Green Energy Transfer Research Articles

A review of electrochemical cells and liquid metal battery (LMB) parameter development

Liquid Metal Battery (LMB) technology is a new research area born from a different economic and political climate that has the ability to address the deficiencies of a society where electrical energy storage alternative are lacking. The United States government has begun to fund scholarly research work at its top industrial and national laboratories. This was to develop liquid metal battery cells for energy storage solutions. This research was encouraged during the Cold War battle for scientific superiority. Intensive research then drifted towards high energy rechargeable batteries, which work better for automobiles and other applications. Intensive research has been carried out on the development of electrochemical rechargeable all-liquid energy storage batteries. The recent request for green energy transfer and storage for various applications, ranging from small-scale to large-scale power storage, has increased energy storage advancements and explorations. The criteria of high energy density, low cost, and extensive energy storage provision have been met through lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and Liquid Metal Battery development. The objective of this research is to establish that liquid metal battery technology could provide research concepts that give projections of the probable electrode metals that could be harnessed for LMB development. Thus, at the end of this research, it was discovered that the parameter estimation of the Li//Cd-Sb combination is most viable for LMB production when compared with Li//Cd-Bi, Li-Bi, and Li-Cd constituents. This unique constituent of the LMB parameter estimation would yield a better outcome for LMB development.

Green finance in the United States of America, United Kingdom and Russian Federation: practice analysis

Now , when the world economy is gradually transforming into a low-carbon one , the criterion of sustainable development of the green economy is becoming an increasingly decisive factor in the competitiveness of the state . Another aspect of relevance is the fact that aggressive business development , especially in terms of lending and investment , often opposes environmental protection issues . The purpose of this article is to study the practice of green finance in developed countries and identify development prospects in the Russian Federation. The methods of system and critical analysis , as well as graphical method were used in the work . It is revealed that foreign developed countries are actively improving legislation and introducing mechanisms of green financing . These processes do not always occur smoothly , it takes time to adapt and develop them , but there are more and more green financial instruments , the global financial system is gradually changing . It has been established that the processes of green energy transfer should have a steady but smooth character , otherwise there is always a risk of getting a completely unexpected negative result . It has been revealed that Russia has all the necessary resources to build a new , more environmentally friendly economy through green financing . But the transition to sustainable development , improvement of infrastructure and environmentally friendly industries is impossible without the active intervention of the state and changes in the self-consciousness of Russians .

Energy Signal-Aided Secure Beamforming and Self-Energy Recycling in Full-Duplex Wireless-Powered Relay Networks

In this paper, the object of study is secure transmission and green energy transfer in full-duplex (FD) wireless-powered relay (WPR) secure systems, where an FD relay collects the power from radio-frequency signs and transmits the information in the face of multiple eavesdroppers. In order to improve the efficiency and safety of the contemporaneous wireless energy and information delivery, we propose a joint energy-signal- (ES-) aided secure beamforming and time-switch scheme under the self-power circulation protocol at the relay. The question formulated in this paper is to maximize the confidentiality rate according to energy restrictions at both the relay and energy receiver. As the question is non-salient and hard to resolve directly, we transform it into two sub-problems. For the first sub-problem, a two-level optimization technique is suggested to separately gain the optimal beamforming as well as the ES covariance. The extrinsic rank is a single-variable majorization question, which can be solved by single-dimensional (1D) examination. We attain an optimal solution to the inner level by a semi-definite relaxation (SDR) technique. For the second sub-problem, we again use 1D search to solve this problem. Moreover, we prove that SDR always exists as a level-1 optimal resolution. Mathematical outcomes show that the suggested plan can achieve a considerable gain of confidentiality rate by comparison with other benchmark plans.

Energy-Aware Scheduling in Edge Computing Based on Energy Internet

Edge computing has been widely researched when 5G network and cloud platforms work together for people’s life. The limitation of energy provided by the battery of the edge device hinders its application. This paper focuses on task scheduling in edge computing combined with the Energy harvesting technology (EH) and Energy Internet (EI). The edge node collects green energy by EH. And nodes exchange energy by EI. Energy Internet obtains green energy from edge nodes. Compared to green energy, we call energy from the power grid (not from the energy of edge nodes by energy harvesting technology) brown energy. How to reduce brown energy consumption is one of the most important problem in our paper. Previous works have not examined the energy attenuation between nodes, neither have they studied the immigration routes of virtual machines (VMs). This paper analyzes VM scheduling and models the energy consumption of VM immigrations, offloading tasks, and green energy transfer in edge computing. The paper proposes a heuristic assumption that there is only one VM in the system, and then presents three heuristics for the system with multiple VMs. The simulation results show that the proposed - immigrated VMs with the minimum energy transferring attenuation ratio method (METAR) is effective in reducing brown energy and total energy consumption, and improving the utilization rate of green energy. Compared to the Energy-Efficiency problem solution (EE-PRO) and maximize task energy consumption scheduling (MTS), METAR average reduces by 28.23% and 49.50% in brown energy consumption. At the same time, METAR average decreases by 5.67% and 11.52% in execution time.

Global experience of HVDC composite insulators in outdoor and indoor environment

Abstract High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is known as green-energy transfer technology and has recently become an attractive alternative of high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) due to its high-power transmission capability and lower power loss. Use of composite insulators on direct current (DC) transmission lines experienced rapid growth in recent years due to their high hydrophobicity and better performance in contaminated environment than conventional ceramic insulators. During their service operation on DC lines, insulators are prone to more accumulation of contaminants due to unidirectional electric field. The contaminants under wet conditions allow leakage current to flow on the insulator surface. Being organic in nature, polymeric insulators have a tendency to age under the combined effects of electrical and environmental stresses. To fully understand the long-term aging performance of DC composite insulators, a detailed survey was considered necessary. Towards that end, this paper critically summarizes worldwide experience of aging performance of composite insulators in the field as well as in laboratory conditions.

Profit-Driven User Association and Smart Grid Energy Transfer in Green Cellular Networks

On-grid brown energy consumption of cellular infrastructure is contributing to the detrimental impact on the environment, among which base stations (BSs) are guzzling the largest amount of energy in powering the cellular infrastructure. Leveraging green (renewable) energy to power cellular BSs is a radical energy solution. However, in order to minimize the consumption of on-grid brown energy, most related researches focus on maximizing the utilization of green energy in cellular BSs while compromising the user quality of service (QoS). In this paper, we jointly consider the network QoS and green energy utilization in the dual-battery architecture enabled green cellular network. The profit-driven user association and smart grid green energy transfer scheme is proposed to benefit the network providers, in which, some heuristics are further developed to reduce the computational complexity, as the profit-driven user association problem is NP-hard. Extensive simulations have been conducted to validate the proposed scheme. The systematic analysis of this work can serve as a benchmark for greening other information and communication technology infrastructures.

Secure and Green SWIPT in Distributed Antenna Networks With Limited Backhaul Capacity

This paper studies the resource allocation algorithm design for secure information and renewable green energy transfer to mobile receivers in distributed antenna communication systems. In particular, distributed remote radio heads (RRHs/antennas) are connected to a central processor (CP) via capacity-limited backhaul links to facilitate joint transmission. The RRHs and the CP are equipped with renewable energy harvesters and share their energies via a lossy micropower grid for improving the efficiency in conveying information and green energy to mobile receivers via radio frequency signals. The considered resource allocation algorithm design is formulated as a mixed nonconvex and combinatorial optimization problem taking into account the limited backhaul capacity and the quality-of-service requirements for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). We aim at minimizing the total network transmit power when only imperfect channel state information of the wireless energy harvesting receivers, which have to be powered by the wireless network, is available at the CP. In light of the intractability of the problem, we reformulate it as an optimization problem with binary selection, which facilitates the design of an iterative resource allocation algorithm to solve the problem optimally using the generalized Bender's decomposition (GBD). Furthermore, a suboptimal algorithm is proposed to strike a balance between computational complexity and system performance. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed GBD-based algorithm obtains the global optimal solution and the suboptimal algorithm achieves a close-to-optimal performance. In addition, the distributed antenna network for SWIPT with renewable energy sharing is shown to require a lower transmit power compared with a traditional system with multiple colocated antennas.