Greater Physical Distance Research Articles

When the Wind Blows: Incumbents’ Sourcing Strategies for Wind Power

While extant research on sustainability transitions discusses how innovations are nurtured in protective market spaces before causing change in established industries, we know less about how characteristics of these protective market spaces, policy, and resource endowments impact incumbents’ sustainability transition pathways for a new technology. We distinguish between incumbents’ choice to embrace innovation by contracting for wind power or direct ownership of windfarms. We contribute to recent calls in the literature to open the “black box” surrounding the heterogeneity in incumbents’ responses to sustainability transitions. In a sample of 801 windfarm transactions over a 14-year-time period (2004–2017), we find that characteristics of protective market spaces affect incumbents’ response: incumbents facing less experienced niche actors (windfarm developers) and acquiring greater capacities of the innovation (wind power) are more likely to own a windfarm than contract for wind power. Moreover, if the innovation has greater physical distance from incumbents’ operations, ownership is the incumbent's likely response to innovation. As policies for the innovation persists, incumbents are more likely to own a windfarm than contract for wind power. However, that relationship is weakened for firms more established in existing technologies. We contribute to the literature by demonstrating that market characteristics and policy impact heterogeneity in incumbents’ sustainability transitions.

Do greenfield FDI inflows promote international tourism?

ABSTRACT To what extent do Greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to emerging markets and developing economies drive their tourist inflows? Using a novel dataset on bilateral Greenfield FDI, this study is the first to empirically investigate the impact of bilateral Greenfield FDI on bilateral tourist flows. The analysis is based on a large cross-country dyadic dataset comprising 103 origin countries and 63 destination countries over the period 2003–2017. The findings robustly establish that greater flows of bilateral Greenfield FDI stimulate bilateral tourism flows, and this effect is stronger for country pairs that are linguistically further apart and/or with greater physical distance. These findings are not susceptible to potential endogeneity issues.

UK allergy and immunology in a post‐COVID‐19 era

UK allergy and immunology in a post‐COVID‐19 era

Are plants nearest neighbors phylogenetically distant? A test in three vegetation types in Northern Mexico1,2

Plant interactions influence species distribution in an ecosystem. These interactions may be related to phylogeny because close relatives might grow apart due to stronger competition. Physical traits, such as size, may also influence species distribution. We tested whether woody plants from phylogenetically distant species grow closer to each other than phylogenetically closer ones in desert scrubland, pine-oak forest, and thornscrub in northeastern Mexico. The study was carried out using nearest neighbor physical distances. Plant crown diameter was tested for correlation with physical distance to neighbor plants to see if plant size influenced distance to neighbor individuals. Phylogeny did not correlate with physical distance between plants. Crown diameter was correlated with physical distance to the nearest neighbor only in desert scrubland. Our hypothesis of greater physical distance between closely related species was not supported by our results, and the opposite was found for 20% of the species studied.

Population Genetics of Overwintering Monarch Butterflies, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), from Central Mexico Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite Markers.

Population genetic variation and demographic history in Danaus plexippus (L.), from Mexico were assessed based on analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI; 658 bp) and subunit II (COII; 503 bp) gene segments and 7 microsatellite loci. The sample of 133 individuals included both migratory monarchs, mainly from 4 overwintering sites within the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR) in central Mexico (states of Michoacán and México), and a nonmigratory population from Irapuato, Guanajuato. Haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities were relatively low, averaging 0.466 and 0.00073, respectively, for COI, and 0.629 and 0.00245 for COII. Analysis of molecular variance of the COI data set, which included additional GenBank sequences from a nonmigratory Costa Rican population, showed significant population structure between Mexican migratory monarchs and nonmigratory monarchs from both Mexico and Costa Rica, suggesting limited gene flow between the 2 behaviorally distinct groups. Interestingly, while the COI haplotype frequencies of the nonmigratory populations differed from the migratory, they were similar to each other, despite the great physical distance between them. Microsatellite analyses, however, suggested a lack of structure between the 2 groups, possibly owing to the number of significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium resulting from heterzoygote deficiencies found for most of the loci. Estimates of demographic history of the combined migratory MBBR monarch population, based on the mismatch distribution and Bayesian skyline analyses of the concatenated COI and COII data set (n = 89) suggested a population expansion dating to the late Pleistocene (~35000–40000 years before present) followed by a stable effective female population size (Nef) of about 6 million over the last 10000 years.

“The Secrets of the Darkened Chamber”: Michael Schmidt's Berlin nach 45

It seems increasingly clear that the reputation of the late German photographer Michael Schmidt will rest on the three photo books that form his “Berlin trilogy:” Waffenruhe (1987), Ein-Heit (1996), and Berlin nach 45 (2005). These projects are linked by Schmidt's obsessive fidelity to Berlin and its history. Rather than offer a vision of German history through the representation of experience or through cognitive reconstruction—the strategies that structure Waffenruhe and Ein-Heit —Schmidt in Berlin nach 45 offers a vision of Berlin's history that is suggestively metaphorical. The overarching figure is that of theatricality: in a remarkable number of images, the viewer looks across a vast open stage—the great swaths of devastation left not just by the building of the Berlin Wall, but by battles, bombings, and capitalist neglect—toward a proscenium at the rear, a proscenium provided by Berlin's built environment. The viewer looks at the ruined landscapes not just from the great physical distance, but as if from a great historical distance, as if these were the ruins of a lost and perhaps irrecoverable world. This theatricality, and the affective constitution of the spectator that accompanies it, is complicated, however, by a second metaphorical system: that of the camera aperture. Many of the images in Berlin nach 45 are structured around the representation of a rectangular opening made up of the edges of buildings and fences; reading this opening as the aperture suggests that viewer and viewed alike exist within a photographic apparatus. Through excurses on William Henry Fox Talbot and Walter Benjamin, the essay explores the status and effects of this “aperture character of viewing” and its primary effect of complicity with the events that have shaped the represented space.

Impaired long distance functional connectivity and weighted network architecture in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly recognized as a disconnection syndrome, which leads to cognitive impairment due to the disruption of functional activity across large networks or systems of interconnected brain regions. We explored abnormal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting-state dynamics, functional connectivity, and weighted functional networks, in a sample of patients with severe AD (N = 18) and age-matched healthy volunteers (N = 21). We found that patients had reduced amplitude and regional homogeneity of low-frequency fMRI oscillations, and reduced the strength of functional connectivity, in several regions previously described as components of the default mode network, for example, medial posterior parietal cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. In patients with severe AD, functional connectivity was particularly attenuated between regions that were separated by a greater physical distance; and loss of long distance connectivity was associated with less efficient global and nodal network topology. This profile of functional abnormality in severe AD was consistent with the results of a comparable analysis of data on 2 additional groups of patients with mild AD (N = 17) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 18). A greater degree of cognitive impairment, measured by the mini-mental state examination across all patient groups, was correlated with greater attenuation of functional connectivity, particularly over long connection distances, for example, between anterior and posterior components of the default mode network, and greater reduction of global and nodal network efficiency. These results indicate that neurodegenerative disruption of fMRI oscillations and connectivity in AD affects long-distance connections to hub nodes, with the consequent loss of network efficiency. This profile was evident also to a lesser degree in the patients with less severe cognitive impairment, indicating that the potential of resting-state fMRI measures as biomarkers or predictors of disease progression in AD.

2012 IAGLR Lifetime Achievement Award presented to Dr. Mohiuddin Munawar President/Chief Editor, AEHMS

On 16 May 2012, Dr. Mohiuddin Munawar, President of the Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society and Chief Editor was honoured by being awarded the International Association for Great Lakes Research's Lifetime Achievement Award. This award was presented to Dr. Munawar by the International Association for Great Lakes Research (IAGLR) for outstanding contributions in the field of Great Lakes Research. Dr. Munawar's remarkable achievements have been widely recognized (Table 1), including by the award of an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He has had an outstanding career as a research scientist with Fisheries and Oceans Canada, contributing to the understanding of basic science and ecology of the Canadian Great Lakes.Nevertheless, in 1989 he had a vision of the need to expand the scope of his professional activities from science alone, to integrate the “human in” approach of Dr. Jack Vallentyne, and to globalize the scope of his attention. This led to the establishment of the Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society, and subsequently the production of the international Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management scientific journal and the Ecovision World Monograph book series. Dr. Munawar's contributions to the science and management of aquatic resources were greatly enlarged by this vision, but it was his dedication, determination and focus over many decades that allowed them to manifest. It was his ability to develop and maintain productive long-term relationships with colleagues, with staff, with other professionals and the enduring support of his family that sustained that power. His ability to bridge cultures and languages and to negotiate mutually-beneficial relationships and activities, despite great physical distance between Dr. Munawar and his collaborators, brought the necessary scope and context. All led to the completion of successful scientific conferences, symposia and workshops leaving a lasting legacy in the form of scientific publications and books, beneficial learning and collegial experiences for participants. The geographical scope of these activities and published legacy includes, and is not limited to, Canada and the United States, the North American Great Lakes, European rivers and lakes, ecology of the South China Sea, tropical coastal ecosystems, South-East Asia, major rivers of India, Russian lakes, Mexican lakes, African rivers, and the Persian Gulf. Most recently, Dr. Munawar has been recognized by the Inland Fisheries Society of India for the recent Ecovision books: Ecosystem Health of the River Ganges and Fisheries of Major River Systems of India.It is an honour to congratulate Dr. Munawar on his receipt of this so well-deserved IAGLR Lifetime Achievement Award.Respectfully submitted by:

David D. Hall, Ways of Writing: The Practice and Politics of Text-Making in Seventeenth-Century New EnglandWays of Writing: The Practice and Politics of Text-Making in Seventeenth-Century New England. David D. Hall. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Pp. 248.

<i>David D. Hall</i>, Ways of Writing: The Practice and Politics of Text-Making in Seventeenth-Century New England<i>Ways of Writing: The Practice and Politics of Text-Making in Seventeenth-Century New England</i>. David D. Hall. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Pp. 248.

Mere presence is not enough: Responsive support in a virtual world

When individuals are faced with novel or threatening situations, the presence of a trusted companion should reduce anxiety and promote feelings of security. Attachment theory assumes, however, that mere presence is not sufficient for establishing security; an attachment figure must also be attentive and emotionally responsive. To test this idea, participants came to the lab with their romantic partner and completed a threatening cliff-walking task in a digital immersive virtual environment. The presence and nonverbal support behavior (attentive vs. inattentive) of their partner was experimentally manipulated. Results indicated that participants in the attentive-partner condition experienced the task as less stressful than those who were alone; they also reported feeling more secure during the task and were less vigilant of their partner's behavior compared to those in the inattentive-partner condition. Those in the inattentive-partner condition felt less cared for and kept greater physical distance from their partner on a subsequent task. These findings suggest that human beings are predisposed to monitor their social environment for signs of responsiveness, and that perceived responsiveness, not mere presence, is the key modulator of emotional security.

SQL infections through RFID

Automatic identification and collection (AIDC) technologies have made the life of a man much easier on numerous platforms. Of the various such technologies the radio frequency identification devices (RFID) have become pervasive essentially because they can track from a greater physical distance than the rest. The back end that supports these RFID systems has always been working well until they encounter a sbadly-formatted RFID tag. There have hardly been any incidents where such tags, once identified by the back-end systems, can in fact wreak havoc via the interacting databases in the RFID infrastructure. Recently, there has been significant research in this area. In the previous work, the author managed to do an attack using a self-referential query on Linux, Oracle, and PHP. However, they have been unable to test it on SQL Server 2005. This paper differs from the previous work in the way that it extends the attack using a self-referential query to Windows, SQL Server 2005, and ASP with their respective latest updates installed. The query itself is more robust by making certain that the table can contain it.

Ritual Time in British Plantation Colonies, 1650-1780

Four thousand miles of ocean divided the plantation colonies of the first British Empire from the English metropole, a great physical distance that was augmented by the cultural divergence that divided those slave societies from England. Colonists in Barbados, Jamaica, and South Carolina thus made the re-creation of English ritual ways central to their ordering of the colonial experience. In particular, the preservation of the English liturgical year and its ritual enactment offered opportunities to connect colonial experience to metropolitan ideal. Confronted with seasons and crops that did not square meteorologically with English experience, colonists sought the comfort of maintaining English calendrical norms as much as possible. Within parish boundaries, colonists built churches in which the parish community could gather for the carefully scheduled, well-ordered worship of the English national church. The English Sabbath was central to the passage of time in weekly units, a day set apart for the church's liturgy, rest from labor, and social gatherings. The great and minor festivals of the Christian year and the daily office offered similar opportunities for Christian teaching and social fellowship, just as the celebration of state holidays connected these distant outposts of the empire to the Protestant national narrative that held an increasingly British people together. These ways of ordering time lent meaning to days that otherwise slipped by amid the routines of agricultural, commercial, and domestic life.

Information technology: The threat to unions

Although seldom recognized in the flurry of enthusiastic support, information technology has a dark side for unions. The Internet and the Web, with its power and convenience magnified by wireless communication, will reduce the relevancy of the traditional workplace-centered appeals of organizing unions. With greater physical distance and less psychological attachment to their employer and workplace, professional, clerical, technical, and sales workers will believe that collective bargaining does not fit their situations. Organizing these workers will require that unions not only have to broaden their mode of representation, perhaps even reviving associate membership, but also compete against advocacy and identity organizations. To make matters even worse, when unions try to organize any group of workers regardless of whether or not their jobs have been transformed by information technology, and when unions try to maintain their influence in already organized workplaces, they will have to compete against employer-controlled intranets.

Physical mapping of resistant and susceptible soybean genomes near the soybean cyst nematode resistance gene Rhg4.

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is the foremost pest of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). The rhg1 allele on linkage group (LG) G and the Rhg4 allele on LG A2 are important in conditioning resistance. Markers closely linked to the Rhg4 locus were used previously to screen a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from susceptible 'Williams 82' and identified a single 150-kb BAC, Gm_ISb001_056_G02 (56G2). End-sequenced subclones positioned onto a restriction map provided landmarks for identifying the corresponding region from a BAC library from accession PI 437654 with broad resistance to SCN. Seventy-three PI 437654 BACs were assigned to contigs based upon HindIII restriction fragment profiles. Four contigs represented the PI 437654 counterpart of the 'Williams 82' BAC, with PCR assays connecting these contigs. Some of the markers on the PI 437654 contigs are separated by a greater physical distance than in the 'Williams 82' BAC and some primers amplify bands from BACs in the mid-portion of the connected PI 437654 BAC contigs that are not amplified from the 'Williams 82' BAC. These observations suggest that there is an insertion in the PI 437654 genome relative to the 'Williams 82' genome in the Rhg4 region.

Touching by Skilled Nurses in Elderly Nursing Care

The frequency of touching in nursing care situations increases with patients who are in poor condition. Patients in long-term care often require help from nurses in all their daily activities. Touching is also an important form of communication in situations where the individual is no longer capable of reciprocal verbal communication. In this study, 10 nursing care situations were video recorded in a long-term care institution. The patients needed much help and had problems with verbal communication. Data analysis was inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy (1976) and involved three steps: naive understanding, structural analysis and comprehensive understanding. The findings show that each nurse-patient pair had its own distinct patterns of interaction that had taken shape over the years. Some nurses stood very close to their patients and frequently hugged, patted and stroked them; others remained at a greater physical distance and did not touch their patients more than was necessary to perform their tasks. In spite of their different patterns, all the nurses were highly competent and skilful in their jobs.

Touching by Skilled Nurses in Elderly Nursing Care

The frequency of touching in nursing care situations increases with patients who are in poor condition. Patients in long-term care often require help from nurses in all their daily activities. Touching is also an important form of communication in situations where the individual is no longer capable of reciprocal verbal communication. In this study, 10 nursing care situations were video recorded in a long-term care institution. The patients needed much help and had problems with verbal communication. Data analysis was inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy (1976) and involved three steps: naive understanding, structural analysis and comprehensive understanding. The findings show that each nurse—patient pair had its own distinct patterns of interaction that had taken shape over the years. Some nurses stood very close to their patients and frequently hugged, patted and stroked them; others remained at a greater physical distance and did not touch their patients more than was necessary to perform their tasks. In spite of their different patterns, all the nurses were highly competent and skilful in their jobs.

Mapping of the duplicated rabbit immunoglobulin kappa light chain locus.

The rabbit has two isotypic forms of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain, K1 and K2, which probably arose by duplication. In the normal rabbit, only traces of K2 light chains are produced. However, K2 levels are elevated in allotype-suppressed rabbits and in the Basilea strain which does not produce K1 because of a K1 mRNA splice site mutation. Previous cloning and sequencing showed that each isotype has its own set of J kappa genes but it was not known whether the two isotypes utilize shared or separate sets of V kappa genes. In addition, although genetic linkage of allotypes associated with the K1 and K2 genes has been demonstrated, physical linkage had not been previously demonstrated by overlapping cosmid or phage clones. We used pulsed field and transverse alternating field electrophoresis to obtain megabase maps and to estimate the size of the duplication of the rabbit kappa light chain locus. We found that the two C kappa genes are about 1 megabase apart. One explanation for the poor expression of K2, could be great physical distance from V kappa genes. However, we found that there are V kappa, J kappa and C kappa 2 genes within a approximately 105-kb fragment. Thus, physical distance of V kappa from C kappa 2 may not be the basis for poor K2 expression.

A Pilot Study on the Effect of Visible Physical Stigma on Personal Space

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if greater physical distance existed between a person with a visible physical stigma and non-disabled persons than existed between persons without a visible disability. A significant (p &lt; .05) movement away from the person with a disability was found. The results suggest the possibility of using physical distance as a criterion measure for stigma.