed-rice-rice (Rp-R-R) and fallow-rice-rice (Fa-R-R), arranged in a completely randomized design. Incorporation of winter-planted green manure had more impacts on yield and CH4 emission in the early rice season than in the late rice season. Compared to the Fa-R-R, the Mv-R-R, Rp-R-R, and Ry-R-R systems increased annual yield by 15.4%, 11.8%, and 6.1%, respectively. However, Ry-R-R and Rp-R-R significantly increased annual CH4 emissions by 116.73% and 52.45%, respectively, while Mv-R-R reduced CH4 emissions by 16.3%, compared to Fa-R-R. The CH4 emissions showed significant positive correlations with dissolved organic carbon, as well as the biomass and C/N ratio of the incorporated green manure plant materials. Although green manuring reduced N2O emissions in both winter and rice seasons, there was no significant difference in annual cumulative N2O emissions among the treatments. Ry-R-R and Rp-R-R increased annual yield-scaled GWP by 102.6% and 34.8%, respectively, while Mv-R-R was 27.8% lower, compared to the Fa-R-R. Our results suggest that Mv-R-R is the best choice of cropping system for yield sustainability and eco-friendly rice production over the long-term.

Phenolic composition of rooibos changes during simulated fermentation: Effect of endogenous enzymes and fermentation temperature on reaction kinetics.

Phenolic compounds of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) are susceptible to oxidation during "fermentation", a process characterized by the formation of a red-brown leaf color. The role of enzymes in this process is not yet understood. An experiment with dried green rooibos plant material pre-treated at 170 °C for 30 min to denature and "inactivate" endogenous enzymes was conducted to confirm the role of oxidative enzymes. The phenolic composition of "enzyme inactivated" plant material was not significantly (p ≥ .05) affected by simulated fermentation, compared to control samples, as determined using piece-wise multivariate analysis of variance for successive time intervals. This proves that rooibos enzymes participate in the oxidation of phenolic compounds during fermentation of the plant material. A kinetic modeling approach was subsequently used to establish reaction kinetic parameters for selected rooibos phenolic compounds. The degradation of aspalathin and nothofagin and formation of eriodictyol glucosides during simulated fermentation at four temperatures from 37 to 50 °C were best described by the fractional conversion model based on first-order kinetics (r2 > 0.98), which allows for non-zero equilibrium concentrations. The extent of degradation for other compounds was too low to enable kinetic modeling. Reaction rates for the degradation/formation of phenolic compounds during fermentation followed the Arrhenius law. Less phenolic degradation (higher equilibrium concentration), but a higher reaction rate constant, was observed at higher temperatures, which could possibly be attributed to inactivation of enzymes.

Application of lactic acid bacteria in green biorefineries

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have extensive industrial applications as producers of lactic acid, as probiotics, as biocontrol agents and as biopreservatives. LAB play a large role in food fermentation and in silage processes, where crops such as grass, legumes, cereals or corn are fermented into high-moisture feed that is storable and can be used to feed cattle, sheep or other ruminants. LAB also have great applications within green biorefineries, with simultaneous production of protein-rich feed for monogastric animals, silage or feed pellets for ruminants and production of lactic acid or specific amino acids. In green biorefineries, fresh or ensiled wet biomass is mechanically fractionated into green juice and solid residues (press cake), where the plant juice, for example, can be used for production of lactic acid using LAB. In a process named 'ENLAC', recovery of protein and chlorophyll from silage by simultaneous lactic acid fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis has been developed. Furthermore, a process for protein recovery was recently developed by applying a specific LAB starter culture to green juice from freshly harvested crops. This paper focuses on reviewing LAB for their applications within biorefining of 'green' crops such as clover, alfalfa, grasses and other green plant materials.

Application of lactic acid bacteria in green biorefineries.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have extensive industrial applications as producers of lactic acid, as probiotics, as biocontrol agents and as biopreservatives. LAB play a large role in food fermentation and in silage processes, where crops such as grass, legumes, cereals or corn are fermented into high-moisture feed that is storable and can be used to feed cattle, sheep or other ruminants. LAB also have great applications within green biorefineries, with simultaneous production of protein-rich feed for monogastric animals, silage or feed pellets for ruminants and production of lactic acid or specific amino acids. In green biorefineries, fresh or ensiled wet biomass is mechanically fractionated into green juice and solid residues (press cake), where the plant juice, for example, can be used for production of lactic acid using LAB. In a process named 'ENLAC', recovery of protein and chlorophyll from silage by simultaneous lactic acid fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis has been developed. Furthermore, a process for protein recovery was recently developed by applying a specific LAB starter culture to green juice from freshly harvested crops. This paper focuses on reviewing LAB for their applications within biorefining of 'green' crops such as clover, alfalfa, grasses and other green plant materials.

PROBLEM SOLVING: INTRODUCTION OF SCIENCE LEARNING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

&lt;em&gt;As a high-level thinking ability, problem solving is developed at the level of primary school education, especially in the high grande. Problem solving is the concept of thinking ability by understanding the problems presented and using the right solutions with various kinds of strategy development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem solving of students through the results of student worksheets on green plant material. The results show that students' problem solving language is simply with a problem solving indicator framework, including: building knowledge related to issues / problems, determining keywords, determining solution strategies, and determining conclusions.&lt;/em&gt;

Status distribution and feeding habit of Wild Boar Sus scrofa (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Suidae) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India

The Wild Boar Sus scrofa is omnivorous, serves as the prey base for large carnivores, performs the role of a natural scavenger, and is often involved in crop raiding. The species is included in Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, meaning hunting of the species may be allowed by the Chief Wildlife Warden in instances where individuals of the species are considered dangerous to human life or property. Faecal samples of Wild Boar in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India, were collected from January to June 2013 to assess the distribution of Wild Boar in Karmajhiri range. The density of Wild Boar in Sapath and Tikadi beat was 25.5±0.29 and 23.9±0.33 per hectare, respectively, and was the lowest in Teliya at 1.6±0.05 per hectare. Sixteen different beats were sampled and surveyed to understand the diet of Wild Boar during the winter season. Ingested items included stones, roots, grass, fruits and seeds, hairs, earthworms, flowers, and green plant material. Out of these, the most frequent item was grass, followed by roots and stones.

MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MODEL COOPERATIVE LEARNING TIPE JIGSAW PADA SISWA KELAS V SD NEGERI 16 KOTA PAREPARE

The initial idea of this study was the low learning outcomes of students in science lessons, especially green plant material. This is because teachers are less creative in using teaching methods and models that can help students in learning. The main problem in this study is how to improve student learning outcomes in green plants through jigsaw cooperative learning in class V SD Negeri 16 Kota Parepare. This study aims to determine the improvement of student learning outcomes by using a jigsaw type cooperative learning model for grade V students of SD Negeri 16 Kota Parepare. The procedure for activities in research includes planning, action, observation and reflection. Subjects in this study were teachers and students of class V SD Negeri 16 Kota Parepare TA. 2010/2011 with a total of 22 students with details of 14 men and 8 women. Data collection techniques used are observation, test, and documentation techniques. The results showed that student learning outcomes in green plants with the use of jigsaw cooperative learning method in cycle I were categorized as poor (K) then increased in cycle II with categories of Enough (C), and in cycle III categorized as Good (B). Thus, the use of jigsaw cooperative learning method can improve the learning outcomes of grade V students of SD Negeri 16 Kota Parepare.

Utilisation of green plant material in nests of Long-billed Vultures &lt;i&gt;Gyps indicus&lt;/i&gt; in Bundelkhand Region, India

Utilisation of green plant material in nests of Long-billed Vultures &lt;i&gt;Gyps indicus&lt;/i&gt; in Bundelkhand Region, India