Green Coconut Shell Research Articles

Green coconut shell as energy biomass: a bibliometric and systematic analysis of scientific literature

Green coconut shell as energy biomass: a bibliometric and systematic analysis of scientific literature

Evaluation of the Bioenergy Potential of Blends (Green Coconut Shells and Fish Scales) as a Feedstock in Thermochemical Processes for Clean Energy Production

Brazil is among the world’s largest producers of green coconut, which contributes to inappropriate disposal and socioenvironmental impacts. Concomitantly, some of its coastal cities produce a great diversity of fish and large amounts of solid waste. This paper reports on the use of samples of fish scales (100FS) and green coconut shells (100GCS) and their mixtures in 75%FS:25%GCS (B25), 50%FS:50%GCS (B50), and 25%FS:75%GCS (B75) proportions and quantification of their Higher Heating Values (HHV) and Lower Heating Values (LHV), and Ultimate (UA) and Proximate Analyses (PA). Their thermal behavior was investigated by thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) were employed for analyses of their physicochemical and morphostructural properties. When compared to in natura samples, SEM images of the blends detected a structural disorder and a highly fibrous structure with an elongated chain and surface roughness. HHV were superior in samples with 100GCS (16.64 MJ kg−1), B75 (15.80 MJ kg−1), and B50 (14.98 MJ kg−1), and lower in B25 (14.16 MJ kg−1) and 100FS (13.03 MJ kg−1), with acceptable values for different biomasses. TG/DTG and DSC curves showed similarities among the samples, with the detection of their main thermoconversion stages. According to the data, the samples can be applied as renewable energy sources to mitigate socioecological illnesses and social vulnerabilities resulting from the archaic and inadequate management of solid waste.

Assessing coconut shell pyrolysis: Biomass characterization, activation energy estimation, and statistical analysis of operating conditions

This study experimentally investigates the conventional pyrolysis of green coconut shell (GCS) in a fixed-bed reactor, analyzing operational conditions and their impact on product yields using statistical methods. Comprehensive characterization of GCS highlighted an extractive content of 36.65 %, significantly influencing the pyrolysis activation energy. Statistical analysis revealed that temperature has a more pronounced effect on yield over particle size. Optimal pyrolysis conditions were identified at 773.15 K with a particle diameter of 1.3 mm, achieving a maximum bio-oil yield of 49.45 %, surpassing the reported in previous fixed-bed reactor studies. Bio-oil analysis indicated aldehydes, phenols, and esters predominance, with temperature as the primary factor influencing their formation. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of GCS pyrolysis in fixed bed reactors for converting waste into valuable products with potential applications as energy sources, as well as in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, thereby reducing environmental impacts associated with improper disposal.

Chemically Modified Coconut Shell Biochar for Removal of Losartan Potassium in Aqueous Solutions

Emerging contaminants (EC) are newly recognized significant water pollutants and conventional wastewater treatment facilities are not sufficient at removing these trace contaminants. Biochar is well-known effective adsorbent for the removal of complex inorganic contaminants and organic contaminants from water. The present study, comprehensively investigates the sorption removal of Losartan potassium (LOS) through chemically modified biochar (CMBC) developed from green coconut (Cocous nucifera) shell. Effect of pyrolysis temperature (400o C, 500o C and 600o C), initial concentration of LOS (20−150 mg L−1), pH (3–11), temperature (20−400 C), dose of adsorbent (1.0–5.0 g L−1) and contact time (15−1620 mins) on the adsorption of LOS onto CMBC has been analyzed using a successive batch study. Biochar treated with 5% H3PO4 and pyrolyzed at 600o C shows the optimum result which is 60.72% removal of LOS with initial LOS concentration of 20 mg L−1, pH∼6, temperature 20o C, dose of adsorbent 5 mg L−1, agitation speed 150 rpm and contact time 24 h. The kinetic data of the adsorption study was best fitted into pseudo-2nd-order kinetics model. The Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich isotherm models were studied and the experimental data were best represented by the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic study reveals the LOS adsorption was non-spontaneous, exothermic nature on CMBC. 
 Keywords: Biochar, Emerging Contaminant, Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Losartan Potassium, Pyrolysis 

Potential use of green coconut shell liquid in young dwarf coconut plants

Potential use of green coconut shell liquid in young dwarf coconut plants

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from green coconut shell: Optimization by integrated artificial neural network and particle swarm technique

This study employs artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to maximize antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from green coconut shells. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction performed at different combinations of time (10, 20, and 30 min), temperature (30, 35, and 40 °C), and the ratio of solid-solvent (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 g/ml). The presence of these bioactive compounds exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Quantitative analysis showed that the total phenolic compounds ranged from 7.08 to 33.46 mg GAE/g, flavonoids ranged from 2.09 to 28.46 mg QE/g, tannins ranged from 70.5 to 141.09 mg TAE/g, and antioxidant activity of 49.98–66.1 %. The FTIR analysis detected the presence of CO, O–H, and C–H bonds. The optimized condition of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was compared with the optimized condition of the microwave. The result of ultrasound-assisted extraction was observed to be better than microwave-assisted extraction.

FIXED OIL DERIVED FROM Caryocar coriaceum (PEQUI FRUIT) PREVENTS TISSUE AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INDUCED HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION ORIGINATING FROM BIOMASS

The reuse of biomass residue can be in different ways, such as pellets obtained through the compaction of green coconut shell. Despite the advantages, studies relate the burning of biomass as the main source of household air pollution. Indoor pollution is also correlated with serious consequences for groups considered at risk, such as asthmatics. As a result, the population is looking for alternative and low-cost treatments through natural products with anti-inflammatory characteristics, such as the fixed oil of Caryocar coriaceum (CC). In the present study, we evaluated the effects of oral CC ingestion on the respiratory system of mice submitted to a model of chronic exposure to smoke from the combustion of coconut shell pellets (CSP) and submitted to the OVA-induced asthma model. We performed analysis of the gaseous composition in the exposure chamber and analyzes of different aspects of the respiratory system. CC could prevent inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar collapse. Furthermore, it was able to avoid changes in the airway resistance, tissue resistance, elastance, compliance and inspiratory capacity. Our findings demonstrate the effects of long-term exposure to indoor pollution and suggest that dietary intake of CC may be a strategy to prevent respiratory diseases.

Elucidating facile biosorptive eradication of enrofloxacin: Equilibrium, kinetics, reusability, cost estimation, and safe disposal

AbstractIn the current investigation, superheated steam activated green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera) biochar (PAGCSB) has been used in sorptive expulsion of the pharmaceutical micro‐pollutant enrofloxacin (ENX) from water. Through a number of progressive studies in batch sorption process, the influence of some crucial parameters are evaluated toward efficacious remediation of ENX laden aqueous media by PAGCSB. The parameters studied are: contact time (5–20 h); mixing intensity (100–190 rpm); pH (1–9); initial ENX concentration (5–35 mg/L); temperature (15–40°C); and biosorbent dosage (2–5 g/L). The maximum ENX removal is 91.92% by using ENX initial concentration 20 mg/L; pH 7; temperature 30°C; biosorbent dose 4 g/L; stirring speed 150 rpm; and contact period 16 h. The repeated usability of spent biochar has been assessed and found to be 69.91% even after the fifth cycle. The pseudo‐second order kinetic model provided the best fit to the kinetic data. The Langmuir model showed the finest suit to the isotherm data. Adsorption capacity of the biosorbent was observed to be 2.32 mg/g. The current study on biosorptive riddance of ENX revealed a good level of randomness in the thermodynamic process which is found to be exothermic in nature. A wide‐scale utilization of the developed biosorbent has been well‐substantiated by the cost estimation. Finally, the safe disposal of spent biosorbent has been studied in accordance with the World Health Organization safety guidelines. Hence, superheated steam activated green coconut shell derived biochar could be a cost‐effective and competent sorbent material for ENX eradication from contaminated water.

Emerging applications of green coconut: A promising lignocellulosic biomass

AbstractWaste accumulation is a grave concern and becoming a transboundary challenge for environment. During Covid‐19 pandemic, diverse type of waste were collected due to different practices employed in order to fight back the transmission rate of the virus. Covid‐19 was proved to be capricious catastrophe of this 20th century and even not completely eradicated from the world. The havoc created by this imperceptible quick witted, pleomorphic deadly virus can't be ignored. Though a number of vaccines have been developed by the scientists but there is a fear of getting this virus again in our life. Medical studies prove that immunity drinks will help to reduce its reoccurrences. Coconut water is widely used among all drinks available globally. Its massive consumption created an incalculable pile of green coconut shells around the different corners of the world. This practice generating enormous problem of space acquisition for the environment. Both the environment and public health will benefit from an evaluation of quantity of coconut waste that is being thrown and its potential to generate value added products. With this context, present article has been planned to study different aspects like, coconut waste generation, its biological properties and environmental hazards associated with its accumulation. Additionally, this review illustrates, green technologies for production of different value added products from coconut waste.

Uso de biosorbente de coco verde para la eliminación de Hierro y Manganeso en agua de pozo

The presence of iron and manganese ions in the well water end up generating problems in the water quality that compromise its domestic and industrial use. To avoid this, it is common to use expensive technologies that end up not being as efficient as they should be. This study presents an alternative mean by using natural biosorbent materials that, in addition to presenting a great efficiency in the removal of ions from their high levels of organic matter, such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, also have a high adsorption capacity due to the presence of functional groups in their structure. The research focuses on the efficiency of green coconut shells in the removal of iron and manganese metal ions present in well water collected at the Polo de Inovação do IFF. For this, analyses were performed to determine the concentration of these metals by the Atomic Absorption Method in the input samples and in the samples after the passage through the filter containing the biosorbent. The concentration in the retention of iron and manganese ions was high, 87.85% and 66.81% respectively, for the 2.0 mm granulometry of the biosorbent material.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FERMENTED COW’S MILK IN LIGHT GREEN COCONUT FARM (Cocos nucifera L. var. varidis Hassk)


 
 
 The purpose of this research was to determine the chemical characteristics of fermented cow’s milk kefir in light green coconut shells (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk). The research was conducted from August to Oc- tober 2020 at the Laboratory of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Udayana University. The experimental design used in the study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications. The three treatments were fermented cow’s milk in a jar as a control (P0), and fermented cow’s milk in a light green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk) without coconut meat (P1), cow’s milk fermented in light green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk) with coconut meat (P2). The variables observed in the research were total acid, lactose content, fat content, and protein content. The research data were analyzed using variance, if the effect of the treatment was significantly different (P<0.05), it was followed by Duncan’s mul- tiple range test. The results showed that the total acid in P2 and P1 treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher by 36.05% and 29.07% than the P0 treatment, but between P2 and P1 treatments were not significantly different (P>0,05). Lactose content, fat content, and protein content in all treatments (P2, P1 and P0) showed no significant differences (P>0.05). The conclusion of this study that fermented cow’s milk kefir in light green coconut shells (Co- cos nucifera L. var. Viridis Hassk) has an effect on total acid but does not affect lactose content, fat content, and protein content.
 
 

ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY OF COW MILK KEFIR INCUBATED IN LIGHT GREEN COCONUT SHELLS (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk)


 
 
 This research was conducted to determine the organoleptic quality of kefir incubated in light green coconut shells (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk) with and without coconut meat, conducted from August to October 2020 at the Laboratory of Animal Product Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three tre- atments and five replications. The three treatments were: P0 used a jar (control), P1 used light green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk) without coconut meat, P2 uses light green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk) with coconut meat. The variables observed: color, taste, aroma, texture and overall acceptance. The results of the organoleptic test were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test, if there was a significant differen- ce (P <0.05) followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the organoleptic quality of cow’s milk kefir incubated in light green coconut shells (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk) was not significantly different (P>0.05) in all treatments (P0, P1, P2). The conclusion from the results of this study shows that, incubated cow’s milk kefir in light green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk) with and without coconut meat did not affect the organoleptic quality of kefir but panelists gave a response that led to preference.
 
 

Synergistic enhancement of biohydrogen production by supplementing with green synthesized magnetic iron nanoparticles using thermophilic mixed bacteria culture

The production of biohydrogen can be improved by focusing on the nutrients needed by fermentative bacteria like iron. Iron reacts with the [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase enzyme within the mixed bacteria culture for optimum hydrogen release. Iron nanoparticles (NPs) are attractive due to its unique properties and high reactivity. It can be produced through green synthesis, a more eco-friendly and relatively lower cost process, by using iron salt as precursor and green coconut shell extracted by deep eutectic solvent (DES) as reducing agent. The coconut shell extract consists of phytochemicals that help in producing polydisperse magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles at ∼75 nm in size. The addition of optimum concentration of 200 mg Fe/L magnetic iron NPs resulted in the maximum cumulative hydrogen production, glucose utilization and hydrogen yield of 101.33 mL, 9.12 g/L and 0.79 mol H2/mol glucose respectively. Furthermore, the kinetic analysis on Gompertz model using the optimum magnetic iron NPs concentration showed that the hydrogen production potential (P) and hydrogen production rate (Rm) increased to 50.69 mL and 3.30 mL/h respectively and the lag phase time reduced about 7.12 h as compared with the control experiment (0 mg Fe/L). These results indicated the positive effects of magnetic iron NPs supplementation on fermentative biohydrogen production of mixed bacteria culture and proved the feasibility of adding the magnetic iron NPs as the micronutrient for enhancement of such hydrogen production system.

In-situ stabilization of potentially toxic elements in two industrial polluted soils ameliorated with rock phosphate-modified biochars

The present study was aimed at determining the efficacy of rock phosphate (RP) 3% loaded in a green coconut shell, chicken manure, and vegetable waste to make green coconut-modified biochar (GMB), chicken manure modified-biochar (CMB), and vegetable waste-modified biochar (VMB) in the fixation of Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd in Sharafi goth and Malir polluted soils. The impact of RP impregnated with organic waste material to produce modified biochars (MBs) on stabilizing PTEs from polluted soils and reducing their uptake by mustard plant has not yet been thoroughly investigated. All modified BCs in 0.5, 1, and 2% doses were used to stabilize Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd in two polluted soils and to reduce their uptake by the mustard plant. The obtained results revealed that the maximum mustard fresh biomass was 17.8% higher with GMB 1% in Sharafi goth polluted soil and 25% higher with VMB 0.5% in Malir polluted soil than in the control treatment. After applying modified BCs, immobilization of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Cd was observed in both soils and it reduced the uptake of these elements by mustard plants. On the other hand, although Zn mobilization increased by 0.38% for CMB 0.5% and by 5.9% for VMB 0.5% in Sharafi goth polluted soil, as well as by 3.15% for GMB 1%, 6.34% for GMB 2%, and 4.78% for VMB 0.5% in Malir polluted soil, this was due to changes in soil pH and OM. It was found that GMB 1%, CMB 0.5%, and VMB 0.5% have the potential to increase Zn uptake by mustard, while VMB 2% can reduce the element uptake by the plant. Redundancy analysis showed that soil chemical parameters were negatively correlated with PTEs in both soils and reduced their uptake by mustard. The present study revealed that MBs can stabilize PTEs in industrial and wastewater soils polluted with multiple metals and reduce their uptake by plants.

Produção de briquetes da casca de coco verde: aspectos técnicos, financeiros e ambientais

ABSTRACT The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the need to better understand and propose solutions for the growing demand for resources and the generation of waste by anthropic systems at any scale and intensity. Although it can be considered as secondary importance problem, hundreds of tons of green coconut shell residues annually generated in the Brazilian coastal cities are transported and dumped in landfills, wasting their energy potential and resulting in economic and environmental problems – this approach is known as take, make, disposal, or “linear” production model. This work proposes a “circular” model by using the biomass from green coconut shells generated by the cities of Baixada Santista region as a raw material for briquettes production. Technical-operational, environmental, and financial aspects are considered to assess the proposed “circular” model in comparison with the existing “linear” model. Results show that technical-operational aspects of the “circular” model are viable due to already existing technologies in the market that can be easily adapted for the purposes in converting green coconut shells into briquettes. The “circular” model proposed allows a reduction in greenhouse gases emission by ∼40 thousand tons year−1 when compared to the “linear” model, besides avoiding leachate generation. Furthermore, the 66% profitability, 195% rentability, and 6 months of investment payback suggest the financial viability of briquettes production. Together, all these indicators claim for public policies incentives and private investments to make the proposed “circular” model a reality, which is aligned with the objectives of 2030 agenda.

Pretreatment and Enzymatic Saccharification of Water Hyacinth, Sugarcane Bagasse, Maize Straw, and Green Coconut Shell Using an Organosolv Method with Glycerol and FeCl3

A method to pretreatment of biomasses using glycerol as a green solvent was developed. Optimization of organosolv pretreatment was performed using a 23 factorial design, investigating synergism among the variables particle size (from < 0.85 to > 2.0 mm), FeCl3 concentration (0.025-0.175 mol L–1), and temperature (160-220 °C). Although the effects of the variables differed according to the type of lignocellulose, it was nonetheless possible to find an optimal condition in common (< 0.85 mm; 0.025 mol L–1; 220 °C), which was economically and environmentally sustainable, employing a small amount of catalyst. The biomasses pretreated using this combination of factors exhibited enzymatic digestibility exceeding 93% after 48 h, reflecting efficient reduction of recalcitrance as a result of high removal of hemicellulose (ca. 90%), provided by the use of FeCl3, together with substantial delignification. There was low formation of inhibitors in the hydrolysate, indicating that it could be directly fermented. The lignin removed to liquors could be easily recovered by centrifugation. Tests carried out under the optimal condition revealed that after the pretreatment the biomass could be directly used in enzymatic hydrolysis, without washing and wet. Furthermore, after simple treatment, crude glycerol was as effective as commercial glycerol.

Chemical and microbiological attributes of sandy soil fertilized with crushed green coconut shell

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of crushed green coconut shell and its effects on soil attributes. The treatments consisted of areas that received the residue and presented differences in the reaction time with the soil: 1 (T1); 12 (T2); 36 (T3) and 72 months (T4) and another area, in which the residue was not applied (T5). Samples of residues remaining on the soil surface were collected to evaluate the chemical composition and soils for chemical analysis, microbial activity, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nutrients and sodium concentrations remained the same over time, providing, in order of magnitude, the contribution of organic C > K > N > Mg > Na > Ca > P > S > Cu > Fe > Mn > Zn to the soil. Over the periods evaluated, there were increases in the availability of elements, such as N, P, K and Na, and increases in the sum of base and cation exchange capacity of the soil. During the treatment with the longest period evaluated, there were increases in microbial biomass activity, measured by edaphic respiration and by metabolic and mineralization quotients. As time progressed, there were variations in communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but this did not affect the diversity of fungal species. The most prevalent spore morphotypes belonged to Acaulospora laevis, A. scrobiculata and Claroideoglomus etunicatum . The application of 100 t ha -1 of crushed green coconut shell promotes changes in the chemical and microbiological soil attributes, especially in the first months of the application of the residue. Reapplying residue 36 months after the first application is recommended.

A study on natural dyeing of cotton using Cocos Nucifera

Natural dyes are obtained from roots, leaves, barks, fruits and fruit-coat or wood of the plants. It exhibits better bio-degradability and has a better suitability with the environment and its use in coloration of fabric materials is the consequences of increased environmental awareness. The aim of this research work is to extract dye from natural source and perform an experimental analysis of the dye adherence on cotton fabric. The natural source selected for the study is the nonedible portion of cocos nucifera at fresh and dried stages. The dye extraction was carried out using water and methanol. Then the cotton fabric was dyed and analysed for various physical and colour fastness properties. The aqueous extract of green coconut shell on the cotton fabric had good dye adherence and colour fastness. It was observed that the dyed fabrics exhibited good strength and colourfastness properties.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COW’S MILK YOGURT INCUBATED WITH LIGHT GREEN COCONUT SHELL (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk.) AGAINST PATHOGENIC BACTERIA


 
 
 This study aims to find out the antimicrobial activity of cow’s milk yogurt incubated with a light green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk.) against pathogenic bacteria. The experimental design is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and five repeats. The three treatments are: cow’s milk incubated with a jar or control container (P0), cow’s milk incubated with a light green coconut shell without coconut flesh (P1), and cow’s milk incubated with a light green coconut shell containing coconut flesh (P2). The observed variables are antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microbes (Escerichia coli and Staphylococus aureus), total tertitration acid and total lactic acid bacteria. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of yogurt against Escerichia coli in all treatments (P2, P1, and P0) was obtained with a range of 5.67-5.87 mm statistically no noticeable difference (P>0.05). While against Staphylococus aureus obtained in the range of 6.27-6.46 mm in the treatment of P2 and P1 differ markedly (P<0.05) statistically compared to P0, followed by total titrated acid, and lactic acid bacteria in all treatments (P2, P1, and P0) showed no significant differences (P>0.05) each ranging from 1.62-1.68 %; and 6.6x104-1.4x107 CFU/g. The conclusions of this study showed that the antimicrobial activity of cow’s milk yogurt incubated with a light green coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L. var. viridis Hassk.) against pathogenic bacteria has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
 
 

Influence of nickel on butanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii using hydrolyzate from green coconut shell

The improvement of biotechnological processes capable of transforming agro-industrial waste into products with high added value has stood out in the area of renewable energies, promoting positive impacts to the environment. Thus, the present work evaluated the influence of nickel on the conversion of fermentable sugars, present in the green coconut shell hydrolyzate (GCSH), into butanol and other products. Fermentation assays were performed at 37 °C, starting with 19.4 g.L-1 of sugars and 1.0 g.L-1 of inoculum (C. beijerinckii). The GCSH was supplemented with tryptone, yeast extract, ammonium acetate, minerals and phosphate buffer. Two conditions were tested: with and without addition of nickel. Concentrations of sugars (glucose and xylose), intermediate products (organic acids), acetone, butanol, and ethanol were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that the butanol production was higher from GCSH without addition of nickel, reaching a concentration of 2.14 g.L-1 of butanol. Therefore, the presence of nickel in the hydrolyzate was not favorable in the production of butanol under the studied process conditions.