Greater Rate Of Return Research Articles

Not Equal for All: Gender and Race Differences in Salary for Doctoral Degree Recipients

Despite a recent increase in women and racial/ethnic minorities in U.S. postsecondary education, doctoral recipients from these groups report lower salaries than male and majority peers. With a longitudinal sample of approximately 10,000 respondents from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, this study adds to the limited literature examining the effects of discipline, sector of employment, personal traits (e.g., marital status and number of children), and the interaction of gender and race on annual salary over the decade after degree completion, 1999–2008. Multilevel growth models reveal greater gaps in salary for women compared to men across all race/ethnic groups. The greatest rate of return was found for Asian respondents regardless of gender, and minority males had better returns than White male peers conditional on marriage. Implications for career choice, career paths, and the need for policies that address gender and race equity are discussed.

AERO DYNAMIC SHAPE OF TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT “FLYING WING” SCHEME WITH HIGH ASPECT RATIO

"Normal" aerodynamic scheme despite the fact that it has become the dominant in global aviation, in terms of aerodynamics is not ideal. To create a lifting force only wing is just necessary. All other elements of aircraft glider - fuselage , horizontal and vertical tail exist only for the crew, passengers and cargo, ensuring the sustainability and management to provide a satisfactory landing characteristics. It became apparent that with the increasing size of the planes becomes possible and appropriate to place all the major part of their weight directly in the wing. This idea was expressed in aerodynamic scheme "flying wing".The purpose of the research is to form aerodynamic look of transport aircraft "flying wing" scheme with high aspect ratio, creating aerodynamic design that provides the greatest rate of return and optimal weight range and flight duration.Objectives of the study are: analysis of scientific sources on establishing LA scheme "flying wing", development of forming methods of the aerodynamic look of transport aircraft scheme "flying wing", based on a synthesis of existing methods for assessing the flight - the technical characteristics of the aircraft, studies and analyzes of theoretical methods of aerodynamic layouts transport aircraft "flying wing" scheme to determine the aerodynamic and flight characteristics. Were used following scientific methods to solve the research problems: 1. Method of forming the aerodynamic characteristics of the freeform aircraft shape in the parameters of similarity and generalized design parameters. 2. Statistical methods for assessing the aerodynamic and performance characteristics. 3. Numerical methods.The practical value of my work: developed method allows you to create aerodynamic layout scheme aircraft "flying wing" of the great extension that allows you to fully realize the benefits of the scheme, developed and reasonable advices on the aircraft aerodynamic look of "flying wing" scheme of high aspect ratio.

A comparative study of three different methods for flare gas recovery of Asalooye Gas Refinery

Today’s world is facing global warming as one of its main issues. A rise in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere causes this problem. A suggested method for controlling the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is prevention of flaring gas. In this work, three methods are proposed to recover gas instead of conventional burning in a flare at the Asalooye Gas Refinery. These methods aim to minimize environmental and economical disadvantages of burning flare gas. The proposed methods are: 1) Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) production, 2) electricity generation with a gas turbine and, 3) compression and injection into the refinery pipelines. In order to find the most suitable method the required equipments for the three aforementioned methods are simulated. These simulations determine the amount of flare gas, the number of GTL barrels, the power generated by the gas turbine and the required compression horsepower. The results of the simulation show that 48,056 barrels per day of valuable GTL products is produced by the first method. The second method provides 2130 MW electricity and the third method provides a compressed natural gas with 129 bar pressure for injection to the refinery pipelines. In addition, the economics of the flare gas recovery methods are studied and compared. The results show that for the 356.5 MMSCFD of gas flared from the Asalooye Gas Refinery, GTL production provides the greatest rate of return. However, GTL requires the greatest capital investment. Gas compression yields the next highest rate of return and due to the lower capital requirements is the best choice for the Asalooye Gas Refinery. This new process is a suitable alternative to conventional gas flaring which prevents harmful environmental effects through emission of significant amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

A GIS Approach to Prioritizing Habitat for Restoration Using Neotropical Migrant Songbird Criteria

Restoration efforts to increase wildlife habitat quality in agricultural landscapes have limited funding and are typically done on a first come, first serve basis. In order to increase the efficiency of these restoration efforts, a prioritized ranking system is needed to obtain the greatest increase in habitat quality possible for the fewest amount of hectares restored. This project examines the use of a GIS based multi-criteria approach to prioritize lands for reforestation along the Kaskaskia River in Illinois. Loss of forested area and corresponding increase in forest fragmentation has decreased songbird habitat quality across the Midwestern United States. We prioritized areas for reforestation based on nine landscape metrics: available agricultural land, forest cover gaps, edge density, proximity to river, 200m corridor area, total forest core area, fringe core area, distance to primary core value, and primary core area. The multi-criteria analysis revealed that high priority areas for reforestation were most likely to be close to the riparian corridor and existing large blocks of forest. Analysis of simulated reforestation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0% of highest priority parcels reforested) revealed different responses for multiple landscape metrics used to quantify forest fragmentation following reforestation, but indicated that the study area would get the greatest rate of return on reforestation efforts by reforesting 10.0% of the highest priority areas. This project demonstrates how GIS and a multi-criteria analysis approach can be used to increase the efficiency of restoration projects. This approach should be considered by land managers when attempting to identify the location and quantity of area for restoration within a landscape.

Expected Rates of Value Growth for Individual Sugar Maple Crop Trees in the Great Lakes Region

Abstract Sugar maple single-stem real value growth was examined using various published models, original data, and recent harvest information. Trees with dbh of 14, 16, and 18 in. were examined, and it was assumed that trained foresters are able to judge the vigor and quality of individual trees and the likelihood of a stem's tree grade improving, staying the same, or declining over the next cutting cycle. Results indicate that a grade 1 tree will return 5.1‐7.8% if it improves to veneer grade, 1.2‐3.7% if it remains grade 1, and −0.2 to −2.6% if it declines to grade 2. Trees have greater rates of return and should be retained to larger diameters on higher quality sites.

Numerical Discrimination by Wild Northern Mockingbirds

Abstract Abstract Optimal foraging theory predicts that birds, when faced with alternative foraging options, will choose the one that provides the greatest rate of return. We tested if wild, free-living Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) could solve a novel foraging problem to attain food rewards with the least amount of effort. We introduced five subjects to experimental feeders in their winter territories in an urban habitat. Feeders contained different numbers of bamboo sticks at each of two ends. Birds could access a food reward (Tenebrio larvae) by removing all sticks from either end; therefore, the optimal choice was to remove sticks from the end with fewer sticks. Each subject was tested in repeated trials to determine if it preferentially chose the end with fewer sticks. All five birds successfully discriminated between one stick and six sticks as well as between two sticks and five sticks. However, all five birds failed to discriminate between three sticks and four sticks. Wild Northern Mockingbirds thus appear to have a limited capacity to solve novel foraging problems by minimizing the number of obstacles to be removed.

NUMERICAL DISCRIMINATION BY WILD NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRDS

Optimal foraging theory predicts that birds, when faced with alternative foraging options, will choose the one that provides the greatest rate of return. We tested if wild, free-living Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) could solve a novel foraging problem to attain food rewards with the least amount of effort. We introduced five subjects to experimental feeders in their winter territories in an urban habitat. Feeders contained different numbers of bamboo sticks at each of two ends. Birds could access a food reward (Tenebrio larvae) by removing all sticks from either end; therefore, the optimal choice was to remove sticks from the end with fewer sticks. Each subject was tested in repeated trials to determine if it preferentially chose the end with fewer sticks. All five birds successfully discriminated between one stick and six sticks as well as between two sticks and five sticks. However, all five birds failed to discriminate between three sticks and four sticks. Wild Northern Mockingbirds thus appear to have a limited capacity to solve novel foraging problems by minimizing the number of obstacles to be removed.

Experiences With Using Solar Photovoltaics to Heat Domestic Water

The solar photovoltaic (PV) industry continues to make progress in increasing the efficiency while reducing the manufacturing costs of PV cells. Economies of scale are being realized as manufacturers expand their production capabilities. Products are commercially available that integrate photovoltaic cells within building fac¸ade, fenestration, and roofing components. Legislation and incentive programs by government and commercial entities are supporting both reduced first costs and greater rates of return. The combination of factors support improved cost-effectiveness. As this trend continues, more options for using PV become possible. One such application is a stand-alone, PV-direct, solar water heating application. Solar water heating can be effectively accomplished by directly using the DC power production from solar photovoltaic modules. A simple controller having multiple power relays connects the PV modules with different combinations of in-tank resistive elements. The controller actively changes the resistive combination so that the photovoltaic modules generate power at or near their maximum output. The technology, which has been patented, is applicable to configurations that use a single water heater and to two water heaters that are piped in series. Prototypes using both tank configurations were monitored at four field sites. This paper emphasizes the single-tank application and the field results from installations in Maryland and Florida.

Transactions Costs and the Optimal Quantity of Money

Previous articleNext article No AccessTransactions Costs and the Optimal Quantity of MoneyScott FreemanScott Freeman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 93, Number 1Feb., 1985 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/261291 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 26Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1985 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Neil Wallace Fiat Money, (Feb 2018): 4554–4562.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_454Stephen Williamson New Monetarism, (Apr 2017): 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_3045-1Stephen Williamson New Monetarism, (Jul 2017): 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_3045-2Tai-Wei Hu, Guillaume Rocheteau On the coexistence of money and higher-return assets and its social role, Journal of Economic Theory 148, no.66 (Nov 2013): 2520–2560.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2013.09.006Tai-Wei Hu Imperfect recognizability and coexistence of money and higher-return assets, Economic Theory 53, no.11 (Dec 2011): 111–138.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199-011-0687-6Edgar A. Ghossoub Book review, International Review of Economics & Finance 25 (Jan 2013): 453–454.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2012.06.004Yiting Li, Guillaume Rocheteau, and Pierre-Olivier Weill Liquidity and the Threat of Fraudulent Assets, Journal of Political Economy 120, no.55 (Jul 2015): 815–846.https://doi.org/10.1086/668864B. Lester, A. Postlewaite, R. Wright Information, Liquidity, Asset Prices, and Monetary Policy, The Review of Economic Studies 79, no.33 (Jan 2012): 1209–1238.https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds003Guillaume Rocheteau On the Coexistence of Money and Higher-Return Assets and its Social Role, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743663Rodolfo Manuelli, Thomas J. Sargent ALTERNATIVE MONETARY POLICIES IN A TURNPIKE ECONOMY, Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, no.55 (Nov 2010): 727–762.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100509990940Stephen Williamson, Randall Wright New Monetarist Economics, (Jan 2010): 25–96.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53238-1.00002-8Neil Wallace Fiat Money, (Jan 2010): 66–75.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230280854_8Benjamin R. Lester, Andrew Postlewaite, Randall D. Wright 'Information, Liquidity, Asset Prices and Monetary Policy', Second Version, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1727602YOUNG SIK KIM, MANJONG LEE Wealth Distribution, Inflation Tax, and Societal Benefits of Illiquid Bonds, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 41, no.55 (Aug 2009): 809–830.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00234.xNeil Wallace Fiat Money, (Mar 2017): 1–9.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_454-2Guillaume Rocheteau Money and Competing Assets under Private Information, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1171323Stanley C.W. Salvary Unrestrained Credit in a Credit Economy, the Credit Cycle, and Fiat Money Defy Monetarism in the Attempt to Control Price Level Changes, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1215567Tao Zhu, Neil Wallace Pairwise trade and coexistence of money and higher-return assets, Journal of Economic Theory 133, no.11 (Mar 2007): 524–535.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2005.08.001Peter N. Ireland THE LIQUIDITY TRAP, THE REAL BALANCE EFFECT, AND THE FRIEDMAN RULE*, International Economic Review 46, no.44 (Nov 2005): 1271–1301.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2005.00367.xPeter N. Ireland The Liquidity Trap, the Real Balance Effect, and the Friedman Rule, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2005).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.760266Akiomi Kitagawa Does Money Always Make People Happy?, Review of Economic Dynamics 4, no.22 (Apr 2001): 495–515.https://doi.org/10.1006/redy.2000.0112Marvin Goodfriend Overcoming the Zero Bound on Interest Rate Policy, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2000).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2126763 Satyajit Chatterjee , and Dean Corbae Endogenous Market Participation and the General Equilibrium Value of Money, Journal of Political Economy 100, no.33 (Oct 2015): 615–646.https://doi.org/10.1086/261832Stephen D Williamson Laissez-faire banking and circulating media of exchange, Journal of Financial Intermediation 2, no.22 (Jun 1992): 134–167.https://doi.org/10.1016/1042-9573(92)90006-YW.A. Brock Chapter 7 Overlapping generations models with money and transactions costs, (Jan 1990): 263–295.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4498(05)80010-4 Abstracts of Documents in this Supplement, (Jan 1985): 1–1038.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5787-0_1

The Limits of Cost-Benefit Analysis as a Guide to Priority-Setting in Rehabilitation

Policy makers and program managers concerned with targeting resources to meet the rehabilitation needs of the nation cannot rely on the backlog of 18 cost-benefit studies to decide among alternative kinds and amounts of investment. Overly simplistic forecasting of the future earnings of rehabilitants, the insufficiencies of data concerning the benefits and costs of rehabilitation, and the extreme sensitivity of the cost-benefit model's results to its untested underlying assumptions argue against priority-setting based on intuitively appealing class-specific calculations that appear to show greater rates of return for investments in some kinds of disabled persons over others. Until substantial upgrading of the state of the art along certain recommended lines takes place, the political process looks like the only sensible and fair way to approach choice and the assertion ofpriorities.