Green Extraction Method Research Articles

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Betalains from the Amaranthus Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Due to increasing consumer awareness, there is a growing demand for healthy foods by replacing synthetic colorants with natural alternatives. Amaranthus is a sustainable rich source of one such natural colorant, namely, betalains. Conventional extraction methods have various challenges, such as high solvent requirements and low extraction yield. To overcome these problems, the present study aims at developing a green extraction method for betalains from Amaranth by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Of the three Amaranth species screened, the leafy Amaranth is found to have the highest betalains content (24.79 ± 2.88mg/100g FW). Among the five NADES screened, lactic acid: fructose was identified as the most efficient solvent with a betalains yield of 79.68 ± 4.81mg/100g FW. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to identify the best combinations of extraction process parameters. This approach enabled optimization through a reduced number of experiments. Subsequently, a machine learning model was employed to predict yield for all possible process parameter combinations. On identifying the most effective combination process parameters that resulted in the highest possible yield (306.72mg/100g FW), the same is experimentally validated (297.28 ± 10.76mg/100g FW). UAE employing NADES has resulted in a 3.7-fold increase in the yield of betalains over extraction with NADES alone and a 12-fold increase over conventional extraction. HPLC analysis confirmed that the structure remained intact even after processing. Based on the results, UAE employing NADES was demonstrated to be an attractive extraction methodology for downstream processing of betalains in particular and biomolecules, in general.

Exploring the Use of Water-Extracted Flaxseed Hydrocolloids in Three-Dimensional Cell Culture.

Plant-derived hydrocolloids offer promising prospects in biomedical applications. Among these, Flaxseed hydrocolloid (FSH) can form a soft, elastic, and biocompatible hydrocolloid with tunable viscosity and superior swelling capacity, making it an attractive scaffold. This study introduces a green extraction method for FSH, employing a single-step aqueous extraction process and fabrication of FSH scaffold. Despite growing interest, the pristine form of FSH has not been investigated for sustainable long-term three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. Here, FSH scaffolds were thoroughly characterized for their morphological, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties. 3D cell culture experiments were conducted using NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, and cell viability was assessed using live/dead and Alamar Blue assays. High cell viability was sustained for long term compared with 2D cell culture. Cell adhesion and 3D cellular morphology on FSH scaffold for 30 days were monitored by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Also, collagen type-I and F-actin expressions were analyzed by immunostaining after 30 days of culture, resulting in 5- and 4-fold increments of fluorescence intensity, respectively. Results indicate sustained cell viability in the long term and favorable cell-material interaction, demonstrating the potential of FSH as a scaffold. This study emphasizes the importance of the green extraction approach, improving the biocompatibility and functionality of FSH tissue engineering applications.

Extraction of diosgenin using different techniques from fenugreek seeds- A review.

Diosgenin, falls under the category of steroidal saponin present in fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) in the amount of 0.2-09%. This compound possesses certain pharmacological characteristics like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant etc., that render it a desirable component in the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. Various methods such as, conventional solvent extraction, green extraction methods like Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), maceration methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction methods are employed to extract diosgenin from fenugreek seeds. Fundamentals such as solvent choice, pre-treatment techniques, and optimization parameters, affect the diosgenin extraction process. Furthermore, the quantification of diosgenin is governed by analytical methods(chromatography and spectroscopy), underscoring the significance of standardizing diosgenin levels to set the stage for upcoming pharmacological research. However there have been very negligible resources which focuses on conventional and novel techniques for extraction of diosgenin from Fenugreek seeds. This review aims to provide combined insights into the diverse methodologies employed for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek seeds and their implications in pharmaceutical research.

The use of green technologies for processing lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius L.): Extraction of non-polar and polar compounds for concentrated-protein flour production

This study aimed to promote the valorization of lupin seeds by extracting both non-polar and polar fractions to produce a protein-rich flour suitable for food applications. Green extraction methods such as Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and SFE followed by gas-expanded liquid extraction with ethanol/CO2 mixtures were employed. SFE yielded lupin oil with extraction yields ranging from 2.27 ± 0.02 to 4.5 ± 0.2 %, significantly influenced by temperature (40 and 60 °C) and pressure (150–350 bar). SFE extracts exhibited higher tocopherol concentration, particularly α-tocopherol (116.7–296.9 µg/g oil) and γ-tocopherol (2006–4749 µg/g oil), compared to the Bligh and Dyer (B&D) method. The fatty acid profiles were similar, although they differed slightly in composition, with the extracts obtained by SFE having higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and lower proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Ethanol proportion positively correlated with extraction yield (r = 0.991), resulting in higher recovery of polar lipids (PL). However, increasing ethanol percentage decreased the phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH radical scavenging method. SFE produced lupin flour with 36 % protein content, increased by 11 % post-extraction. Ethanolic extraction also increased protein concentration, albeit less pronounced (6.8–11 % increase post-sequential extraction). Essential amino acids consistently increased post-SFE, highlighting the potential of this sustainable method to yield protein-rich flour free of non-GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) solvents and containing compounds essential for human health. SDS-PAGE analysis showed consistent protein profiles across all extracted flours, while FTIR assessment revealed changes in the secondary structure of proteins induced by SFE and SFE followed by gas-expanded liquid extraction processes. These findings highlight the potential of this approach to enhance the nutritional and commercial value of lupin-based products while promoting sustainable food processing practices.

Pine Needle of Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc) Essential Oil Through Liquid Nitrogen Quick-Freezing Assisted Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction Process for Antibacterial Application.

This study investigates the composition and antibacterial properties of essential oil extracted from Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc) pine needles using a liquid nitrogen freezing treatment combined with solvent-free microwave extraction (LNSFM). The aim is to develop a low-energy, high-efficiency extraction method for conifer essential oils, analyze their chemical composition, and evaluate their antibacterial efficacy. Pine needle samples were frozen with liquid nitrogen and subsequently crushed. The essential oil was extracted using solvent-free microwave technology. A single-factor test and response surface methodology were employed to optimize extraction parameters. The extraction efficiency of LNSFM was compared with traditional methods through kinetics, and the essential oil components were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of the extracted volatile oil was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. LNSFM proves to be a green and efficient extraction method suitable for obtaining volatile oils from pine needles, which demonstrate significant antibacterial properties.

Supramolecular deep eutectic solvents as green media for efficient extraction of tea polyphenols and its application in bio-active film

Ultrasonic-assisted supramolecular deep eutectic solvents (SUPRADESs) extraction of active ingredients from plants is a novel green extraction method. In this study, a series of SUPRADESs combined with cyclodextrins (CDs) and organic acids or polyols were synthesized and used to extract the tea polyphenols (TP). SUPRADESs, consisting of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and L-lactic acid (LA) with a mass ratio of 1:5, contributed to achieving the maximum extraction efficiency of TP. Then, the extraction rate was optimized by different experimental conditions, and the optimal extraction yield of TP was (111.36 ± 2.31 mg/g). Then, the biofilms were successfully prepared using HP-β-CD/LA extract as a plasticizer for polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of extract and film containing TP was determined using biochemical kits. Finally, the synthesis process of HP-β-CD/LA and the TP extraction were investigated using molecular simulation. The findings indicate that enhanced TP yield could be attributed to an increase in non-covalent bonds between HP-β-CD and TP through the assistance of LA.

Elimination of Ethanol for the Production of Fucoidans from Brown Seaweeds: Characterization and Bioactivities.

Fucoidan, a sulphated polysaccharide from brown seaweed composed of several monosaccharides, has been stated to have several bioactive properties such as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antithrombic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. This paper provides research findings on green extraction methods, structural analysis of fucoidan, and its associated bioactivities. Fucoidans from brown seaweeds, Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum, were extracted using green solvents such as citric acid (CA) followed by MWCO (molecular weight cut-off) filtration to obtain high-purity polysaccharides. The presence of functional groups typical to fucoidans, namely, fucose, sulfate, and glycosidic bonds, in the extracts were confirmed through the data obtained from FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), and solid-state CP-MAS (cross-polarization magic angle spinning) analysis. The MWCO analysis identified that the >300 kDa fraction can have better content of fucoidan (FV-CA 79.16%, FV-HCl 63.59%, AN-CA 79.21%, AN-HCl 80.70%) than the conventional extraction process. Furthermore, the >300 kDa fraction showed significantly higher antioxidant activities compared to crude fucoidan extracts. Crude fucoidan extracts showed significant inhibition of cell viability in human lung (A459 lung carcinoma cells) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells at higher concentrations. The fucoidan extracted with green solvents and avoiding alcohol-based precipitation has substantial antioxidant/antitumor action, so, due to this activity, it can be employed as functional foods in food applications.

Emerging Micromolecule-based Aqueous Two-phase Systems and Their Application in Biofuels

Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is a system composed of two incompatible solutions, which has excellent performance for extracting proteins, antibiotics, and other bioactive molecules, so it is a very simple, efficient, and green extraction and separation method. In this paper, we introduced three different emerging micromolecule-based ATPSs and introduced their characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages respectively. This is of guiding significance for the synthesis of new ATPSs. One of the important prospects of this ATPS in industrial application is the separation and purification of fermentation-based biofuel. Adding a salt, sugar, or ionic liquid to a biofuel solution can remove most of the water, enabling efficient recovery and dehydration of biofuel. The two-step process can replace the traditional distillation and molecular sieve adsorption processes to obtain high-purity bioalcohols, thus introducing a new purification process for biofuel. An in-depth analysis of the separation performance of the emerging micromolecule-based ATPSs as well as an objective indication of their application provides valuable insights for further optimization and application of this kind of ATPSs in separation science.

A green extraction method based on aqueous two-phase system for trace-level enrichment of multi-residue pesticides in traditional Chinese medicine prior to HPLC-MS/MS quantitative analysis

At present, the matrix interference in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is still a great challenge for multi-residue pesticides analysis. Herein, an alcohol/salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based on n-propanol and (NH4)2SO4 was developed by comparing the binodal curve phase diagrams and the extraction rates of pesticides. The specific extraction conditions, including the composition of the ATPS, temperature, pH, and extraction time were explored through single factor experiments, and subsequently optimized using orthogonal array design and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for the (NH4)2SO4/n-propanol ATPS extraction were determined to be: extraction time of 30 min, (NH4)2SO4 concentration of 22 %, temperature of 62.07 °C, n-propanol concentration of 30.13 %, and pH value of 7.66. In addition, the HPLC-MS/MS quantitative analysis of 25 pesticides in TCMs (i.e., honeysuckle and lily) was accomplished with recovery rates ranging from 64.2 % to 117.1 %. Moreover, the greenness of this method was evaluated using an analytical greenness calculator, and compared with other extraction techniques. The results indicate that the developed method is simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly, capable of trace-level enriching and simultaneously detecting multi-residue pesticides in TCM.

Application of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction as a Green Method for the Analysis of 10 Anti-Diabetic Drugs in Environmental Water Samples

Due to the increased prevalence of diabetes, the consumption of anti-diabetic drugs for its treatment has likewise increased. Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug that is commonly prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes and has been frequently detected in surface water and wastewaters, thus representing an emerging contaminant. Metformin can be prescribed in combination with other classes of anti-diabetic drugs; however, these drugs are not sufficiently investigated in environmental samples. Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) has emerged as a simple and green method for the extraction of analytes in environmental samples. In this study, FPSE coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was employed for the simultaneous analysis of different classes of anti-diabetic drugs (metformin, dapagliflozin, liraglutide, pioglitazone, gliclazide, glimepiride, glargine, repaglinide, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin) in environmental water samples. Four different fabric membranes were synthesized but the microfiber glass filter coated with sol-gel polyethylene glycol (PEG 300) was observed to be the best FPSE membrane. The parameters affecting the FPSE process were optimized using a combination of one-factor-at-a-time processes and the design of experiments. The FPSE was evaluated as a green extraction method, based on green sample preparation criteria. The FPSE-HPLC-DAD method achieved acceptable validation results and was applied for the simultaneous analysis of anti-diabetic drugs in surface and wastewater samples. Glimepiride was detected below the quantification limit in both lake and river water samples. Dapagliflozin, liraglutide, and glimepiride were detected at 69.0 ± 1.0 μg·L−1, 71.9 ± 0.4 μg·L−1, and 93.9 ± 1.3 μg·L−1, respectively, in the city wastewater influent. Dapagliflozin and glimepiride were still detected below the quantification limit in city wastewater effluent. For the hospital wastewater influent, metformin and glimepiride were detected at 1158 ± 21 μg·L−1 and 28 ± 0.8 μg·L−1, respectively, while only metformin (392.6 ± 7.7 μg·L−1) was detected in hospital wastewater effluent.

The optimization of low volume-SPME method for volatilomics analysis of exhaled breath condensate

The analysis of breath can provide insight into the metabolic state of the body. However, the collection, transport, and storage of breath samples present certain challenges. The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) emerges as a promising method for breath analysis. Despite this, the volume of EBC is relatively low, necessitating a sensitive method capable of extracting analytes from a small sample volumes. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimize a robust and green solid-phase extraction method for the analysing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of various polarities in a low-volume EBC using a statistical design of experiment (DoE).Based on the screening experiments and DoE, the optimal conditions were determined to be 15 min equilibration time, and 20 min of extraction at 44 °C using DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre in direct immersion (DI) mode. The method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy, yielding satisfactory results. The optimized method was applied to quantify the concentration of selected VOCs in real samples collected from a healthy subject, as well as after consumption of coffee and smoking of an electronic cigarette. Many of the selected compounds are associated with diseases and are challenging to detect in specimens from a healthy subject, but this method can measure them as potential disease markers.The proposed method enables the analysis of VOCs is very low-volume samples (200 µL), which is particularly important for studies involving body fluids. Notably, the applied approach demonstrated that different VOCs, representing various chemical classes and polarities, can be detected and quantified.

An innovative green method for efficient extraction of selenium by melt filtration-vacuum distillation

High-purity selenium is important for technological innovation in fields such as aerospace, military, new energy, and semiconductors, and has become a hot topic in developed countries. Unfortunately, traditional preparation of high-purity selenium faces challenges such as high cost, environmental pollution, and low efficiency. In this study, we introduce an innovative green method that efficiently extracts selenium from crude selenium by combining melt filtration and vacuum distillation. Our approach effectively addresses these challenges. We calculated the potential reactions of the impurities in the selenium melt and analyzed the saturated vapor pressures of various substances. The experimental results showed that volatile impurities such as PbSe and PbTe were largely removed in the form of filter residues during the melt filtration of crude selenium residue at 653 K. The filtered selenium melt was distilled for 120 min at 533 K to obtain refined Se with a total purity of 99.9 %. Through the melt filtration-vacuum distillation process, the removal rates of impurity elements Cu, Pb, As, and Te were 99.35 %, 99.97 %, 99.83 %, and 81.11 %, respectively. Impurity elements were enriched and recovered from the filter and distillation residues. The refined Se was efficiently recovered from crude selenium, and the economic benefits were superior to other processes. This process meets the demands of a clean and efficient selenium metallurgy industry.

Isolation of valuable substances from berry seeds and pomace by the green high-pressure methods, their evaluation and application in cosmetic creams

Berry seeds and pomace generated as a by-product of fruit processing contain valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds; however, nowadays it is inefficiently recycled or even discarded as a waste. Valorisation of such by-products for the development of higher value ingredients would substantially increase the sustainability of the sector. For this purpose, green extraction methods with supercritical CO2 (SFE-CO2) and pressurized liquid (PLE) extraction with hydro-ethanol were consecutively applied to strawberry, blackberry and elderberry seeds and rowanberry pomace for the isolation of lipophilic and higher polarity substances. SFE-CO2 extracts were rich in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, 10.76 − 23.25 %; linoleic, 39.11 −59.74 %; linolenic, 1.32 − 43.83 %), tocopherols (31 – 637 μg/g), phytosterols (1992 – 3775 μg/g), carotenoids (65.06 – 2147 μg β-carotene/g) and chlorophylls (27.95 – 130.4 μg/g). Anthocyanins (22.7 – 697.6 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalents/100 g), flavonoids (2.75 – 7.43 mg quercetin eqv./g), proanthocyanidins (122.2 – 199.4 catechin monohydrate eqv./g), antioxidant and antibacterial properties were evaluated for the PLE extracts. The extracts were tested in cosmetic creams at 2 % concentrations and strawberry seed extracts were selected for the evaluation of cream properties. In general, PLE extract addition had slight effect on antioxidant properties and sun protection factor of creams. However, considering the presence of high value constituents both in the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts and the studies showing the benefits of the use of these constituents in cosmetic products, it may be expected that the extracts may be promising ingredients in developing new natural cosmetic products, including cosmeceuticals. In addition, the extracts may be promising ingredients in the formulation of nutraceuticals.

Investigating the Use of Natural Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extracting Carotenoids from Food and Food By-products

Abstract In today’s food industry, the demand for sustainable methodologies in producing health-promoting natural products is rising. Traditional extraction techniques are increasingly deemed unreliable due to environmental concerns. To address these challenges, the scientific community has developed Green Chemistry , a specialized branch that aims to minimize or eliminate hazardous processes and substances in industrial applications. One promising and eco-friendly alternative emerging from Green Chemistry is the use of NaDESs which are prepared with natural components, generally recognized as safe (GRAS), and offer an environmentally benign option for various industrial processes. They are characterized by their biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to be tailored for specific applications, making them an ideal choice for green extraction methods. In this context, NaHDESs have shown significant potential as extracting media for bioactive compounds, particularly carotenoids, from food and food by-products. Carotenoids, known for their antioxidant properties and health benefits, are highly sought after in the food and nutraceutical industries. Traditional extraction methods often rely on organic solvents, which pose environmental and health risks. In contrast, NaHDESs offer a safer and more sustainable alternative. This study explores the definition, properties, and applications of NaHDESs, with a particular focus on their use in extracting carotenoids. By examining various food and vegetable by-products, the research aims to evaluate the solvent’s efficiency and effectiveness in this application. The findings could pave the way for eco-friendly extraction techniques in the food industry, aligning with the principles of Green Chemistry and addressing the growing demand for natural and health-promoting products. Information © The Author 2024

A green and sensitive electromembrane extraction (EME) method for the determination of dialkylphosphates in maternal urine and amniotic fluid

Organophosphates compounds are extensively used pesticides, whose metabolites, dialkyl phosphates, are considered as bioindicators of human exposure. Recently, research has indicated that they can affect thyroid endocrine function. Pregnant women are a particularly vulnerable cohort to these effects due to concerns about prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants. For the first time an electromembrane microextraction method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of seven dialkylphosphate metabolites in maternal urine and amniotic fluid, which is compatible with mass spectrometry detection and achieves highly sensitive levels of quantitation. Dialkylphosphates were extracted from a 10 mL donor solution at pH 7 into a 50 µL acceptor solution at pH 12 using 1-octanol as the supported liquid membrane and applying 60 V for 10 min at 600 rpm. The obtained extracts were analysed by ion pair liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, using an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 µm particle size) at 30 °C. Under optimal extraction conditions, the preconcentration factors were achieved were up to 178-fold, allowing for high sensitivity levels, in the order of ng mL−1. The limits of quantitation were within 0.075 ng mL−1 (diethyl thiophosphate) and 1.67 ng mL−1 (dimethyl phosphate) in maternal urine samples and within 0.015 ng mL−1 (diethyl thiophosphate) and 0.5 ng mL−1 (dimethyl dithiophosphate) in amniotic fluid samples. The comparative study revealed a significant improvement in terms of analysis time, sensitivity, greenness, and practicality. Finally, the applicability of the method for the determination of selected dialkylphosphates was demonstrated in paired maternal urine and amniotic fluid samples. These results suggest potential placental transfer to the offspring.

Unlocking the in vitro neuroprotection of sloe residues phenolic extracts by bioanalytical and chemometric strategies

Wild fruits, particularly the underutilized sloe (Prunus spinosa), are gaining interest as natural antioxidants, with residues from liqueur production being a source of bioactive compounds. This study proposes a sustainable approach for valorizing sloe residues, seeds and skins, by employing an innovative green extraction method. HPLC-ESI-QTOF and spectrophotometric techniques were used to explore the phenolic profile, highlighting the predominance of quercetin, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic and ferulic acids (9.7–57 μg·g−1). In addition, the presence of Cu, Zn and Ca was confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Simultaneously, their neuroprotective potential against Alzheimer's disease (AD) was studied by exploring the inhibition of beta-amyloid aggregation and oxidative stress cytoprotection in SH-SY5Y cell line, standing out 1 μg·g−1 and 10 μg·g−1 extracts of sloe skin. Phenolic composition was correlated with bioactivities by means of multivariate analysis. These results contributed to highlight the potential of this bio-residue as a neuroprotective agent against AD in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Detection of phenolic compounds from olive oil using green extraction with deep eutectic solvent, cyclic voltammetry

In this study, it has been shown that the deep eutectic solvent containing lactic acid, water and glucose can be used to efficiently extract phenolic compounds (PC) from olive oils. No organic solvents were used for the extraction, making the method environmentally friendly. Further, these total PC (TPC) have been electrochemically determined using a novel screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs), using cyclic voltammetry (CV) as a electroanalytical technique. Three different PC, namely p-coumaric, chlorogenic and gallic acid were solubilized in deep eutectic solvent (DES) and analyzed with the electrochemical sensor. For the individual PC excellent detection limits were obtained in the range from 0.0105 μM for gallic acid to 0.0253 μM for chlorogenic acid. After that, a series of six extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) samples and six pomace olive oil (POO) samples were used extract PC by liquid–liquid extraction in DES. The signals registered with the sensor by CV immersed in DES extracts were related to the PC amount of the samples. One of the novelties of this work consists in the use of CVs data for the classification of the EVOO and POO samples and to predict the PC content by PLS1 regression model. Furthermore, Folin-Ciocalteu method has been employed to determine the TPC of the DES extracts of olive oils. Excellent correlations between the voltammetric and spectrophotometric methods results have been obtained demonstrating that the applied methodology could be a considered green method for extraction and detection of PC from olive oils.

An Optimization of the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Marc: A Comparison between Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Methods

The green extraction of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins from grape marc was optimized using response surface methodology. The extracts were characterized and analyzed using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, and free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated. An efficient green extraction method is crucial for improving the recovery rates of these high-value phytochemicals and for sustainably reusing wine by-products. Our study optimized parameters for both conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods, including solution pH, extraction temperature, liquid-to-solvent ratio, and ultrasonic amplitude. The optimized conditions for conventional extraction were identified as 60% ethanol with a pH of 2, a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50:1, extraction time of 16 h at a temperature of 49.2 °C. For ultrasound-assisted extraction, the optimized conditions were determined as 60% ethanol with a pH of 2, a solvent-to-solid ratio of 50:1, and an amplitude of 100% for 5.05 min at a temperature of 60 °C. We also demonstrated that lowering the temperature to 49.5 °C improves the energy efficiency of the extraction process with a minor reduction in recovery rates. Considering all factors, ultrasound-assisted extraction is more suitable for efficiently recovering bioactive compounds from grape marc.

Effects of green extraction methods on the chemical profile of Schisandra chinensis fruit extracts and on their tyrosinase inhibitory activity

The fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. are a well-known food with health benefits for the central nervous system. This study was aimed at comparing green extracts of the fruits to select an environmentally friendly process providing a product rich in bioactives.S. chinensis fruits were extracted by decoction, macerations, ultrasound-assisted (UAE), and dynamic solid-liquid (SLDE) extraction using EtOH/H2O mixtures. The extract's chemical profiles were established by an integrated LC-MS and NMR approach. The LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 70 metabolites, some of which never reported before in S. chinensis fruits, and the NMR analysis highlighted the occurrence of both primary and specialized metabolites. LC-MS and NMR data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis to highlight differences in the extraction methods. The extracts obtained with 100% EtOH by UAE and SLDE resulted the richest ones in lignans. Furthermore, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extracts was tested (IC50 range 122.6–181.4 μg/ml). The extracts obtained with 100% EtOH showed the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity, suggesting how the activity could be ascribed both to lignans, reported as responsible for the biological properties of S. chinensis and compounds as coumaric acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, gallic acid, known as tyrosinase inhibitors.

Application of green SC-CO2 oil extraction method with a new green catalyst from luffa fruit for biodiesel production from Persian Lilac-Melia Azedarach fruits

Considering the importance of finding new suitable and environmentally friend resources and methods for biodiesel production, the present work has investigated Supercritical Carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction as a new highly efficient and green oil extraction method for oil production from Persian Lilac-Melia Azedarach (PLMA) fruits and its conversion into biodiesel using a new green catalyst. The effects of pressure (22–30 MPa), temperature (40–80 °C) and extraction time (0–240 min) on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were investigated and the results were compared with ultrasonic probe and Soxhlet extraction methods. The findings indicated that the total oil production rose with higher pressure and temperature, but a decrease was noticed at elevated temperatures. The most effective parameters for extracting PLMA oil were determined to be a pressure of 30 MPa, a temperature of 40 °C, and an extraction time of 180 min. The oil yield obtained by SC-CO2 extraction method was 32 % while it was 30 % and 28 % for Ultrasonic probe and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. Finally, a new green catalyst was synthesized from sponge of luffa plant to convert the extracted oil into a green biodiesel. In the future outlook, the efficient oil extraction method including modified SC-CO2 will be proposed for oil extraction from Melia azedarach fruits and the using of the modified catalyst for converting the oil to biodiesel.