Green Pea Plants Research Articles

Transformation of soil hydraulic properties during the growth of green pea plants

Transformation of soil hydraulic properties during the growth of green pea plants

Arsenic Uptake and Distribution in Green Pea Plants Under Arsenite and Arsenate Treatments

Soil arsenic (As) contamination is a global issue affecting regions worldwide. As in the soil is primarily present in inorganic forms, such as arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)]. As is a microelement that is toxic to plants grown in As-contaminated soil. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of increasing concentrations (0, 3, 10, 30, 90, and 270 mg kg−1) of As(III) and As(V) on the As content in green pea (Pisum sativum L.) and the distribution of As among different plant parts at four phenophases (the four-node stage, beginning of flowering, green ripening, and mature stage). Another aim was to determine the percentage of total soil As available to plants under different treatments. The results indicate that the developmental stage of the pea and treatment concentration significantly influence the distribution of As among plant organs. However, the differences between the effect of inorganic As forms were less pronounced. The amount of As absorbed by the whole test plant increased with higher treatment concentrations. In the case of As(III)-treatment, As amount in the whole plant increased from 0.170 µg to 7.31 µg (I. Phenophase); from 0.294 µg to 10.1 µg (II. Phenophase); from 0.435 µg to 31.6 µg (III. Phenophase); and from 0.697 µg to 36.1 µg (IV. Phenophase). As a result of As(V)-treatment, the whole plant’s As content increased from 0.170 µg to 8.94 µg (I. Phenophase); from 0.294 µg to 17.4 µg (II. Phenophase); from 0.435 µg to 29.7 µg (III. Phenophase); and from 0.697 µg to 58.5 µg (IV. Phenophase). The concentration of As accumulated by the plant also increased over time. The proportion of As absorbed by generative parts was much smaller than that absorbed by vegetative organs. The pea seeds generally accumulated less As (maximum 7%) than the pea pods (in some cases, this reached the 10%). As the total amount of As taken up by the plant increased, the proportion of As reaching the seeds generally decreased (from 5% to 0.3% in the case of As[III]-treatment, and from 5% to 0.1% in the case of As[V]-treatment). At treatment levels where the ability of the stem to retain As increased, a maximum of 1% of the total As absorbed by the plant was found in the seeds. Depending on the treatment, 3.82–5.69% [As(V)-treatments] and 3.9–6.07% [As(III)-treatments] of the total soil As were available to the plants. The difference in the ratio of the total As content to the soluble As content was more evident at higher treatment levels (≥30 mg kg−1). This value was typically lower for the As(V)-treatments.

Assessing the Impact of Phosphorus 30C and 200C Potencies on the Growth and Yield of Pisum Sativum (Green Pea)

Pisum Sativum is one of the commonest crops grown in India. Therefore, increasing the yield of green pea plants without harming the soil with chemicals are important. In places wherever there is deficiency of phosphorus in soil resulted in decreased production of green pea plants. The parameters were analysed by using statistical tool ANOVA test. The Conclusion derived from the study was Phosphorus 200C has significantly influenced in the growth and yield of Pisum Sativum plant in regards to Height of the plant, Number of Pods per Plant, Length of the Pod, and Number of Seeds per Pod.

The Effect of Genotypes and plant distances on leaf miner infestation in pea plant (Pisum sativum L.)

Green pea plants are liable to infestation by vegetable leaf miner Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) ,is a polyphagous species spread around the world, becoming vegetable crop pests. An experiment was carried out in the directory of agricultural research, Iraq, Sulaimanyah in Plant Protection Research Station in Bakrajo region during season 2020 to study the effect of different genotypes and planting spaces on the population density of Leaf miner infesting pea plants. The obtained results revealed that the population density of leaf miner on pea plants not differed significantly according to the planting spaces (5cm, 15cm and 25cm) during the season. Planting of pea seeds in the planting space (5cm) population density of leaf miner decreased by the first planting space (%16.895). The pea plants were sown in the planting space (15cm) infested by the highest level of the insect (leaf miner) (%18.452) followed by pea plants sowing at the planting space (25cm) which infestation level was (%17.967) respectively. for the physical characters of the plant (plant high, total weight and weight of 100 grains) the results shows that the sowing pea in the spacing of (15cm) were significantly difference, followed by (5cm) while planting distance of (25cm) showed lowest levels of result for last three parameters.

First Report of Pea as a Natural Host of tomato mottle mosaic virus in China.

Tomato mottle mosaic virus, a new species in the genus Tobamovirus and family Virgaviridae, was first reported on tomato in Mexico in 2013 (Li et al. 2013). Subsequently, tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) was found infecting pepper and eggplant in China (Li et al. 2014; Chai et al. 2018). ToMMV was thought to pose a serious risk to solanaceous crops due to its potential to break resistance and numerous transmission ways (Li et al. 2020), meanwhile, some plant species in the families of Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Verbenaceae, were found as the hosts of ToMMV under experimental condition (Sui et al. 2017; Li et al. 2020). To clarify the occurrence of ToMMV in Yunnan province of China, 395 plant samples, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.), exhibiting viral-like symptoms were collected in major crop plantations in Yunnan province in 2020. Total nucleic acids were extracted from the diseased samples using a CTAB method (Li et al. 2008), and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with ToMMV specific primers, ToMMVMPF (5'-ATGGCTCTAACTGTTAGTGGT-3') and ToMMVMPR (5'-TTAATACGAATCAGATCCCGCG-3'), which were designed based on the movement protein gene sequence of ToMMV YYMLJ isolate (KR824950). ToMMV was detected in 13 symptomatic samples (11 cherry tomato and 2 green pea plants) with a total detection rate of 3.29%. An 807-bp fragment was amplified from 2 out of 86 pea samples showing foliar chlorosis, mosaic, malformation and necrosis symptoms, and the amplicons were cloned and sequenced. Sequences obtained from the two pea samples were identical. Therefore, one sequence was deposited in the GenBank (accession no. MW561348). BLAST search result showed that the nucleotide sequence had the highest identity of 99.88% with the ToMMV TiLhaLJ isolate (KR824951). The ToMMV infection on the two pea samples was also verified by dot-enzyme immunoassay (Dot-ELISA) using ToMMV monoclonal antibody (kindly provided by Dr. Jianxiang Wu, Zhejiang University, China). To determine the pathogenicity of ToMMV on pea, ToMMV infectious cDNA clone was used to inoculate into 3-week-old healthy pea plants via an Agrobacterium-mediated method (Tu et al. 2021). Mottle or slight mosaic, chlorosis and malformation symptoms were observed on the upper leaves of the 8 out of 12 inoculated plants 8 days postinoculation, and ToMMV could be detected by RT-PCR from the 8 symptomatic plants but not from the asymptomatic and healthy control pea plants with the above described ToMMV specific primer pair. ToMMV has now only been detected in Mexico, China, Spain, USA, Israel and Australia on tomato, pepper and eggplant (Webster et al. 2014; Turina et al. 2016; Ambrós et al. 2017; Lovelock et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of ToMMV in pea as well as the natural infection of ToMMV on plants outside of the family Solanaceae. The result also implies that ToMMV has a potential risk to more crops in the field. Since pea, pepper and tomato are economically important cash crops in China, proper virus management strategies for the cultivation of these crops should be adopted.

Accumulation and Combined Effect of Salinity and Heavy Metals on Growth, Yield and Uptake of Green Pea Grown in Piped Hydroponics

This research is to study the accumulation and combined effect of three salinity levels (750, 1500 and 3750 ppm) and of heavy metals (3.26, 3.2, 2 ppm, 2, and 0.2 of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Mo, respectively) on growth, yield, and uptake of green pea plants grown in piped hydroponic. Due to freshwater shortages, the use of hydroponic growth system was encouraged and used. The experiment consists of planting green peas from seeds into a 6” PVC piped system. After 2.5 months of growing, the experiment was stopped and plants parts were separated and divided into pods, leaves, stems, and roots, Then, physical, and chemical measurements conducted on them. Results indicated that (1) Salt concentration above 1500 mg/l was detrimental on the growth of green pea, (2) the best growth, yield, and biomass weight were observed at salinity of 750 mg/l, (3) heavy metals had positive effect on stems and roots of plants, but declined effect plant growth in general, (4) lines with nutrient deficiency were deficient in growth too, (5) sodium increased in plant’s organs in response to increased salinity in the feed solution, (6) the largest concentration of copper and zinc were found at the roots of the highest salinity level lines (36.05 and 211.58 mg/kg dry plant, respectively), (7) the hydroponic system proved to be efficient and economical and therefore, it is recommended for use for Palestinian farmers, and (8) results obtained in this study agree with previously published research with extent differences.

A novel multiscale biophysical model to predict the fate of ionizable compounds in the soil-plant continuum

Soil pollution from emerging contaminants poses a significant threat to water resources management and food production. The development of numerical models to describe the reactive transport of chemicals in both soil and plant is of paramount importance to elaborate mitigation strategies. To this aim, in the present study, a multiscale biophysical model is developed to predict the fate of ionizable compound in the soil-plant continuum. The modeling framework connects a multi-organelles model to describe processes at the cell level with a semi-mechanistic soil-plant model, which includes the widely used Richards-based solver, HYDRUS. A Bayesian probabilistic framework is used to calibrate and assess the capability of the model in reproducing the observations from an experiment on the translocation of five pharmaceuticals in green pea plants. Results show satisfactory fitting performance and limited predictive uncertainty. The subsequent validation with the cell model indicates that the estimated soil-plant parameters preserve a physically realistic meaning, and their calibrated values are comparable with the existing literature values, thus confirming the overall reliability of the analysis. Model results further suggest that pH conditions in both soil and xylem play a crucial role in the uptake and translocation of ionizable compounds.

On the Use of Mechanistic Soil-Plant Uptake Models: A Comprehensive Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Translocation of Carbamazepine in Green Pea Plants.

Food contamination is a major worldwide risk for human health. Dynamic plant uptake of pollutants from contaminated environments is the preferred pathway into the human and animal food chain. Mechanistic models represent a fundamental tool for risk assessment and the development of mitigation strategies. However, difficulty in obtaining comprehensive observations in the soil–plant continuum hinders their calibration, undermining their generalizability and raising doubts about their widespread applicability. To address these issues, a Bayesian probabilistic framework is used, for the first time, to calibrate and assess the predictive uncertainty of a mechanistic soil–plant model against comprehensive observations from an experiment on the translocation of carbamazepine in green pea plants. Results demonstrate that the model can reproduce the dynamics of water flow and solute reactive transport in the soil–plant domain accurately and with limited uncertainty. The role of different physicochemical processes in bioaccumulation of carbamazepine in fruits is investigated through Global Sensitivity Analysis, which shows how soil hydraulic properties and soil solute sorption regulate transpiration streams and bioavailability of carbamazepine. Overall, the analysis demonstrates the usefulness of mechanistic models and proposes a comprehensive numerical framework for their assessment and use.

Uptake, translocation and transformation of three pharmaceuticals in green pea plants

Abstract Treated water from wastewater treatment plants that is increasingly used for irrigation may contain pharmaceuticals and, thus, contaminate soils. Therefore, this study focused on the impact of soil conditions on the root uptake of selected pharmaceuticals and their transformation in a chosen soil–plant system. Green pea plants were planted in 3 soils. Plants were initially irrigated with tap water. Next, they were irrigated for 20 days with a solution of either atenolol (ATE), sulfamethoxazole (SUL), carbamazepine (CAR), or all of these three compounds. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites [atenolol acid (AAC), N1-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (N1AS), N4-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (N4AS), carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC), 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine (DHC), trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine (RTC), and oxcarbazepine (OXC)] in soils and plant tissues were evaluated after harvest. The study confirmed high (CAR), moderate (ATE, AAC, SUL), and minor (N4AC) root uptake of the studied compounds by the green pea plants, nonrestricted transfer of the CAR species into the different plant tissues, and a very high efficiency in metabolizing CAR in the stems and leaves. The results showed neither a synergic nor competitive influence of the application of all compounds in the solution on their uptake by plants. The statistical analysis proved the negative relationships between the CAR sorption coefficients and the concentrations of CAR, EPC, and OXC in the roots (R = –0.916, –0.932, and –0.925, respectively) and stems (R = –0.837, –0.844, and –0.847, respectively).

A soil mediated phyto-toxicological study of iron doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Fe@ZnO) in green peas (Pisum sativum L.)

• This is the first study on the impacts of Fe@ZnO NPs in terrestrial plants. • At 500 mg/kg, Fe@ZnO NPs reduced chlorophyll (27%) and ROS production (∼50%) compared to control. • Fe@ZnO NPs showed less phytotoxic effects compared to bare ZnO NPs. • At all concentrations Fe@ZnO NPs decreased APOX activity (33–86%) in all tissues. • At 500 mg/kg, Fe@ZnO NPs increased catalase activity in roots (30%) and leaves (400%). Iron doping has shown to reduce toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in several organisms. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on toxicological studies of Fe@ZnO NPs on terrestrial plants. In this study, green pea plants ( Pisum sativum L.) were grown for 25 days in soil treated with 10% Fe@ZnO NPs at 0–500 mg/kg. Effects were compared with our previous study where phytotoxicity of bare-ZnO NPs had been investigated on green pea plants grown under similar environmental conditions. Different physiological and biochemical growth parameters were measured. Results showed increased Zn bioaccumulation in roots (200%) and stems (31–48%) as the exposed NP concentration increased ( p ⩽ 0.05) but Fe absorption was not affected. At 500 mg/kg Fe@ZnO NPs treatment, chlorophyll content (27%) and H 2 O 2 production (∼50%) decreased significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) compared to control. Toxicity of doped ZnO NPs is less than that of bare ZnO NPs as per zinc uptake, chlorophyll content, and ROS (H 2 O 2 ) production are considered. Therefore, iron doping can be considered as a safer approach to reduce toxicity of ZnO NPs in terrestrial plants.

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LECTIN GENE IN LICORICE, Glycorrhiza glabra L., PLANT IN EGYPT

Lectins are a group of nonenzymatic carbohydrate-binding proteins that are present in plants, animals and microorganisms. In the present study, DNA was extracted from the dried roots of licorice and seeds of green pea plants (positive control). Specific PCR technique was employed using specific primers (Lec1 and Lec2) for the amplification of Lectin gene. The amplified fragment mol. Size was about 700 bp that was cloned and sub-cloned into the pPROEXHTa expression vector. The purified proteins were separated at 27 and 30 KDa in both licorice and green pea plants, respectively, using SDS-PAGE. Sequencing of the PCR product of lectin gene was documented into the Genbank under the accession numbers HQ337023 and HQ337024 for licorice and green peas plants, respectively. The comparison of nucleotide sequence of the root Lectin gene from Licorice under study showed complete similarity (100%) to partial lectin 2 gene from Licorice that accession number (AJ234389) while, lectin sequence from seeds of green peas was clearly shared 100% nucleotide identity with a lectin (psl), complete cds and lecA genes from green pea with their accession numbers EU825771 and T00440, respectively, also, it showed nucleotide sequence identity of 98%. to the P. sativum psl lectin gene (xx66368) and Pea psl gene encoding Lectin complete cds (M18160) with identity of 92%.

Effect of Adjuvants on Bentazon Efficacy in Green Pea (Pisum sativum)

Bentazon efficacy was evaluated in early, normal, and late plantings of green pea with the addition of four adjuvants: crop oil concentrate (COC), LI-700, Sylgard 309, and X-77. Weed control was improved by all adjuvants in normal and late plantings of green pea, but only by Sylgard 309, X-77, and LI-700 in the early planting. In normal and late plantings, weed control with bentazon applied at 0.56 kg/ha with any adjuvant was equal to weed control with bentazon applied alone at 1.12 kg/ha. Bentazon injury on green pea plants varied from slight to severe, with the lowest injury resulting from bentazon applied with COC and LI-700 and highest injury from bentazon applied with Sylgard 309. Bentazon injury was greater in normal and late plantings than in the early planting.

Low temperature increases the abundance of early light-inducible transcript under light stress conditions.

Green pea plants respond to light stress by expression of a nuclear ELIP (early light-inducible protein) gene. Here we report that the accumulation of ELIP transcript in pea plants during light stress is enhanced by low temperature treatment. The enhanced level of ELIP transcript during combined light and cold stress was found to be due to an increased stability of ELIP messenger RNA under these conditions. This transcript is translatable in vitro. In vivo, however, the amount of accumulated protein in the thylakoids declines with the decrease in the temperature because the translational activity is strongly reduced already at 10 degrees C. Plants exposed to light stress at temperatures that do not allow accumulation of ELIP transcript respond by induction of ELIP mRNA and protein during recovery at low light intensity and ambient temperature. The amount of protein that accumulates as a result of this "memory effect" is, however, much lower than that which accumulates as a result of direct light stress. The memory of a perceived light stress persists in plants stored at low temperature for at least 3 h, and the stress response can be released after an increase in temperature. Prolonged cold treatment, however, has a negative effect on the translatability of the ELIP transcript that accumulates during recovery.

Synthesis of the early light-inducible protein is controlled by blue light and related to light stress.

The early light-inducible proteins (ELIPs) are expressed in developing plants in the first hours of the greening process. Here we report that strong light causing photoinhibition of photosynthesis also induces ELIP transcription and accumulation of the protein in mature green pea plants. Accumulation of ELIP transcript is induced in plants exposed to light intensities above 500 E/m2.s (E, einstein) and is maximal at approximately 1500 E/m2.s. The ELIP mRNA level increases in correlation with the degree of photoinhibition. The increase in ELIP level in the thylakoid membranes parallels the decrease in the amount of D1 protein of the photosystem II reaction center. Examination of ELIP induction as a function of light quality demonstrates that ELIP transcription is specifically induced by blue (410-480 nm) but not by red or far-red light. The level of blue light-induced ELIP transcript is significantly repressed by low-intensity red light. However, the accumulation of ELIP translation product is related to the total amount of blue and red light energy absorbed.

Analysis of the State of Posttranslational Calmodulin Methylation in Developing Pea Plants

A specific calmodulin-N-methyltransferase was used in a radiometric assay to analyze the degree of methylation of lysine-115 in pea (Pisum sativum) plants. Calmodulin was isolated from dissected segments of developing roots of young etiolated and green pea plants and was tested for its ability to be methylated by incubation with the calmodulin methyltransferase in the presence of [(3)H]methyl-S-adenosylmethionine. By this approach, the presence of unmethylated calmodulins were demonstrated in pea tissues, and the levels of methylation varied depending on the developmental state of the tissue tested. Calmodulin methylation levels were lower in apical root segments of both etiolated and green plants, and in the young lateral roots compared with the mature, differentiated root tissues. The incorporation of methyl groups into these calmodulin samples appears to be specific for position 115 since site-directed mutants of calmodulin with substitutions at this position competitively inhibited methyl group incorporation. The present findings, combined with previous data showing differences in the ability of methylated and unmethylated calmodulins to activate pea NAD kinase (DM Roberts et al. [1986] J Biol Chem 261: 1491-1494) raise the possibility that posttranslational methylation of calmodulin could be another mechanism for regulating calmodulin activity.

Peroxide genesis in plant tissues and its relation to indoleacetic acid destruction

1. 1. All tissues of etiolated pea plants and the stems of green pea plants produce peroxides from endogenous substrates. Such peroxides are not accumulated; in the absence of exogenous peroxidizable substrate, they decay, and in the presence of exogenous pyrogallol, they result in the appearance of purpurogallin in the tissue and in the medium. 2. 2. The rate of peroxide formation is increased by visible light, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and manganous ion. Thus, the enhancement of IAA oxidase activity by these three agents is believed due to their effect on peroxide genesis. 3. 3. Peroxide formation in suitably starved tissue may be increased by the addition of typical flavoprotein substrates, such as glycolic acid, xanthine, butanal, and alanine, or by indoleacetic acid itself. Peroxide generation from such substrates is unaffected by Mn ++ or dichlorophenol. These peroxigenic materials must therefore be presumed to operate via other peroxide-generating pathways. 4. 4. Some implications of the metabolic role of peroxides are discussed.