Greek Material Research Articles

The Orientalizing Period: Influence of Near Eastern on the Greek World

The Orientalizing period, which occurred from around the mid-8th to mid-7th centuries B. C. E. , was characterised by the obvious influence of Eastern culture on different aspects of ancient Greek material culture. This includes the spread of ideas, motifs, and techniques from the Near East to Greece and the wider Mediterranean region. The content of this paper is organised into three sections. The initial section will present the distinctive historical context of the Orientalizing period and its fundamental factors. The subsequent section will determine the specific geographic origins of this influence from the east and examine the processes through which it spread to the Greek realm. The third part will explore the significant cultural exchanges between the Greeks and the Near Eastern regions, especially between Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Syrians. These interactions had a significant impact on Greek society, influencing the development of arts and technology, as well as the broad social dynamics in the ancient Greek world.

Greek Material Clothed in Islamic Garb: Ḥunayn Ibn ‘Isḥāq’s Fī Manāfi’ al-’Adā’

The Greek version of Claudius Galen’s On the Usefulness of the Parts [Περὶ χρησέως μορίων: Peri chrēséōs moríōn], an important book in terms of both the history of medicine and theology, has survived to this day. This work by Galen was translated into Arabic under the name Fī Manāfi’ al-’Adā’ by Ḥunayn Ibn ‘Isḥāq in Baghdad in the 9th century during the translation movement in the Islamic civilization. This article aims to observe the changes Ḥunayn made in the text by generally focusing on specific terms and phrases. Particularly, this will be achieved by comparing the English translation of Galen’s Greek original work with its Arabic translation. And this will be specifically accomplished by drawing attention to Ḥunayn’s method and approach of translation in adapting Galen’s work On the Usefulness of the Parts to Islamic culture. It is clear that the term “Islamic culture” encompasses a vast array of concepts. However, for the purposes of this article, our focus will be on Islam’s robust monotheistic principles, its rejection of pagan notions, and the unique phrases that can be traced back to the Qur’ān. Elvira Wakelnig described this translation approach as a method wherein the “Greek material was clothed in Islamic garb”. The reason for choosing this particular book stems from the fact that its topic is closely related to rational theology and it has arrived to us in a complete form in both its original Greek language as well as in its Arabic translation made by Ḥunayn.

A Feminist Abolitionist reads Plutarch, Euripides, and Plato: Periclean Athens and Nineteenth Century America in Lydia Maria Child’s Philothea (1836)

In writing her 1836 novel Philothea, the abolitionist Lydia Maria Child drew on careful reading of Plutarch’s Life of Pericles, Euripides’ Ion, and Plato’s Republic. The novel’s plot, organized around Pericles’ law that both parents must be Athenian citizens for their child to have citizenship, shares features with arguments for the abolition of slavery and for women’s rights that Child made in other writings throughout her lifetime. Child combined a sentimental romance narrative about an enslaved woman that encourages readers to become abolitionists with allusions to Plato’s Republic that affirm the abolitionist conviction that slavery is absolutely unjust. Previous scholarship has treated Child’s use of Greek material in a rather general way. This article demonstrates just how precisely she incorporated elements of Plutarch, Euripides and Plato into the abolitionist story she chose to tell. By expanding understanding of Child’s engagement with the classical past that her gender kept her from learning about in a university setting, this study also contributes to the growing body of knowledge about how women did get access to — and put to use — classical learning.

Old French courtly poems of the 12th–13th cc.

The Russian anthology is an invitation to Russian scholars to resume the discussion of courtesy. The review criticizes the identification of Tristan’s love for Iseult (‘Breton material’) with Dané’s feelings for Narcissus (‘ancient Greek material’) and inaccuracies in the translations of medieval topoi and genre names. The review also challenges the theoretical conclusions detailed in the foreword.

JEAN RENART’S NOVELS (L’ESCOUFLE, GUILLAUME DE DOLE) AND THE ISSUE OF THE “REALISTIC MEDIEVAL NOVEL”

This article highlights the difference between Jean Renart’s novels and French novels of the “golden” 12th century. Its main feature is the absence of magic and Breton material. Instead, Jean Renart and some other 13th-century authors build their novels on the “material of reality”. During the 20th century, these novels were considered examples of the so-called “medieval realism”. Th e idea was introduced by French medievalist Anthime Fourier, who distinguished an “escape novel” (roman évasion) and a “mirror novel” (roman mirroir). Th e latter is a “refl ection” of reality, and the former is based on the Breton or Ancient Greek material. However, this distinction is controversial: the concept of “refl ection” of reality cannot be applied to 13th-century texts. More likely, the elements of “reality” — description of food, clothes, character’s appearance, and gestures — are also artistically transformed material, similar to the Breton material. They have a particular function and influence a character’s image and plot development. In this article, we analyze the elements of the “material of reality” and show how they are integrated in the novel’s universe. Also, this research provides a better insight into Jean Renart’s artistic methods: the “material of reality” becomes a canvas of which his text is made, transforming a “conte” into a “romans”.

Exploring the Medicinal Potential of Achillea grandifolia in Greek Wild-Growing Populations: Characterization of Volatile Compounds, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Inflorescences.

Various species of the genus Achillea L. (Asteraceae) are traditionally used worldwide for wound healing against diarrhea, flatulence, and abdominal pains, as diuretic and emmenagogue agents. In the present study, the essential oils (EOs) obtained separately from the leaves and inflorescences of wild-growing Achillea grandifolia Friv. from Mt. Menoikio and Mt. Pelion (Greece) were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The major compounds found in EOs of A. grandifolia inflorescences from Mt. Menoikio were as follows: cis-thujone (36.9%), 1,8-cineole (11.9%), camphor (10.0%), ascaridole (7.3%), α-terpinene (6.4%), sabinene (4.1%), trans-thujone (3.6%), and cis-jasmone (3.4%). In leaves from Mt. Menoikio, they were as follows: cis-thujone (50.8%), 1,8-cineole (20.0%), trans-thujone (5.5%), camphor (5.5%), borneol (3.6%), and α-terpineol (3.1%). In inflorescences from Mt. Pelion, they were as follows: camphor (70.5%), camphene (5.9%), cis-jasmone (3.2%), bornyl acetate (3.2%). In leaves from Mt. Pelion, they were as follows: camphor (83.2%), camphene (3.9%), and borneol (3.7%). Subsequently, the samples were first time tested for their antioxidant activities with the interaction of EOs with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and their inhibition of lipid peroxidation, as well as for their anti-inflammatory activity through the soybean LOX (lipoxygenase) inhibition. All of the examined samples were found effective. A. grandifolia leaves presented the highest antioxidant potential according to the DPPH method, and the highest percentage of LOX inhibition. The study herein investigated for the first time the leaves and the inflorescences of A. grandifolia separately, and the results generally align with similar studies from neighboring countries (Turkey and Serbia) in terms of the yields and categorization of main EO compounds (oxygenated monoterpenes). However, the findings were not in agreement with previously studied Greek material, as a higher amount of cis-thujone and lower antioxidant activity are reported herein. Both the EOs of inflorescences and the leaves of the wild-growing population collected from Mt. Menoikio were characterized by a high quantity of cis-thujone (36.9% and 50.8%, respectively).

Reconstructing Middle Byzantine Arabo-Greek Astrology from Later Greek Manuscripts

This paper sheds light on one aspect of the large-scale influx of Arabic scientific knowledge into Byzantium through an analysis of three Byzantine astrological compendia that contain texts originally written in Greek as well as those translated from Arabic to Greek. While written c. 1200–1400, each manuscript contains a compilation that was assembled in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The paper first considers the dating of each of the three compilations and shows the utility in using these late Byzantine manuscripts to study Middle Byzantine astrology. Second, it analyzes the Arabic texts translated in these compilations and uses them to explain the chronology and the scale of the translation of astrological material from Arabic to Greek. Third, it considers how the Arabic and Greek material is combined within these manuscripts, and what the resulting synthesis says about Middle Byzantine astrology writ large.

About Earthly, Water and Underwater Meetings of The Phoenicians and the Greeks. Mythological and Religious Ways of Transmission in The Eastern Mediterranean

The meeting of people and cultures in the Mediterranean is as old as the art of shipping. Especially the Minoans (let me call them pre-Greeks), their successors the Greeks themselves, the Phoenicians but also the Egyptians and the Assyrians have traveled, traded, and fought frequently for centuries. Especially the Cypro-Minoan and the Cypro-Mycenaean relations are well documented and the area around the Greek Islands and Cyprus is full of traces of the old glory that now is represented in the shape of shipwrecks and their lost cargo. In my article, I focus on the artistic representation of ships and navigation in the Near Eastern and Greek material sources. However, of great interest to mine is not only strictly artistic representation but also their hidden meanings like the apotropaic function of these vessels. The second part, even more important, is about the transmission of mythological and religious motives. I decided to present only two motives; fight and conquest which were very popular in the art and mythologies of the Geometric and Archaic Periods. A good example is a fragment of a Greek pot found on the site of the Pointe Lequin 1A wreck which (probably) represents the fight between Theseus and the Minotaur. I found its Eastern counterparts or rather forerunners and explain the meaning of these motives and symbols. I focused also on the representation of the mythological depiction of Gorgon and lion which surprisingly caught the attention of the Greek audience.

Imperial Panegyric from Diocletian to Honorius ed. by A. Omissi and A. J. Ross

Reviewed by: Imperial Panegyric from Diocletian to Honorius ed. by A. Omissi and A. J. Ross Richard Flower Omissi, A. and Ross, A. J. (edd.) 2020. Imperial Panegyric from Diocletian to Honorius. Translated Texts for Historians, Contexts 3. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Pp. xi + 296. ISBN 978-1-78962-110-5. US$120.00. Few genres of literature are so intimately associated with Late Antiquity as imperial panegyric. With such a plethora of examples surviving from the late third century onwards, especially in comparison to the Principate, it used to be seen as a quintessentially late Roman phenomenon, an index of the empire's decline into the military autocracy of the Dominate. In recent decades, the re-evaluation of Late Antiquity has been accompanied by a corresponding rehabilitation of panegyric, with scholars such as Sabine MacCormack spearheading a new appreciation of its possible roles within delicate political communication and intricate court ceremonial. Many studies have focussed on a single author, such as Themistius or Libanius, or on the eleven late-antique speeches contained in the Gallic collection known as the Panegyrici Latini, but without always giving sufficient attention to their place within a wider literary context. This interesting and focused new volume, published as a Contexts supplement to the long-running Translated Texts for Historians series, has the stated aim of bringing different panegyrical texts into conversation, particularly by drawing together Latin and Greek material that might ordinarily be treated independently. The eleven contributors achieve this to varying degrees, with many important insights along the way. Laurent Pernot's opening contribution, entitled 'What is a "panegyric"?' (pp. 25–39), is not, as one might expect, an exploration of the genre of laudatory oratory, which had already been given some consideration in the editors' thoughtful introduction (pp. 1–22). Instead, Pernot surveys the history of the Greek term πανηγυρικός and its Latin transliteration panegyricus, tracing their development across antiquity. While this chapter is necessarily descriptive, it offers many important methodological observations, most notably that πανηγυρικός was frequently used simply to refer to anything (including an oration) associated with a festival and that many of the texts now labelled as 'panegyrics' were not known by that term in antiquity, thereby questioning the notion of a clear 'genre'. Roger Rees also ranges widely in his chapter '(Not) making faces: prosopopeia in Late Antique panegyric' (pp. 41–65). Starting with the recommendations for the use of this rhetorical figure in the Greek handbook by Menander Rhetor, Rees notes the relative dearth of examples in late-antique Greek orations. In contrast, the Latin tradition presents a mixed picture, with a trend towards greater use across the course of the Panegyrici Latini but no corresponding [End Page 326] enthusiasm for προσωποποιία in the late-fourth-century authors Symmachus and Ausonius, suggesting that the Gallic collection represents a 'relatively hermetic ecosystem' (p. 61). This nuanced account concludes with an important reminder to consider possible performance contexts, especially given Menander's observation that panegyrists used προσωποποιία 'as if in a play'. This text features even more prominently in Grammatiki Karla's chapter, 'Libanius' imperial speech to Constantius II and Constans (Or. 59): context, tradition, innovation' (pp. 67–90), which argues that this oration drew directly on Menander's instructions for the composition of a βασιλικός λόγος, even down to specific verbal borrowings. While some interesting similarities are highlighted, the argument would benefit from further close attention to the text(s) and greater consideration of how many of these features are to be found in other examples of late-antique panegyric. Belinda Washington provides an excellent, illuminating analysis of Julian's Oration 3, in praise of the empress Eusebia, examining how the future emperor adapted the conventions of imperial panegyric in order to praise a woman, 'Playing in conventions in Julian's Encomium to Eusebia: does gender make a difference?' (pp. 93–116). Discussing how the text forms a diptych with Oration 1, celebrating Eusebia's husband, Constantius II, Washington also employs frequent comparisons with Claudian's unfinished Laus Serenae, as well as placing Oration 3 within a wider context of representations of imperial women in panegyric and invective. The result is a well-argued account of how Julian created an innovative portrait of Eusebia...

The Kingdom of Chelmis: Architecture, Material Culture, and the Modern Landscape of the Western Argolid

ABSTRACTFieldwork at the settlement of Chelmis in the Western Argolid provides a case study in the archaeological documentation of the Modern landscape of Greece. Over the last 40 years, archaeologists have recognized that the study of Modern assemblages contributes to our understanding of the formation processes that produce surface artifact scatters. This article combines conventional approaches to studying the Modern Greek landscape with insights from the developing field of historical archaeology in Greece. In addition to describing the methods we used to record Modern architecture and associated artifacts at Chelmis, our work demonstrates the value of Modern sites as windows into both site formation processes and the complexities of the Modern Greek material record.

An evaluation of Bayesian age estimation using the auricular surface in modern Greek material

Pelvic morphology is highly reflective of both sex and age changes in humans, making it a popular research focus in forensic anthropology. Relevant studies range from traditional descriptive to more complicated approaches involving statistical modeling, with the latter having become excessively popular in the last decades. The present study examines the performance of Bayesian statistics in age estimation based on the morphological changes observed on the iliac auricular surface. The aim is two-fold: a) to test whether a Bayesian approach can improve age-at-death estimation compared to the original Lovejoy et al. (1985a) and Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002) methods, and b) to explore the impact of adopting different samples as informative priors as well as for obtaining the transition analysis parameters. For this purpose, two modern Greek documented collections have been used, the Athens and the Cretan Collection. Our results found no clear improvement in age prediction when adopting Bayesian age estimation, with only one exception: Athenian males for the Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002) method. The choice of samples for transition analysis and as informative priors affected the results but this effect was statistically non-significant.

Modelling Regional Networks and Local Adaptation: West-Central Sicilian Relief Louteria

The consumption and adaptation of Greek material culture by non-Greek peoples in ancient western Sicily, and the wider Mediterranean, has been an ongoing point of contention in scholarship: do Greek objects influence the peoples that use them, and by their movement and trade are these objects and their figured surfaces active agents of Hellenization? Acknowledging that framing future discussion through postcolonialism only perpetuates the anachronistic colonialist model, this dissertation applies the materialist theory of transculturality to an understudied class of terracotta objects distributed and adapted through Ancient Sicily: louteria, arulae, and other ritual furniture impressed with cylinder-roll matrices. This announcement summarizes the results of an interdisciplinary methodology combining technical and iconographic analyses of the stamp series, reconstruction of the then-stamped terracottas’ contexts, and spatial and statistical modelling of their distribution patterns. This holistic approach to material study reveals a highly complex network of exchange, adaptation, and local production in sixth and fifth century Sicily far more dynamic than the simple binary of colonizer and colonized.

Assessing the accuracy of cranial and pelvic ageing methods on human skeletal remains from a modern Greek assemblage

The present study tests the accuracy of commonly adopted ageing methods based on the morphology of the pubic symphysis, auricular surface and cranial sutures. These methods are examined both in their traditional form as well as in the context of transition analysis using the ADBOU software in a modern Greek documented collection consisting of 140 individuals who lived mainly in the second half of the twentieth century and come from cemeteries in the area of Athens. The auricular surface overall produced the most accurate age estimates in our material, with different methods based on this anatomical area showing varying degrees of success for different age groups. The pubic symphysis produced accurate results primarily for young adults and the same applied to cranial sutures but the latter appeared completely inappropriate for older individuals. The use of transition analysis through the ADBOU software provided less accurate results than the corresponding traditional ageing methods in our sample. Our results are in agreement with those obtained from validation studies based on material from across the world, but certain differences identified with other studies on Greek material highlight the importance of taking into account intra- and inter-population variability in age estimation.

Regression equations for the estimation of stature and body mass using a Greek documented skeletal collection

Body size is an important variable in bioarchaeological and forensic studies, making the accurate calculation of stature and body mass imperative. Given that anatomical and morphometric approaches offer accurate results but require a particularly good preservation of the skeletal material, whereas mathematical and mechanical methods are more easily applicable but they are largely population-specific, the present paper uses a ‘hybrid’ approach in order to generate regression equations for the prediction of stature and body mass in a modern Greek sample. Specifically, anatomical and morphometric methods were used to calculate the stature and body mass of the individuals and regression equations using the Ordinary Least Squares and Reduced Major Axis methods were generated with long bone lengths and femoral head breadth as predictors. The obtained equations exhibit low random and directional error and perform better than existing equations designed using different samples from the United States, Europe, and the Balkans. Therefore, these equations are more appropriate for modern Greek material.

Revisiting Ursus etruscus (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Early Pleistocene of Greece with description of new material

The Villafranchian ursids of Greece are scanty, represented by a few isolated teeth and bones. During our last field campaigns in the Mygdonia Basin (Macedonia, Greece) we discovered an almost complete cranium, as well as some cranial, dental and postcranial remains, which are presented in this article. The new material originates from the locality Tsiotra Vryssi (TSR), dated to the late Villafranchian (1.8–1.2 Ma). The specimens are described and compared with ursids from various European localities; their morphological characters and dimensions place it with Ursus etruscus Cuvier, 1823, while the dental features are most similar to the specimens from Pietrafitta (Italy). The TSR cranium was CT-scanned in order to create a 3D virtual model and study its internal anatomy. Its observed endocranial traits exhibit primitive conditions, confirming the basal position of U. etruscus among the Pleistocene European ursids. Most of these features are shared with U. arctos and clearly differ from U. deningeri and U. spelaeus. Finally, we provide a revision of the known Greek material of U. etruscus and the biostratigraphic distribution of the Miocene–Pleistocene ursids of Greece. The earliest secure appearance of Ursus etruscus in Greece is found in the locality Dafnero 1 (Western Macedonia), dated to the end of the middle Villafranchian at ∼2.0 Ma, whereas its probable last occurrence is known from the locality Apollonia 1 of the Mygdonia Basin, dated to the latest Villafranchian at ∼1.2 Ma.

Population-specificity of sexual dimorphism in cranial and pelvic traits: evaluation of existing and proposal of new functions for sex assessment in a Greek assemblage.

The current paper examines the accuracy of existing binary logistic regression equations for sex prediction based on pelvic and cranial traits in a modern Greek assemblage and proposes new equations with the aim of improving correct classification rates for Balkan material. Our results suggest that existing equations based on pelvic traits perform very well on the Greek material, which can be attributed to the fact that sexual dimorphism in the pelvis results from common evolutionary forces across populations. In contrast, equations based on cranial traits are highly dependent upon the populations based on which they were developed, stressing the need to produce more population-specific functions. Our proposed equations achieve correct sex classification in 92.59% of the females and 95.79% of the males for pelvic traits, while these percentages rise to 97.53% for females and 98.95% for males when the vertical femoral head diameter is included in the models. Our functions based on cranial traits produced correct classifications in up to 92.59% of females and 88.42% of males, and when the cranial scores where combined with the vertical femoral head diameter, the correct classification rates increased to 93.83% for females and 94.73% for males. Prior to the generalization of the use of these functions, further research examining their accuracy in other groups is required, but our results appear promising.

Un conjunto de cerámicas áticas inéditas de la Necrópolis de Olival do Senhor dos Mártires (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal)

This paper aims to present a previously unpublished ensemble of eight fragments of attic pottery from the necropolis of Olival do Senhor dos Martires (Alcacer do Sal, Portugal). Taking this material as a starting point, it also addresses the position of this site in the overall framework of the Greek trade with the currently Portuguese territory and particularly the cultural and chronological significance of the Greek material for the analysis of the necropolis’s sequence.

The Gendered Economics of Greek Bronze Mirrors: Reflections on Reciprocity and Feminine Agency

The Gendered Economics of Greek Bronze Mirrors: Reflections on Reciprocity and Feminine Agency Mireille M Lee The hand-held mirror is unique in Greek material culture in terms of both gender and economics.1 Bronze mirrors were produced by male metal-smiths in specialized workshops outside the household; the valuable bronze was otherwise associated with the masculine activities of war (in the form of weapons and armor), and government, as minted coins. Yet mirrors are gendered feminine in Greek society: in Greek iconography and literature, they are exclusively associated with women. Actual examples have been recovered archaeologically from women’s graves and from sanctuaries, especially those dedicated to female divinities. The iconography of the mirrors themselves is likewise overwhelmingly feminine, depicting both idealized female figures and mythological imagery. Because bronze mirrors moved between the spheres of masculine and feminine, public and private, they functioned as especially charged objects in the negotiation of gender and status in Greek society. Since mirrors were produced outside the household, women must have [End Page 143] acquired them via exchange—as opposed to textiles, which they might produce themselves. The value of the metal was significant and therefore represented a transfer of wealth from men to women. Yet unlike bronze weapons or coinage, the value of the metal did not translate into military or economic power. Rather, the bronze mirror conferred elite status on its owner, a status couched in terms of feminine beauty. For citizen women these precious objects could be transferred outside the household only in strictly prescribed ways as votive dedications and funerary gifts. In addition, mirrors were ascribed social value because of their supposed magical properties, especially as a means of prophecy. This study considers the ways in which women capitalized on the status conferred by mirrors in terms of personal display and conspicuous consumption, as well as in the realm of love magic. I argue that while mirrors functioned as an important means of feminine agency, the exchange of mirrors served to create and maintain social bonds between the sexes. TYPES OF GREEK MIRRORS Bronze mirrors have been recovered archaeologically throughout the Greek world.2 The vast majority with known provenience are from funerary and sanctuary contexts.3 Single mirrors found in graves are generally assumed to have been the personal property of the deceased. Unfortunately, the biological sex of that individual is unknown in many cases; indeed, many graves were conventionally identified as female on the basis of the presence of a mirror. When the sex of the deceased has been verified by means of skeletal biology, it seems that the exclusivity of mirrors with adult female burials persists only until the end of the fifth century b.c.e.; nevertheless, mirrors remained ideologically associated with women through the Hellenistic period (Houby-Nielsen 1997, with earlier bibliography). Mirrors were also dedicated in sanctuaries in all eras. Large caches of votive mirrors dating to the Archaic and Classical periods were discovered at the Argive Heraion and the sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron; both sites were [End Page 144] of particular import for women in marriage and childbirth.4 In the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, mirrors are dedicated to other deities—especially Aphrodite, who replaces Hera as the primary divinity responsible for marital love (Houby-Nielsen 1997.243–45). Few mirrors have been recovered from domestic contexts, not only because Greek houses have been less extensively excavated than both sanctuaries and cemeteries, but also because mirrors’ portability and inherent value make them unlikely finds. Several bronze mirrors were recovered from the town of Olynthus in the Chalcidice in Northern Greece, which was destroyed in 318 b.c.e. by the army of Philip I of Macedonia and abandoned. One room in House A iv 9 has been interpreted as a women’s workroom on the basis of the presence of two case-mirrors, as well as a bracelet, groups of loom weights, and vessels for food preparation.5 Unlike Etruscan mirrors, no comprehensive corpus speculorum exists for Greek mirrors; rather, they have been studied by individual type. The earliest mirrors, dating to the seventh century b.c.e., are simply round polished bronze disks, often convex in shape, attached to...

The MossesAschisma carniolicum,Campylostelium strictumandTimmiella flexisetaon the Eastern Aegean Islands, New to Greece, and a Second Locality forSyntrichia latifolia

Abstract: Blockeel, T. L. 2016. The mosses Aschisma carniolicum, Campylostelium strictum and Timmiella flexiseta on the Eastern Aegean Islands, new to Greece, and a second locality for Syntrichia latifolia. — Herzogia 29: 52–58. The mosses Campylostelium strictum and Timmiella flexiseta, previously known from Macaronesia and the western Mediterranean region are reported new to Greece from the Eastern Aegean islands. The moss Aschisma carniolicum is also new to Greece, and an extant Greek site for Syntrichia latifolia on the island of Samos is confirmed. Some diagnostic characters for these species are illustrated from the Greek material.

Barbarianism and Its Discontents

Barbarianism and Its Discontents