Green Water Conditions Research Articles

Use of Genetically Modified Canola Oil as a Replacement for Fish Oil in Practical Diets for Whiteleg Shrimp Litopeneaus vannamei Reared in Green Water Conditions

With current advancements in technology allowing for genetic modification of crops, canola has been modified to contain n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of using genetically modified canola oil as a DHA and EPA replacement for Menhaden fish oil (FO) in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopeneaus vannamei. This trial was conducted using twenty-four 750 L tanks stocked at 40 shrimp per tank (0.1 ± 0.007 g initial weight) and grown for 63 days. Shrimp were fed one of five experimental diets (36% protein, 8% lipid) with supplemental FO replacement varying from 75% to 100% twice daily (7 a.m. and 7 p.m.). Two of the diets contained 15% fishmeal (FM) as the basal protein source, while the other three diets were FM free, allowing for complete removal of DHA sources in the basal formulation. While basal FO was removed, none of the experimental diets were completely devoid of FO. Shrimp were harvested and frozen after 9 weeks to be used for lipid extraction and taste and texture analysis by an untrained panel to mimic consumer responses. Results were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance, with significant differences observed in final mean weight (8.47–10.59 g) ( p = 0.0275 ), individual weight gain (8.37–10.48 g) ( p = 0.0279 ), and weekly gain (0.84–1.05 g) ( p = 0.0378 ). Human sensory analysis did not yield significant differences between measured taste parameters ( p > 0.05 ). Lipid extraction and analysis results showed that fatty acid concentrations from whole shrimp samples correlate with diet lipid profiles except for EPA. There is no significant difference ( p > 0.05 ) in EPA concentrations in whole shrimp samples regardless of diet. These results suggest that Latitude™ oil can be successfully used as a partial replacement for FO in commercial shrimp diets.

The nonlinearity of scattering waves due to interaction between focusing waves and floating production storage and offloading

The study of the full-scale wave–structure interaction is essential to our understanding of the nonlinear characteristics of offshore structures in real-sea states. This paper deals with full-scale numerical studies of the interactions between focusing waves and a fixed floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) in an efficient potential-viscous coupled method. The potential-viscous method combines in-house computational fluid dynamics code developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) for naval architecture and ocean engineering (naoe) based on an open field operation and manipulation (FOAM), i.e., naoe-FOAM-SJTU solver, with high-order spectral method. The approach is verified on a model-scaled case and shows reasonably good agreement with experimental data. A phase-separation method and a dynamic mode decomposition method are utilized to extract linear and higher-order harmonic components from the scattering waves. The scattering waves around the FPSO are found to affect the higher-order harmonic components. Two kinds of scale ratios are considered to magnify the focusing wave and FPSO by 10 and 100 times to discuss the scale effect, both non-breaking and green water conditions are included to investigate the flow phenomenon. The harmonic components of scattering waves are not proportional to the scale ratio, and the scale effects influence more on higher-order harmonic components. The third- and fourth-order harmonic components of scattering waves around the FPSO in large-scale cases are obvious.

Two-step synthesized sulfonic acid functionalized imidazolium thiocyanate solid acid catalyst for thiocyanation of various electron rich arenes by metal-free method in water

An eco-friendly, highly efficient, and novel sulfonic acid functionalized imidazolium thiocyanate (Imidazole-SO3H)/SCN and sulfonic acid functionalized imidazolium chloride (Imidazole-SO3H)/Cl solid acid catalyst were successfully synthesized. The structure of catalyst was characterized by various analyses such as FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The thiocyanation reaction of various electron rich arenes such as anilines, indoles, phenols, and other aromatic compounds were selected to show the catalytic performance and efficiency of the as-prepared solid acid catalyst, and excellent yields of the corresponding aryl and heteroaryl thiocyanates derivatives were obtained under metal-free and green conditions in water. In addition, one of the important features of current method is when the thiocyanation reaction is carried out with (Imidazole-SO3H)/SCN, this reagent has a dual role in the reaction, both as thiocyanation agent and as acidic group. On the other hand, (Imidazole-SO3H)/Cl as a catalyst plays just as acidic group in reaction. The current procedure offers advantages such as metal-free and green conditions, simple procedure, the use of a commercially available reagent, simple reaction work-up, ease of separation using simple filtration, and suitable performance in the reusability of the catalyst.

Fe3O4‐Lignin@Pd‐NPs: A highly efficient, magnetically recoverable and recyclable catalyst for Mizoroki‐Heck reaction under solvent‐free conditions

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd‐NPs) were synthesized under green conditions in water by chemical reduction of PdCl2 with NaOH and supported by Fe3O4‐Lignin. Fe3O4‐Lignin is an organic–inorganic hybrid core‐shell was synthesized by sonication of a mixture of Fe3O4‐NPs (20 nm) and alkali lignin. The new materials Fe3O4‐Lignin and Fe3O4‐Lignin@Pd‐NPs were characterized by PXRD, SEM and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The Fe3O4‐Lignin@Pd‐NPs was further confirmed by UV–Visible spectroscopy, TEM, EDX, HRICP‐AES and TGA/DTA. The average size of Pd‐NPs determined from PXRD was 5–10 nm. The amount of palladium loaded on Fe3O4‐Lignin obtained from EDX analysis was 26.63% by mass. The amount of Fe and Pd present in the catalyst obtained from HRICP‐AES was 11.88 (wt. %) and 10.90 (wt. %) respectively per gram of lignin. The catalytic potential of Fe3O4‐Lignin@Pd‐NPs was evaluated in Mizoroki‐Heck C‐C coupling reaction. During the optimization studies of reaction between iodobenzene and n‐butyl acrylate in various solvents and under solvent‐free but aerobic conditions using various inorganic and organic bases, the product n‐butyl 3‐phenylprop‐2‐enoate (1a) obtained was as high as 95% in highly polar solvents as short as in 10 min and 99% under solvent‐free conditions in 3 min at 140 °C using n‐Pr3N as base. The scope of the above catalyst was investigated in the Mizoroki‐Heck reaction of various aryl/heterocyclic halides and n‐butyl acrylate/styrene under optimized solvent‐less conditions. The corresponding products were obtained in high yields (73–99%). The catalyst recovered by magnetic decantation was reused for five times in the C‐C coupling reaction between iodobenzene and n‐butyl acrylate which yielded 90–95% of the desired product, 1a.

Using high protein distiller's dried grain product to replace corn protein concentrate and fishmeal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the use of a high protein distiller's dried grain (HPDDG, NexPro®, Flint Hills Resources, LP, Wichita, KS) on the growth performance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In the growth trial, graded levels of HPDDG (0.00, 10.00, 15.00, and 20.00%) were used to replace corn protein concentrate (CPC: 12.60, 6.30, 3.15, and 0.00%) or fishmeal (FM: 17.40, 9.79, 6.00, and 2.21%). A commercially produced open‐feed formulation was also included in the trial as a reference. Each diet was randomly assigned to four replicate groups of 30 shrimp stocked in 0.8 m3 culture tanks. Under green water conditions, in the presence of natural foods, the results indicated that growth performance and feed conversion ratio were not statistically influenced by increasing levels of HPDDG when used to replace CPC. The FM replacement series trial results showed that shrimp fed a diet with 20% HPDDG exhibited significantly decreased trend of biomass. Results of this study demonstrate that HPDDG is a good protein source, and 20% HPDDG can be used to replace CPC in shrimp diets, or up to 15% when replacing FM.

Magnetic Fe3O4-supported sulfonic acid-functionalized graphene oxide (Fe3O4@GO-naphthalene-SO3H): a novel and recyclable nanocatalyst for green one-pot synthesis of 5-oxo-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromenes and 2-amino-3-cyano-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-ones

Synthesis of a novel magnetic 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid-grafted graphene oxide (Fe3O4-GO-naphthalene-SO3H) via a three-step procedure has been described. The structure of this newly synthesized nanographene oxide was fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and thermo-gravimetric analytical techniques. The catalytic efficiency of these nanoparticles as recyclable nanocatalyst was explored in one-pot three-component reaction between aldehydes, malononitrile, and 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one or 4-hydroxycoumarin under green conditions in water for the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-ones and 5-oxo-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromenes (coumarins) respectively. High yields of the products, low reaction times, easy preparation of the catalyst, and use of water as green solvent are the main advantages of this protocol. In addition, the catalyst can be easily separated simply by using a magnet and reused for six fresh runs without significant loss of activity.

Acetylenedicarboxylate-based cerium(iv) metal-organic framework with fcu topology: a potential material for air cleaning from toxic halogen vapors.

The most contracted cerium(iv)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with fcu topology incorporating an alkyne-based linker, namely acetylenedicarboxylate (ADC), was synthesized under green conditions in water at room temperature and thoroughly characterized. The structure of this new MOF, denoted as Ce-HHU-1, was determined from powder X-ray diffraction data and Rietveld refinement and is made up of octahedral [Ce6O4(OH)4]12+ clusters, each of which is connected to other inorganic units by twelve ADC linkers to give a porous network with fcu topology analogous with UiO-66. The permanent microporosity of Ce-HHU-1 was confirmed by nitrogen sorption, meanwhile its high hydrophilicity was displayed by a type I water vapor sorption isotherm. The adsorption of CO2 in Ce-HHU-1 features a remarkably high zero-coverage isosteric heat of adsorption of 47 kJ mol-1, attributed to the presence of the -C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C- triple-bond in the framework. The latter also allows for Ce-HHU-1 to capture and irreversibly chemisorb Br2 vapors, as well as both chemi- and physisorb I2 vapors in an effective manner, making this material potentially applicable for air cleaning from toxic halogen vapors.

Minimum water exchange spares the requirement for dietary methionine for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei reared under intensive outdoor conditions

We examined if minimum water exchange could spare dietary methionine (Met) required for maximum growth performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei reared in an intensive outdoor system. Shrimp of 1.98 ± 0.13 g were stocked at 70 animals/m2 and reared for 72 days in 50 tanks of 1 m3 under flow-through (14.4% a day) and static (1.4%–2.9% a day) green-water conditions at 32.0 ± 3.7 g/L salinity. Five diets with a minimum inclusion of fishmeal supplemented with a dipeptide, dl-methionyl-dl-methionine, were formulated to contain increasing levels of Met, 4.8, 6.2, 7.2, 8.1 or 9.4 g/kg (on a dry matter basis). Each of the five diets were fed four times daily to five replicate groups. Dietary Met and water exchange significantly influenced shrimp survival, gained yield, apparent feed intake, food conversion ratio and final body weight (p < .05). Raising shrimp under limited water exchange, i.e., static versus flow-through spared the dependence on higher levels of dietary Met to maximize shrimp body weight, from 9.4 g/kg to 8.0 g/kg (14.0 and 12.6 g/kg Met+Cys respectively). In an intensive rearing system, a reduction in water exchange is desirable as it leads to a lower need for supplemental dietary Met.

Characterization and Influence of Green Synthesis of Nano-Sized Zinc Complex with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Bioactive Compounds of Aniseed.

A new water soluble zinc-aminolevulinic acid nano complex (n[Zn(ALA)2 ]), which was characterized by TEM, IR, and EDX spectra, has been prepared via sonochemical method under green conditions in water. In the current study, the effectiveness of foliar Zn amendment using synthetic Zn-ALA nano complex, as a new introduced Zn-fertilizer here, was evaluated. As the model plant, Pimpinella anisum, the most valuable spice and medicinal plant grown in warm regions, was used. By using zinc nano complex, further twenty compounds were obtained in the essential oil of anise plants. Application of 0.2% (w/v) Zn-ALA nano complex increased the levels of (E)-anethole, β-bisabolene, germacrene D, methyl chavicol, and α-zingiberene in the essential oil. Nano Zn complex at the rate of 0.2% induced considerable high phenolic compounds and zinc content of shoots and seeds. Chlorogenic acid had the highest level between four detected phenolic compounds. The maximum antioxidant activity was monitored through the application of Zn nano complex. According to the results, nanoscale nutrients can be provided with further decreased doses for medicinal plants. Using Zn-ALA nano complex is a new and efficient method to improve the pharmaceutical and food properties of anise plants.

SPRAY-DRIED SPIRULINA (SPIRULINA PLATENSIS) AS GROWTH PROMOTER FOR NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) UNDER LAB AND FIELD SCALE CONDITION

The motivation behind this study is to determine carefully the best supplemental level of spray dried Spirulina platensis as growth promoter for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effect on their performance, feed utilization, chemical body composition and gut health. Two successive experiments were conducted (Field and Lab scale). The Field – scale was conducted with a hapa-in-pond system with diets containing four levels of Spirulina platensis (0, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07%) to determine the best level to supplement in tilapia diet. The Lab-scale experiment consisted of four treatments diets (Control one without any supplementation and three diets comparing between the best level of Spirulina obtained from the previous experiment and two standard commercial growth promoter with standard level of each one (Probiotic or prebiotic) ( 0.2% Biogen®, 0.1 % Garlin Plus® /kg diet ) respectively. Histological sections were collected to examine the gut health condition. The results of Field scale experiment showed that the dietary inclusion of 0.03 % Spirulina provided the best growth performance, feed utilization, and crude protein deposition than the other supplemented levels. On Lab scale side, spirulina at 0.03% conducted the same effect as commercial growth promoter (probiotic and prebiotic) in the same context, the intestine histological sections showed an increase of intestinal villi length in Nile tilapia. It could be concluded that Spirulina has a positive effect on gut conditions and that despite green water conditions contains natural cyanobacteria, the inclusion of 0.03 % of spray-dried Spirulina into tilapia diet positively affected growth performance and improve gut health.

Macroinvertebrate fauna and depositional environment of the lower Upper Cenomanian Oberhäslich Formation in the Saxonian Cretaceous Basin (Germany)

In Saxony (southeast Germany), the global early Late Cretaceous transgression is reflected by the onlap of shallow-marine siliciclastics of the lower Upper Cenomanian Oberhäslich Formation (Calycoceras naviculare Zone) onto the eastern Erzgebirge, the central part of the emergent Mid-European Island. Based on detailed logging of sections south of Dresden and the study of extensive collection material, the depositional environment and macroinvertebrate assemblages of the Oberhäslich Formation have been reconstructed. This unit, with a mean thickness of 10–15m, usually shows a fining-upward trend that may become reversed towards the top, was laid down in a single 3rd-order sea-level cycle and is capped by an unconformity at the base of the overlying upper Upper Cenomanian Dölzschen Formation (sequence boundary Cenomanian 5; junction of the Calycoceras naviculare and Metoicoceras geslinianum zones). The macroinvertebrate assemblage of the Oberhäslich Formation, collected mainly from bioturbated, fine- or rarely medium-grained, quartz-rich sandstones, is fairly diverse, comprising nearly 50 taxa, predominantly bivalves (94.3%). Most conspicuous and abundant are relatively large forms such as Rhynchostreon (R.) suborbiculatum (25%) and Inoceramus pictus spp. (21%), eponymous taxa of the Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum/Inoceramus pictus assemblage. Non-bivalve benthic invertebrates are rare and represented by rather poorly preserved irregular and regular echinoids, siliceous sponges, a few gastropods, crustacean remains and a single starfish. Common Thalassinoides and Ophiomorpha burrows indicate that crustaceans were an important part of the infauna. Pervasive bioturbation resulted in a post-depositional homogenization of the sediments while all body fossils are preserved as (composite) internal moulds. The guild structure of the Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum/Inoceramus pictus assemblage shows a predominance of epifaunal and semi-infaunal suspension feeders (95.3%), suggesting eutrophic and unstable “green-water conditions” of an inner-shelf setting. Deposit-feeding biota are rare. The common occurrence of articulated bivalves and storm-induced shell beds indicate episodic rapid burial, most probably by tempestites. A current-influenced, well-oxygenated and nutrient-rich environment slightly below fair-weather base is inferred for the fine-grained sandy, fossiliferous sediments of the Oberhäslich Formation.

Effective use of microbial biomass products to facilitate the complete replacement of fishery resources in diets for the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon

A series of experiments were conducted with black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) juveniles to firstly determine the effects of reducing fishmeal inclusion in a diet and then to evaluate the potential for a microbial bioactive to support complete replacement of both fishmeal and fish oil in feeds when fed under clear-water and green-water conditions. The isoproteic and isoenergetic replacement of fishmeal resulted in a consistent decline in growth performance indicating that at every decrease in fishmeal below an inclusion level of 45% there was a decline in performance. In a subsequent trial undertaken in a clear-water tank system diets devoid of both fishmeal and fish oil fed to shrimp were demonstrated to produce poorer performance than a fishmeal and fish oil reference diet. However the addition of a microbial bioactive to the diet resulted in not only a compensation for the replacement of these ingredients but also additional growth. Replication of the clear-water trial in a green-water tank system not only produced similar results, but also showed that the green-water system largely compensated for the performance lost through replacement of fishmeal and fish oil. However it was also shown that the use of the microbial bioactive in the diets still resulted in improved growth performance of shrimp. This study has effectively demonstrated a viable strategy for not only a complete replacement of all fishery products in shrimp diets, but also an improved performance strategy.

Palladium nanoparticles supported on gum arabic as a reusable catalyst for solvent-free Mizoroki-Heck reaction

Palladium nanoparticles (2–8 nm) supported on gum arabic has been prepared under green conditions in water. Gum arabic has been used as both support and reducing agent. These nanoparticles have been characterized by UV–Vis, XRD and EDX spectra as well as SEM and TEM images. The nanoparticles have been applied as the catalyst in Mizoroki-Heck reaction of different aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) with butyl acrylate in the presence of n-Pr3N under solvent-free conditions at 140 °C. The reusability of the catalyst was also checked for five consecutive runs.

Agarose hydrogel as an effective bioorganic ligand and support for the stabilization of palladium nanoparticles. Application as a recyclable catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in aqueous media

In this article, the usefulness of an agarose hydrogel as an effective bioorganic ligand and support for the entrapment and stabilization of palladium nanoparticles is described. We have applied this catalyst under low loading of the supported palladium nanoparticles for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of different aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides with phenylboronic acid in the absence of phosphorous ligands or any organic co-solvents or phase transfer additives. The catalyst was efficiently recycled for six runs, retaining its activity within the limit of the experimental error. ICP analysis of the catalyst shows Pd content of the agarose hydrogel is a low amount. The analysis of the reaction mixture by the ICP technique also showed the leaching of the catalyst was negligible. The work-up of the mixture can also be handled under highly green conditions in water. However, this catalytic system can be easily applied for scaled-up protocols.

Whaleback forecastle for reducing green water loading on high-speed container vessels

This paper investigates the employment of whaleback forecastle tackling the problem of green water. Green water experimental set-up is briefly described, and the hydrodynamic model of green water is introduced. Generic designs of whaleback forecastle are also described, and the development of the model for computational fluid dynamics simulation is explained. Two green water conditions (categorised by its severity) are considered for analysis, and the simulation results are analysed to understand the changes in the green water loading. Conclusions are finally drawn on the effectiveness and adequacy of the whaleback forecastle as an option to reduce green water loading on high-speed container vessels.

The impact of light intensity and algal-induced turbidity on first-feeding Seriola lalandi larvae

Feeding performance (intensity and incidence) of first-feeding yellowtail kingfish larvae was evaluated under a range of light intensities and algal-induced turbidities. Larvae were fed with varying degrees of success under all light intensities tested (0–17 μmol s−1 m−2), in both clearwater and greenwater (8 × 104 cells mL−1). There was a consistent trend for feeding performance to increase with larval age and light intensity in both clearwater and greenwater conditions, demonstrating that visual proficiency increases with larval age. Feeding intensity remained low over the first 3 days of first feeding across all light intensities tested. Days 6 and 7 post-hatch larvae showed considerably higher feeding intensities particularly at 8 and 17 μmol s−1 m−2. This improvement indicates an ontogenetic shift in sensory or locomotor competence. First-feeding larvae performed equally well in both clearwater and greenwater (8 × 104 cells mL−1) conditions, although at the lowest light intensity tested (0.1 μmol s−1 m−2) feeding performance was noticeably reduced. Feeding performance was severely diminished across all larval ages at an algal cell density of 32 × 104 cells mL−1, demonstrating that for this species algal-induced turbidities >16 × 104 cells mL−1 adversely affect the ability to capture free-swimming prey during the first-feeding window.

Larval rearing of burbot (Lota lota L.) using Brachionus calyciflorus rotifer as starter food

Burbot Lota lota L. is one of the endangered freshwater fish species in western Europe for which the development of controlled larval rearing procedures could produce enough material for stock enhancement. The suitability of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus as a start food for larviculture of burbot was investigated. After yolk-absorption, the larvae were stocked in 40-L tanks under different feeding conditions: clear water rearing conditions with rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) for 10 days (R), green water conditions (Chlorella sp.) with rotifers offered for 10 days (MALR), green water conditions (Chlorella sp.) for 3 days followed by clear water in combination with rotifer feeding for 7 days (AL3R), and clear water conditions with Artemia nauplii offered for 10 days (Art). After the 10-day feeding, all groups received Artemia nauplii up to 35 days post-hatching. Larval survival was counted at day 10 and at the end of the 35-day rearing experiment. At day 35, a significant survival difference was noted between the groups where rotifers were supplemented with algae vs only Artemia. At the end of the experiment, the highest survival rate (69.20%) was obtained with larvae receiving only algae in the first 3 days of feeding. Lowest survival rate (24.90%) was obtained with larvae receiving only Artemia for 35 days. This indicates that smaller prey are essential for burbot at first feeding. Larval length and wet weight were measured at the time of mouth opening, at days 7, 10, and 21, and at the end of the experiment (day 35). On day 35, mean length of the larvae varied significantly between the treatments. However, the final wet weight of the larvae did not vary significantly between the treatments.

Protein and carbon utilization of rotifers ( Brachionus plicatilis) in first feeding of turbot larvae ( Scophthalmus maximus L.)

The effect of three different rotifer enrichments was examined on growth, survival, pigmentation and viability of first feeding turbot larvae. The diets differed in rotifer content of protein, lipid and ratio of protein/lipid. The diets were fed to turbot with or without algae ( Isochrysis galbana) added to the larval tanks. The turbot larvae were fed rotifers for 10 days and thereafter the same Artemia diet was fed to all treatments for the rest of the experimental period. Growth and survival of fish larvae were higher in tanks containing algae than in tanks where no algae were added. Independent of algal addition, the highest growth rate and survival was obtained by feeding rotifers containing the highest protein content. Larvae reared in greenwater consumed higher numbers of rotifers during the stagnant period than larvae kept in clearwater conditions, while analysis of the larval gut contents showed lower rotifer numbers in the gut of larvae reared in greenwater conditions. This must imply longer residence time of the food in the larval gut, and presumably also higher digestion and assimilation efficiencies of larvae maintained without algae than in larvae maintained with algae. Calculation of protein and carbon conversion efficiency showed higher utilization in larvae maintained without algae (18–28% for protein, 12–19% for carbon) than in larvae maintained with algae (6–9% for protein, 4–7% for carbon). No significant differences in pigmentation rate and stress sensitivity were observed among the larvae of the various treatments.