Green Eggs Research Articles

Identification and Characterization of the miRNA Transcriptome Controlling Green Pigmentation of Chicken Eggshells

Green eggs are mainly caused by inserting an avian endogenous retrovirus (EVA-HP) fragment into the SLCO1B3 gene. Although the genotypes for this insertion allele are consistent, eggshell color (ESC) may vary after a peak laying period; light-colored eggs are undesired by consumers and farmers and result in financial loss, so it is necessary to resolve this problem. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that exert essential functions in animal development and diseases. However, the regulatory miRNAs and detailed molecular mechanisms regulating eggshell greenness remain unclear. In the present study, we determined the genotype of green-eggshell hens through the detection of a homozygous allele insertion in the SLCO1B3 gene. The shell gland epithelium was obtained from green-eggshell hens that produced white and green shell eggs to perform transcriptome sequencing and investigate the important regulatory mechanisms that influence the ESC. Approximately 921 miRNAs were expressed in these two groups, which included 587 known miRNAs and 334 novel miRNAs, among which 44 were differentially expressed. There were 22 miRNAs that were significantly upregulated in the green and white groups, respectively, which targeted hundreds of genes, including KIT, HMOX2, and several solute carrier family genes. A Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the target genes showed that the differentially expressed miRNA-targeted genes mainly belonged to the functional categories of homophilic cell adhesion, gland development, the Wnt signaling pathway, and epithelial tube morphogenesis. A KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly transformed in this study. The current study provides an overview of the miRNA expression profiles and the interaction between the miRNAs and their target genes. It provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying green eggshell pigmentation, screening more effective hens to produce stable green eggs and obtaining higher economic benefits.

Pheasant hatchability and physicochemical features of egg and extra-embryonic structures depending on eggshell color

The study aimed to analyze the biological value of eggs and extra-embryonic structures affecting pheasant hatchability depending on the eggshell's color. Eggs (1,415) from 62-wk-old pheasants were used. The quality of fresh blue (BL), brown (BR), and green (G) eggs were analyzed. Incubation lasted for 25 d. Thick albumen (d 0, 1, 7, 14), amniotic fluid (d 14, 18), and the yolk (d 0-14) were collected. The pH, viscosity, lysozyme activity, crude protein (CP) content in albumen and amnion, pH, vitelline membrane strength, and fatty acids (FA) content in the yolk were performed. The lowest hatchability was in the BL group, and the highest was in the G group. BL group showed lower eggshell thickness and strength and higher egg weight. In thick albumen and amniotic fluid, the pH decreased with the incubation. In the yolk, there was an increasing trend (P = 0.015), with a decrease on d 18 (P < 0.001). The vitelline membrane strength decreased after 1 d of incubation, excluding BR eggs (P < 0.001). Thick albumen viscosity was higher on d 14 in the G group than in other dates and groups, the lowest in amniotic fluid, and slightly higher in BL and BR eggs. On d 18, amniotic fluid viscosity increased (P < 0.001). The lowest viscosity was indicated in BL eggs (P < 0.001). The lysozyme activity in thick albumen on d 14 was the highest (uniquely in BR and G groups), and the lowest values were found in amniotic fluid on d 14; after four d, the activity increased (P < 0.001). The CP content was higher in the BL group on d 14. In amnion, on d 14, the CP content was the lowest (<1%) and increased on d 18 (P < 0.001). There was a higher FA content (especially UFA) in the G group and a decrease in FA content after d 14 (P < 0.001). It was found that eggs with green eggshells have the highest biological value, and blue eggs are the least useful for incubation.

Experimental Validation of Suitability of a River for Natural Reproduction of Trout of Lake Sevan Using Egg Incubation

The endangered endemic species Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan Kessler, 1877) is under the threat of extinction and its survival is dependent on restocking by smolts. Thus, there is an urgent need to find an effective solution for restocking wild populations. After developing a theoretical methodology to reveal the most suitable parts of spawning rivers for natural reproduction, we consider the incubation of eggs in the wild as an appropriate method for the validation of the results of the theoretical assessment. Thus, we estimate the eggs’ survival differences in the wild and microcosm conditions which found significant differences in the sac-fry emergence rate in the zones assessed as “partly suitable” and “unsuitable”. Also, the results show that the emergence of eggs in the wild was less than in the microcosm conditions and the success rate of emergence of eyed eggs in the wild was higher than that of the green eggs. The results of one-way ANOVA, correlation and general linear mixed model analyses have in general proven the theoretical assessment but raise some questions on the completeness of using a set of abiotic criteria as the range of success during different experiments varies significantly.

Comparative analysis of hepatic transcriptomes and metabolomes of Changshun green-shell laying hens based on different green eggshell color intensities

The eggshell color of avian species is an important trait that is predominantly determined by the pigments biliverdin and protoporphyrin. Various factors affect eggshell pigment deposition and coloration; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We analyzed the hepatic transcriptomes and metabolomes of Changshun green-shell hens laying dark green and light green eggs to investigate the potential role of the liver in regulating the intensity of the green eggshell color. In total, 350 differentially expressed genes and 211 differentially altered metabolites were identified. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the enriched pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) terms were mainly associated with energy, immunity, and nutrient metabolism. Metabolite set enrichment analysis revealed that the enriched pathways were mainly associated with amino acid, vitamin, bile acid, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, gene-metabolite interaction network analysis revealed 1 subnetwork. Most genes and metabolites in this subnetwork were determined to be related to melanin metabolism and transport. In conclusion, our results suggest that hepatic melanin metabolism and transport are critical for eggshell coloration. Six candidate genes (CDKN2B, DDC, PYCR1, ABCG5, SLC3A1, and P2RX2) and 7 candidate metabolites (serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, ornithine, acetylcholine, L-tryptophan, D-ornithine, and ADP) were suggested to play important roles in this process. Meanwhile, this study suggests that changes in hepatic energy metabolism, immune status, antioxidation activity, nutrient availability, and bile acid synthesis can impair eggshell coloration.

Genetics and breeding of a black-bone and blue eggshell chicken line. 3. Visual eggshell color and colorimeter parameters in 3 consecutive generations

The BG line, originated by crossing 2 Chinese indigenous breeds, Dongxiang blue eggshell and Jiangshan black-bone, has been bred for black carcass and blue-greenish eggs. Aiming to study the genetic parameters and selection aspects of these eggshell colors, the 4 colorimeter parameters (L*, a*, b*, SCI=L*-a*-b*) were measured on ∼5 eggs/hen/age (200 d and 300 d) from each hen in 3 generations (G4=452, G5=508, G6=498). Visual eggshell color was classified as either "Light," "Blue," "Green," or "Olive," and data from G4 and G5 indicated that visual eggshell color was more accurately determined by combining the classifications of single representative egg/hen by 4 independent observers. Based on the apparent gradual variation in visual color, the 4 colors were expressed numerically (Light=1, Blue=2, Green=3, Olive=4) and the averages of the 4 observers (AveObs) were used as quantitative expression of the visual color of each egg. This expression, in the range from Blue to Olive, was highly significantly correlated with L*, b* and SCI. The a* values were also associated with AveObs, but not linearly; AveObs between 2 (Blue) and 3 (Green) had lowest a*, and it increased as AveObs was more Light (<2) or more Olive (>3). The heritability estimates of the colorimeter parameters were mostly very high; those of b* and SCI ranged between 0.7 and 0.8, and those of L* and a* between 0.6 and 0.7, indicating that they can serve as criterions to select for blue and/or green eggshells. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between the colorimeter parameters were highly significant and favorable. It is suggested that effective breeding for blue eggs can be done by selecting hens laying eggs with highest SCI/L* or lowest b* (against green and olive shades), followed by selection for low a* (against light shades). Breeding for green eggs can be done by selecting hens laying eggs with SCI ≈ 75 and/or L* ≈ 80 and/or b* ≈ 12. Breeding for hens that lay either blue or green eggs can be done by selection for low a* values.

Description of two new species of apple snail (Ampullariidae: Pomacea) from Peruvian Amazonia

Two new species of apple snails are described, Pomacea penai sp. nov. and Pomacea reevei sp. nov. that are used as food resources in Peruvian Amazonia. We used anatomical and conchological features to diagnose these two species. Pomacea penai sp. nov. is characterized by a highly variable shell morphology, spire that is prominent to immersed, apical penis sheath gland covering 1/3 penis sheath and elongated basal gland, prostate broad proximally, reduced stomach septum, green eggs, and commonly inhabits temporary flooded areas, creeks, and oxbow lakes. Pomacea reevei sp. nov. possesses a large shell, ranging from 81-137 mm, grey broad penis sheath, small apical penis sheath gland and the basal gland covering 1/3 penis sheath, tall stomach septum, white eggs, and found in deep lentic water bodies.

Red-letter Reading Days: An eye-tracking perspective on Dr Seuss’ Green Eggs and Ham

This article examines eye gaze while a multimodal text with vibrant and colourful images is read and furthermore specifically investigates the effect of the Stroop test on eye gaze. The Stroop colour-word test was designed to test the ability of a reader to suppress a habitual response. This particular variation of the test presented readers with words that refer to colour, but are presented in a different colour. Results indicate images are used when unfamiliar objects are referred to and faces and characters attract attention. The use of incongruent colours definitely causes cognitive dissonance and negatively affect reading.

Photosensitisation and green egg yolks in laying hens caused by the feeding of ensiled alfalfa leaves

ABSTRACT 1. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of feeding ensiled alfalfa leaves (ALS) as an alternative protein source to laying hens under the terms of an organic diet. Due to the occurrence of unexpected negative health effects and undesirable egg yolk pigmentation in the test groups the trial was prematurely stopped and further analysis was conducted to evaluate the responsible substances. 2. Body weights of the test groups decreased significantly already in week 2 of the trial. Performance variables dropped. Olive green pigmented egg yolks were found in groups fed diets containing ALS. Severe comb necrosis occurred in the experimental group receiving the highest level of ALS (20%) combined with the option of free-range access and therefore natural light exposure. 3. The noxious agent found in ALS, blood serum and egg yolk was the photosensitising chlorophyll derivate pheophorbid a (PPBa), deriving from a strong depletion of chlorophyll contained in the alfalfa leaves. PPBa caused the olive-green pigmentation found in yolks and led to photosensitivity in groups with the highest level of ALS in the diet in combination with light exposure. 4. By aiming for high protein and amino acid levels, harvesting and processing have, unintentionally and initially unnoticed, led to a strong accumulation of phototoxic PPBa. From these results it is strongly advised not to include ensiled alfalfa leaves as a protein source in organic laying hen diets.

Quality of table eggs in relation to shell colour

The present study evaluated the quality of table eggs in relation to shell colour. The study was conducted on 60 table eggs with shells coloured white, green, blue and brown (15 eggs per colour) obtained from laying hens from the same backyard farm. The following external quality traits of table eggs were measured: egg weight, percentage of dirty and cracked eggs, egg width and length, egg shape index, eggshell colour, eggshell weight and percentage, and eggshell thickness. The following internal quality indicators of table eggs were determined: albumen weight and percentage, albumen pH value, albumen width, length and height, Haugh index, albumen index, yolk weight and percentage, yolk pH value, yolk width and height, yolk index and yolk colour. Green eggs had the lowest weight, as well as the lowest width and length. White eggs had the highest eggshell dirtiness scores and egg shape index, while brown eggs had the highest eggshell thickness and weight. Green and brown eggs had the highest albumen index and Haugh index. In addition, green eggs had the lowest yolk width and the highest yolk index. White eggs had the highest albumen and yolk width, the greatest albumen length and the lowest albumen height. Yolks of white and blue eggs had a higher sensory colour score, as well as lower L* and b* values compared to the yolks of green and brown eggs. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that green and brown table eggs are of better overall quality compared to white and blue table eggs.

Aktivitas Bertelur dan Frekuensi Pendaratan Penyu Hijau (Chelonia mydas) di Pantai Pangumbahan Sukabumi

Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is one of the protected animals which has a very important role for marine life. Pangumbahan Beach is one of the green turtle nesting habitats in Indonesia which consists of six landing stations with a length of 2.3 km. The success of nesting green turtles is greatly influenced by the conditions of the habitat and the activities contained therein. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of landing of green turtles at each station and to describe the green turtle nesting activity on Pangumbahan beach. The method used was observation, with the determination of the research point using purposive sampling. The green turtle egg laying activity consists of ten stages starting from appearing on the shoreline, then crawling up to the coast, looking for the right laying of the appropriate eggs, making a body fit, compacting the body hole, making small holes to place eggs, the process of laying eggs, then after laying its eggs, the green turtle closes the hole it made and makes a camouflage hole before returning to the sea. The number of green turtles that landed during March was 47. The results of the analysis of the highest green turtle landing frequency were at station 2 and station 3, namely 35.48%, which was included rare category. Then the station 1 frequency was 19.35%, the station 4 frequency was 16.13%, the station 5 frequency was 22.58% and the station 6 frequency was 0% included in the very rare category.The result of this study can be used as additional information for the management of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) conservation.

Don’t put all your green eggs in one basket: Examining environmentally friendly sub‐branding strategies

AbstractAlthough marketers are increasingly developing strategies to promote environmentally‐friendly images for their brands, little is known about green brand architecture strategies. The current study examines two sub‐branding strategies and finds that when green products are dispersed across several sub‐brands (vs. concentrated within one sub‐brand), consumers are more likely to infer that the overall parent brand is environmentally friendly. The sincerity of the company’s sustainability efforts is found to mediate the effects of the sub‐branding strategy on consumers’ eco‐friendly beliefs of the parent brand. Specifically, consumers associate dispersed strategy (vs. concentrated strategy) with intrinsic motive (vs. extrinsic motive) of the company’s sustainability policy. As a result, dispersed strategy instead of concentrated strategy promotes spillover effects of sustainability to the parent brand, demonstrating the impact of brand structure on spillover to the parent brand equity. Managerial implications are discussed related to the automobile company’s sub‐branding strategy.

Picture Books That Pop: Building Emergent Literacy through Alliteration, Onomatopoeia, Rhyme, and Meter

Grounded in the germinal work in the field of emergent literacy done by Marie Clay, this article begins by contextualizing research on emergent literacy and examines how poetic picture books assist young children with developing literacy and language acquisition skills. It includes textual analysis of the poetic techniques of alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhyme and meter in Sandra Boynton’s Moo Baa La La La and Barnyard Dance, Dr. Seuss’s The Cat in the Hat and Green Eggs and Ham; Bill Martin Jr. and John Archambault’s Chicka Chicka Boom Boom, and Anna Dewdney’s Llama Llama Mad at Mama.

A single nucleotide polymorphism variant located in the cis-regulatory region of the ABCG2 gene is associated with mallard egg colour.

Avian egg coloration is shaped by natural selection, but its genetic basis remains unclear. Here, we used genome-wide association analysis and identity by descent to finely map green egg colour to a 179-kb region of Chr4 based on the resequencing of 352 ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) from a segregating population resulting from the mating of Pekin ducks (white-shelled eggs) and mallards (green-shelled eggs). We further narrowed the candidate region to a 30-kb interval by comparing genome divergence in seven indigenous duck populations. Among the genes located in the finely mapped region, only one transcript of the ABCG2 gene (XM_013093252.2) exhibited higher uterine expression in green-shelled individuals than in white-shelled individuals, as supported by transcriptome data from four populations. ABCG2 has been reported to encode a protein that functions as a membrane transporter for biliverdin. Sanger sequencing of the whole 30-kb candidate region (Chr4: 47.41-47.44Mb) and a plasmid reporter assay helped to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism (Chr4: 47,418,074 G>A) located in a conserved predicted promoter region whose variation may alter ABCG2 transcription activity. We provide a useful molecular marker for duck breeding and contribute data to the research on ecological evolution based on egg colour patterns among birds.

Skin, Kin, Kind, I/you/we: Autotheory's Compositional Grammar

Skin, Kin, Kind, I/you/we:Autotheory's Compositional Grammar Vilashini Cooppan (bio) "Tell me a story." After the familiar childhood injunction, in the microspace of that pause and its calm assurance that what is asked for will be given, comes the strangeness of a self made apposite; me, a story. I want it, I get it, I am it. When I was three and four, my ceaseless demands for just one more bedtime story led my mother to record them, eight-track tapes the size of a dinner plate spooling out surrogate presence. Her voice eventually gave way to mine, as my father recorded me singing nursery rhymes, pretending to be my nursery schoolteacher calling roll, and reciting from memory the stories my mother had read. "Say it off by heart," my father would say, and I would. There's a tender monstrosity to the scene as there seems to be to autotheory, a vampiric feeding and self-replication. Heart-song, life-blood, story-time. I want it, I get it, I am it. "Getting it" is part the self's dream fulfillment, a momentary [End Page 583] answering of desire's demand that, like Shahriyar listening to Scheherazade, fuels the want all the more. But "getting it" is also shorthand for understanding something external to the self—the moment when a concept's opacity lifts, when another's experience or emotion, bad day or baggage enters (I get you), when we sense what is felt beneath the surface of what is said. Autotheory enacts both senses of getting: the narrative appetite that makes me a story or I a theory, and the intersubjective opening to something previously unknown. In that double state, autotheory reveals its own frame narrative, the story of an I containing a you. The I that wants to tell the story is always hungry (acting like Scheherazade, consuming like Shahriyar). In its most phobic version, autotheory's economy seems eager incorporation of the listening other and monstrous inflation of the speaking self. Its image is an open mouth, swallowing while talking, an I in the shape of an O, endlessly circling back to itself. Bad manners. Bad form. Bad for politics. Self-talking while everything burns, voicing "I" when what we desperately need is to remake "we" and world. And yet that open mouth is not merely self-projection or other-incorporation, autotheory's negative fantasm, but its decisive act, the allocentric opening hidden by that hungry I so eager to tell its tale. If autotheory is about anything, it is about the extent to which I is not only I, and not only the I who speaks and the you who listens, but a multiplicity, the I that thinks itself as what it is not so that something else (let's call it change) might come to be. "Could you, would you, would you, could you?" Sam-I-am demands of one who wants none of those green eggs and ham in his mouth until he does. "Sam! If you will let me be, I will try them. You will see."1 Open mouths everywhere. If we let I be, what can be seen? I am/you are/we are trying, seeing, opening, changing. Autotheory is more than theory with a strong index of I's and a propensity to tell its own story, as Paul Preciado's "theory of the self, or self-theory" asserts when it announces, "I'm not interested in my emotions insomuch as their being mine, belonging only, uniquely, to me. I'm not interested in their individual aspects, only in how they are traversed by what isn't mine."2 Despite the long shadow of the cogito, theory's grammar needs not unfold from I alone. It's not [End Page 584] in thinking that this I's am lies but in opening, in being traversed and transformed by what is not the self. Spoken as I, oriented to you, built from pieces, always overflowing its container, autotheory is a spillage of a style in which lies an aesthetics, an analytics, an ethics, and a politics. How does autotheory get from I to you to we? How does...

Inherent immunological parameters in kutum, Rutilus frisii, larvae obtained from the adult females with orange and green eggs.

Kutum (Rutilus frisii) displays different egg colours during the spawning season, mostly due to the presence of carotenoid pigments. In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between the egg colour and muscle lipid of adult female kutum and the correlation between egg carotenoid content and the immune parameters of larvae. The results from this study highlighted the positive influence of egg carotenoid on post-fertilization stages, such as elevating the innate immune parameters in larvae.

Law and Green Eggs and Ham

This paper uses Green Eggs and Ham, the fourth best-selling children’s book of all time, as a case study to argue that non-didactic children’s literature is a fundamental source of law. It frames such literature as constitutive of internal behavioral rules in the child-reader and these rules as central to guiding human behavior. It argues that the rules of behavior which can be synthesized from non-didactic literature meet all of the main characteristics of law and are more fundamental than traditional sources of law. It, finally, offers two examples of behavioral rules which can be synthesized from Green Eggs and Ham, one regarding the importance of persistence and the other regarding the importance of open-mindedness.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of abalone Haliotis discus hannai with green and gray egg colors

Haliotis discus hannai is an important marine economic species in China. Its egg color was found to be associated with economic traits, which provides a new idea for breeding. However, the molecular mechanism of the egg-color formation has not been reported. Thus, the pigment composition and comparative transcriptome analyses of H. discus hannai with green and gray egg color were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and RNA-Seq methods. Results show that individuals with green and gray eggs both possess the fucoxanthin. Lutein existed in gray-egged individuals, but not in green-egged individuals. In transcriptome analysis, 272 310 unigenes were received from 461 162 transcripts with a mean length of 985 bp and N50 of 1 524 bp, respectively. A total of 185 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs involved in “flavin-containing compound metabolic process”, “melanosome”, “glutathione metabolism”, and “cytochrome b6f complex” were likely related to the formation of the egg color. Our results provide foundational information for the functional analysis of egg-color related genes and are beneficial to the selective breeding of H. discus hannai.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ НОВОГО МЕТОДА ИСКУССТВЕННОЙ ИНКУБАЦИИ ИКРИНОК СЕВАНСКОЙ ФОРЕЛИ (SALMO ISCHCHAN, KESSLER) В ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ПРИТОКОВ ОЗ. СЕВАН (АРМЕНИЯ)

Endemic fish species of Armenian ichthyofauna – the Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan, Kessler, 1877) is registered in the Red Book of Animals of the Republic of Armenia as critically endangered (corresponds to IUCN category: CR A2cd). Its natural reproduction hardly occurs as a result of numerous problems related to the use and management of water and bio-resources in the drainage basin of Lake Sevan. The Lichq River is formerly known as a spawning river for two ecological races of Sevan trout, but because of different factors there are no more wild populations of Sevan trout spawning. The aim of the study was checking the efficiency of two methods of egg incubation in the Lichq River for restoration of Gegarkuni population. The experiments were carried out with newly fertilized and eyed eggs of Gegarkuni in the same periods and in the same areas to avoid the unforeseen effects of environmental factors on assessment. The results showed that the mortality rate of green eggs in the natural conditions is quite high before reaching eyed egg stage (65-68%), while the mortality rate of eyed eggs planted in the natural conditions is only 9-17%. This means that the effectiveness of planting eyed eggs is higher for the artificial restoration of Gegarkuni stocks in the nature.

How Does the Brain Learn to Link Things Together?

We constantly link different things together: new kids and their names, faces and voices, green eggs and ham. How does our brain achieve this? The purpose of this study was to understand how the brain creates these links. What happens in brain cells when we learn that two things (e.g., a new kid and her name) go together? In an experiment we asked human participants to learn to link different items together. As the participants learned these links, we found that nerve cells in their brains also linked these items together. These nerve cells were found in a region of the brain called the hippocampus. In this article, we will first explain how it is possible to listen to nerve cells in the human brain. Then we will show some examples of the responses of these nerve cells, and finally, how the cells can link different items together.

Quantitative Analysis of Total Carotenoids in Some Vegetables Consumed in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The quantitative analysis of total carotenoids in some vegetables consumed in Akwa Ibom State was evaluated using UV-Spectrophotometer and acetone as extraction solvent. Ten different vegetable samples i.e. Carrot (Daucus carota),purpleegg plant(Solanum melongena), green egg plant (Solanum melongena), tomato(Solanum lycopersicum), cucumber(Cucummis sativa),fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis), spinach(Spinacia oleracea), red pepper(Capsicum annuum, green pepper(Capsicum annuum)and bitterleaf (Vernonia amygdalina)were purchased from local markets in Itam and Ikot Akpaden, both in Akwa Ibom State. The fresh samples were washed with tap water, followed by distilled water. The samples were homogenized separately using sterile mortar and pestle with 10 ml acetone as extraction solvent. The extract was centrifuged at 10,000rpm for 15 mins in 4°C and the supernatant analysed as soon as possible using spectrophotometer (UV-VIS 2500) at 470 nm. The quantification of carotenoids was carried out according to Harbone J B, 1973 andon the basis of Beer Lambert’s equation: A=ƸCL in mol/l and converted to mg/ml. From the result obtained, Capsicum annuum (red pepper) had the highest amount of carotenoids (2.889 mg/ml), Solanum lycopersicum showed the lowest amount of carotenoid (0.260 mg/ml) the deep green vegetables also had high quantity of carotenoids. Carotenoids are important due to the health benefits associated with the pigment acting as provitamin A, a strong antioxidant and gives colouration to plants. It also helps in preventing photo-damage in plants and has some health benefits like improving sight, reducing cancer risk to animals too. Further studies analyzing the individual carotenoids is recommended and investigation on the effect of time on extraction.