Great Harm Research Articles

Multi-enzyme simulation activity of MXene-based metal composites and the application for detection and degradation of phenolic pollutants

Phenolic pollutants are commonly employed in industries such as petrochemicals, dyeing, textiles, and pesticides, which cause great harm to our living environment and food safety. In this paper, the MXenes-based metal composites (M/MXenes, M = Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn) with multi-enzyme mimic activity were prepared by a facile molten salt method. The M/MXenes have mimic catalytic activity of peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and laccase. The catalytic properties of M/MXenes were analyzed and discussed in detail. In addition, M/MXenes still have excellent catalytic performance and stability in harsh pH and high temperature environments, making them very suitable for practical applications. Due to the excellent laccase mimic activity of M/MXenes, a simple colorimetric sensor was constructed for the detection and degradation of phenolic pollutants. Because obvious color changes can be observed during the catalytic process of phenolic pollutants by M/MXenes, M/MXenes were fixed into sodium alginate (SA) to form a simple hydrogel-based sensing platform for 2, 4-chlorophenol, methoxyphenol, 4-bromophenol, 3-bromo-4-methoxyphenol, 3-bromo-4-methylphenol, hydroquinone and 1,8-naphthol. By introducing different concentrations of phenolic compounds, a series of color changes on the gel carrier can be observed by naked eyes. Then, the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) values matching with the color change of the hydrogel were read out by the color recognition application in the smartphone, and the RGB value was converted into the concentration of phenolic compounds, which offered a convenient and reliable method for the rapid detection of phenolic compounds. Thus, the strategy offers the potential in rational design of nanozymes with the advantages of multi-enzyme mimic activity, simple preparation, low cost and good stability.

Optimization of Strength Factors in Microbial Solidification of Uranium Tailings Using Response Surface Methodology

Once the uranium tailings dam collapses, it will cause great harm to the surrounding ecological environment and people’s safety. This study experimentally investigates microbial grouting reinforcement of uranium tailings to advance microbial reinforcement technology and facilitate its large-scale engineering applications. The study simulated original environmental conditions and used tap water to prepare the culture medium and cement without sterilization or pH adjustment. The response surface method was employed to optimize parameters affecting the immobilization of uranium tailings, and the results were verified. The mechanical strength of the immobilized uranium tailings was determined through unconfined compression tests, while their microstructures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography. The findings indicate that the response surface method optimizes test parameters accurately, with the concentration of the cementation solution and the grouting amount being two main factors influencing the compressive strength of the solidified uranium tailings. Without pH adjustment, sterilization, or slurry modification using tap water, the bacteria−cementation ratio was set at 1, the concentration of the cementation solution was 1.3 mol/L, and the grouting volume was 70 mL. Notably, the strength of the uranium tailings increased 27-fold after seven rounds of grouting compared to the water-only group, and 6-fold compared to the cementation solution-only group. This study contributes to reducing the complexity associated with the application of microbial grouting technology in soil stabilization and provides valuable references for other engineering practices.

Religious Hate Speech against Islam in Bollywood Cinema in the Context of Self-Orientalism: The Example of “The Kerala Story”

Hate speech, which refers to any form of expression intended to humiliate, harass, intimidate or incite violence against a person or group because of their religion, language, race, gender, political preference, physical disability or illness, occurs in different societies and in different media. Undoubtedly, one of the most common forms of hate speech is religious hate speech. Religious hate speech, which causes great harm to the individual, group or society, when carried out through cinema, causes victimization to increase and the discourse to spread throughout the world. Religious hate speech, generally produced by the West towards the East in cinema, sometimes comes to life with self-orientalist actions and religious hate speech is reinforced. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to reveal how religious hate speech against Islam and Muslims is realized in the context of self-orientalism in Bollywood cinema. In the study, critical discourse analysis method was used and the 2023 Indian film ‘The Kerala Story’ was analyzed. According to the results obtained in the study, the film, which was designed with a self-orientalist perspective, contains intense religious hate speech against Islam. In the film, Islam and Muslims are associated with terrorism through characters, actions, lines and plot.

Lateral flow immunoassay based on aggregation induced emission nanobeads for the sensitive and accurate detection of chloramphenicol in pig hair

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a once widely used antibiotic, which is able to cause great harm to human health, is banned in some countries or organizations such as China, USA and the European Union for animal breeding. Because CAP in pig hair degraded slower and had amount of residues, pig hair could be used as the target to detect CAP residues. In this study, a competitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), whose label was aggregation induced emission fluorescent nanobeads (AIEFN), was firstly developed for the detection of CAP in pig hair samples. It exhibited a low limit of detection (0.001 μg/kg) and a broad linear range (0.0025–0.32 μg/kg). The recovery rate and coefficient variation with spiked pig hair samples were 88.50%–106.17 % and 1.01%–7.37 %, which indicated good accuracy of this assay. The result of AIEFN-LFIA for the detection of CAP in pig hair was consistent with that of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This assay was rapid with the total detection duration of about 20 min. AIEFN-LFIA was able to be used for rapid, sensitive, accurate and convenient detection of CAP residues in pig hair samples.

Ni transformation and hydrochar properties during hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose

The harm of heavy metals to the environment and human health has become a major concern due to their high toxicity, ease of accumulation in the human body, and resistance to degradation. In particular, Ni is widely used in various industrial and consumer products, which is a toxic pollutant posing great harm to humanity and the environment. Hydrothermal carbonization has broad prospects for reducing the ecological toxicity of heavy metals. However, the effects and mechanisms of hydrothermal carbonization conditions on the stabilization of heavy metals still need to be further explored. This research aimed to explore Ni migration and transformation within cellulose throughout the hydrothermal carbonization process. The results indicated that hydrothermal carbonization facilitated the immobilization of heavy metals due to the generation of hydrochars with complex surface structures. In addition, the hydrothermal carbonization process significantly decreased the weakly bound parts of Ni, thereby reducing the environmental risk of Ni. The optimal conditions for the hydrothermal carbonization process of cellulose added with Ni were 250 ℃ and 90 min. However, further increasing the reaction temperature or retention time resulted in negligible or even negative effects on Ni immobilization. In general, this study proposed possible mechanisms for the effects of hydrothermal carbonization on the migration and immobilization of heavy metals, which may provide insights into handling heavy metals in biomass.

Fabrication of MOF-on-MOF composites by surfactant-assisted growth strategy for SPME of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants with strong carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, which cause great harm to the environment and food. Herein, a composite (NH2-MIL-88@PCN-224) was prepared through a guest PCN-224 in situ grown on the host NH2-MIL-88 by a surfactant-assisted growth strategy, and successfully applied for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of PAHs from milk samples. The prepared SPME coatings exhibited high extraction and adsorption capacity for PAHs due to their porous structure, ultra-large specific surface area, strong π-π stacking, hydrophobic interactions and size-matching effects. The SPME-GC-FID method based on NH2-MIL-88@PCN-224 coated fibers has the significant advantages of wide linear range (1–200 ng mL−1), low detection limit (0.003–0.020 ng mL−1), high recoveries (92.15–106.64 %) and good reproducibility. This work overcomes the lattice-matching limitation by adopting a surfactant-assisted growth strategy, which offers a new direction for the preparation of ultra-high-performance SPME coatings with extremely high extraction efficiency, exceptional thermal stability, and long service life, and greatly expands the variety of MOF SPME coatings.

Comparison of Environmental DNA Metabarcoding and a Traditional Survey Method for Assessing Fish Diversity and Distribution Along Salinity Gradient in an Urban Brackish Reservoir, China.

With the decrease in fish diversity, the monitoring of fish has become a current research hotspot. Here, the fish diversity and spatial distribution along a salinity gradient (0.28‱-3.32‱) in Xinglinwan Reservoir, China, were investigated using eDNA and the TSM. With the combination of both methods, 12 species from 6 orders, 9 families, and 11 genera were observed. The invasive species Oreochromis niloticus had the highest relative abundance, accounting for 56.91% in the TSM and 89.80% in eDNA, respectively. eDNA detected 83.33% of the species detected using the TSM, and an additional six species (50.0% of the total species) were detected via only eDNA. Moreover, eDNA supplemented the unavailable abundance data from the TSM. The TSM revealed that the diversity and relative abundance of fish inhabiting seawater and brackish water increased with an increase in salinity, but this was not found using eDNA. Thus, our study highlights that Xinglinwan Reservoir has a low species richness and is suffering from the great harm of ecological invasion. Our findings also show that eDNA could be reliable for providing a comprehensive picture of fish, but discriminating the spatial heterogeneity of fish communities is a challenge for its widespread adoption in lentic brackish systems.

Estimation of winter barley for loose smut resistance

In order to obtain high-quality seeds and high yields of agricultural crops, it is important to preserve crops until harvesting. Ear diseases cause the greatest harm, affecting the most valuable part of the plant. The studied causative agent of loose smut Ustilago nuda (C.N. Jensen) Rostr. destroys the ear completely, leaving only a black dusty mass. Winter barley is of great demand in production throughout the country, especially in the southern regions. Breeding varieties for resistance to this pathogen is still relevant today. The current paper has presented the results of the immunological characteristics of winter barley varieties undergoing competitive and inter-station variety testing. The purpose of the study was to identify winter barley varieties that were stably tolerant and resistant to the pathogen. The study was conducted at the infection plot of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in the period 2021–2023 using forced infection during the flowering period. There have been identified the varieties and lines of the ARC that demonstrated high and practical resistance to the pathogen. There has been identified a maximum number (102 samples) under the conditions of 2023, 78 samples under the conditions of 2022, and only 71 under the conditions of 2021. There were no highly susceptible samples in the studied material. The maximum damage was 34.9 % for the variety ‘Caprice’ under the arid conditions of 2022. There has been given characteristics of the varieties that have shown high resistance over all the years of the study, such as ‘Timofey’, ‘Step’, ‘Marusya’, ‘Kvant’, ‘Foks 1’, ‘Master’, ‘Samson’, ‘Sprinter’, ‘Dostoyny’, ‘Espada’, ‘Onega’. There has been noted that the breeding lines of the ARC ‘Parallelum 2019’, ‘Nutans 2137’, ‘Parallelum 2149’, ‘Parallelum 2136’, ‘Parallelum 2110’, ‘Parallelum 2131’ have shown high resistance to the pathogen.

A Photoelectric Synergistic Flexible Solid Slippery Surface for All-Day Anti-Icing/Frosting.

The accumulation of ice on surface has caused great harm to lots of fields such as transportation or aerospace. Nowadays, various equipment or tools used in low-temperature environments, which face the risk of interface icing, usually have irregular shapes. Traditional rigid anti-icing materials are difficult to meet practical application requirements. Thus, it is crucial to develop flexible anti-icing materials that can be applied to various shape surfaces (curved surfaces, flat surfaces). In this paper, a photoelectric synergistic flexible solid slippery surface (FSSS) is prepared by using flexible basalt fiberglass cloth, flexible copper foil, flexible polyurethane/carbon nanotubes mixture, and flexible solid lubricant (the mixture of coconut wax and coconut oil). Even under harsh conditions of the temperature as low as -80 °C, the FSSS exhibits excellent all-day anti/de-icing performance whether on flat or curved surface. Moreover, the FSSS shows long-term stability both on flat and curved surface: situated in air for 60 days, submerged in water for 60 days, kept in acid environment (pH 1) and base environment (pH 13) for 30 days. Besides, the FSSS can also achieve self-healing function under -80 °C. This flexible surface provides a novel approach for de-icing/frosting of multi-shaped objects in the future.

Technical Feasibility Analysis of Digital Twin Technology in the Field of Urban Disaster Prevention

Abstract. In recent years, disasters have occurred frequently around the world, causing great harm to national finances and people's safety. There is still a lack of research on digital disaster prevention technology, but with the development of technologies such as artificial intelligence and computer vision, it has gradually become possible to use digital twin technology in urban disaster prevention. This paper is mainly based on digital twin related technologies, briefly introduces the concept and importance of digital twins, and the applicable fields, and then discusses the mode of data interaction between real entities and twins and the feasibility of digital disaster prevention, so as to prevent and simulate urban disasters and derive strategies for dealing with disasters. This paper reviews the existing research on digital twin technology through the method of literature retrieval and analysis. By analyzing technologies such as the Internet of Things, sensors, three-dimensional laser technology, urban monitoring technology, satellite remote sensing technology, drone remote sensing technology, mobile device technology, lidar technology, and oblique photography, a systematic review of critical analysis is obtained, and a macro method of data interaction and modeling for digital twin technology for disaster prevention is obtained, thereby deriving the feasibility of disaster prevention based on digital twin systems.

The Nature and Influencing Factors of Malevolent Creativity

Creativity can be divided into two sides, not only positive but also negative. Malicious creativity will bring great harm to society. This paper introduces the concept and background of malicious creativity, the causes of malicious creativity, and discusses the influence of individual factors (such as negative emotions, empathy and psychological resilience) and environmental factors (such as childhood trauma, parenting, approach-avoidance motivation and social exclusion) on malicious creativity. It reveals the complex mechanism behind the development of malicious creativity. Finally, it discusses how psychological intervention and social support measures can prevent and reduce the occurrence of malicious creativity and promote social harmony and stability. By systematically identifying and understanding the key factors affecting malicious creativity, we can take early preventive measures to reduce its negative social impact. This study provides a foundation for the healthy development of individual psychology and the establishment of a safer, more active and innovative social environment.

Alternariosis or brown spot of pomegranate bushes in the western part of Azerbaijan

Abstract Alternariosis or brown spot (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) is a widespread disease of pomegranate bushes in Azerbaijan. The disease occurs mainly in the western part of the country. Alternariosis or brown spot on pomegranate bushes (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) is found mainly on leaves and fruits. On ripening pomegranate fruits, the lesion begins with small brown or black spots that increase in size and become round or oval. The causative agents of alternariosis or brown spot on pomegranate bushes (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) are imperfect fungi of the genus Alternaria, from the order Hyphomycetales; Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl is more common in the conditions of the western part of Azerbaijan. Alternariosis or brown spot (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) causes the greatest harm in conditions of sufficient moisture. The aim of the article is to present the results of studies on the distribution, intensity of development and harmfulness of alternariosis or brown spot of pomegranate bushes (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.), as well as biological effectiveness of fungicides used to control alternariosis, in the western part of Azerbaijan. Research methods used are generally accepted in phytopathology and plant protection to identify and record the infectious potential of the causative agent of alternariosis or brown spot of pomegranate bushes (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) as well as to disease monitoring. During field studies, the fungicides used were 0.4% Selphate (37.5% copper oxychloride + 16% zineb), 0.05% Azoxifene (20% azoxystrobin + 12.5% difenoconazole), 0.05% Conazole (25% difenoconazole) and 0.3% P-oxiride (50% copper oxychloride) and determined their biological effectiveness accordingly. In the last 5 years, there has been a trend of increasing harmfulness of alternariosis or brown spot of pomegranate bushes (Alter-naria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) in the western part of Azerbaijan. As our research results show, brown spot mainly affected the leaves of pomegranate bushes. Damage to pomegranate fruits differed only in certain years in the studied gardens. During field studies, it was found that the 0.4% fungicide Selphate gives the best results.

Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Pollutants based on Electrochemical Oxidation by Nanoporous Gold

Phenolic compounds, as highly toxic pollutants, can cause great harm to human beings and the environment even at very low concentrations. Therefore, the simultaneous detection of multiple phenolic pollutants is critically valuable for environmental monitoring. Here, an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by nanoporous gold (NPG) was successfully developed for the determination of phenolic pollutants including phenol (Ph), hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CT), and o-nitrophenol (ONP), which realized not only the sensitive individual detection of each phenolic pollutant but also the sensitive simultaneous detection of these four phenolic pollutants. For the simultaneous detection, the limits of detection of Ph, HQ, CT, and ONP were 0.85, 0.17, 0.19, and 1.30 μM as well as the sensitivities of 0.24, 1.17, 1.08, and 0.16 μA μM−1 cm−2, respectively. Additionally, the NPG/GCE electrochemical sensor exhibited good stability and anti-interference capability. The recovery rates of Ph, HQ, CT, and ONP in seawater samples and wastewater samples ranged from 94.64% to 105.87%. These results indicated that the prepared NPG/GCE electrochemical sensor may be an ideal choice for the reliable simultaneous detection of multiple phenolic pollutants.

Description and Treatment of Type One and Type Two Diabetes

Diabetes is becoming more common as the population ages and people’s quality of life improves. In diabetes mellitus, it is divided into T1D and T2D. Both types of diabetes have great harm to the human body and need to be treated and prevented in time. Two types of diabetes have been well understood in recent years. People can have effective treatment for T1D, so that T1D can be alleviated, and they can clearly know the symptoms of T1D and T2D. People have also discovered the causes of T2D and learned how to alleviate T2D. However, there are still a few things people don’t know about T1D and T2D. As for the cause of T1D, researchers do not have a clear answer so far, most believe that T1D is a genetic disease. As for T2D, people have not yet found a way to cure it. This paper focuses on the etiology, symptoms, and growth of T1D and T2D in recent years. In addition, there is some introduction to the treatment of T1D and T2D. Although people’s understanding of diabetes is much better than before, there are still problems such as the radical cure of T2D and the etiology of T1D that have not been solved, and it is hoped that these problems can be properly solved in future research.

Research review of antibacterial surfactants

The COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic since 11 March 2020, drastic measures to stop the spread of the pandemic have been carried out around the world. Since then, many people have paid more attention to hygiene as well as antibacterial. There are a large number of microorganisms in nature, which have great harm to people, animals, and plants, affecting people’s health and even threatening life. Nowadays, there has been growing interest in antimicrobial surfactants, and many investigators have recently turned to studying antibacterial surfactants. However, medical disinfection can be irritating to human skin and have other disadvantages. In this review, I provide a summary of the current state of the research on different antibacterial surfactants.

Public perceptions of the health impacts of climate change: a survey study in Greece

Abstract Background Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. Despite the tremendous challenges, many people remain unaware of the human health implications of climate change. People perceptions about the health harms of climate change can increase public support for the action needed to reduce climate change. The aim of this study was to examine the public perception of climate change as a human health issue in Greece. Methods A population survey study was conducted from October to December 2023 in the municipalities of Messini and Alexandroupoli, Greece, following proportional quota sampling. A questionnaire was developed and included measures about the socio-demographic background of participants, their understanding of key facts about climate change and their views about climate change thread to human health. Results 406 individuals with a mean age 37.7 (sd = 14.8) participated in the study. Participants understood that climate change is happening (93.6%) and 54% of them think climate change is mostly or entirely caused by human activities, whereas 38% think it is caused equally by human activities and natural causes, and about 8% think climate change is mostly or entirely caused by natural causes. A majority of participants reported that climate change has adversely affected the health of people in various way, either a moderate amount or a great deal, including physical or mental harm from forest fires (90%), physical or mental harm from storms and floods (87%), heat-related illnesses (82%), illness due to reduced outdoor air quality (70%) and loss of housing for residents displaced by extreme weather events (70%). Conclusions Participants viewed climate change as an important cause of health harm, however they partially understood that climate change is caused by humans. Public health authorities should educate the public and policymakers about the climate change and advocate for policies to address the human health challenges of climate change. Key messages • Public health authorities should educate the public and policymakers about the climate change problem and its impact to human health. • Providing people with information about the health harms of climate change can increase public support for the actions needed to reduce emissions.

Prevalence of medication overload among older people with HIV: a MedSafer study

BackgroundOlder people with HIV (PWH) are at risk of polypharmacy (taking multiple medications). Most medications may be necessary and indicated to manage HIV (e.g., antiretroviral therapy [ART]) and HIV-associated comorbidities. However, some are potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), defined as causing greater harm than benefit, which leads to medication overload. The objective of this study was to characterize polypharmacy (taking multiple medications) and medication overload (prescription of ≥ 1 PIMs) among older PWH.MethodsThis retrospective study included older PWH (aged ≥ 50 years old) attending the tertiary care HIV clinic at the McGill University Health Centre (Montreal, Canada), from June 2022–June 2023. Patient characteristics, medications, and select laboratory values (e.g., CD4 count, hemoglobin A1C) were entered into the MedSafer software identifying PIMs and classifying them according to risk of adverse drug event. We measured the prevalence of polypharmacy (≥ 5 medications prescribed, both including and excluding ART) and medication overload (≥ 1 PIMs). Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with medication overload.ResultsThe study included 100 patients, with a median age of 59 years (IQR = 54–63; range 50–82); 42% female. Polypharmacy affected 89% of patients when including antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 60% when excluding ART. Medication overload was present in 58% of patients, and 37.4% of identified PIMs were classified as high-risk. Polypharmacy was the sole predictor of medication overload.ConclusionOlder PWH are at significant risk of medication overload and receiving higher risk PIMs. Deprescribing PIMs in this population could improve medication appropriateness while reducing the risk of ADEs.

Preparation of Poly(allylamine Hydrochloride) Grafted Porous Boron Nitride Fibers for Efficient Cr(VI) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution.

Cr(VI) pollution poses great harm to the cyclic utilization of groundwater and surface water resources. Efficient adsorbent materials have great potential to change this situation and assist in the restoration of ecosystems. This work chooses porous boron nitride fibers (pBN) with stable physical and chemical properties as the matrix, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as the coupling agent, and uses a one-step crosslinking method to graft poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) onto pBN, forming pBN-AS@PAH with fascinating Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. PAH is uniformly covered and modified on the surface of pBN, and the composite with high specific surface area (383.33 m2/g), large pore volume (0.37 cm3/g), and abundant amino groups. Its equilibrium adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) can reach up to 123.32 mg/g, and the adsorption behavior follows the quasi second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, indicating the chemical adsorption process of monolayer. The adsorption style belongs to a spontaneous exothermic process and has the optimal adsorption effect at a pH of ~2. Additionally, after cycling for 5 times, the decrease rate of adsorption capacity is less than 10 %, showing an excellent reusability.

Construction of Co-Modified MXene/PES Catalytic Membrane for Effective Separation and Degradation of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Aqueous Solutions.

The application of antibiotics has advanced modern medicine significantly. However, the abuse and discharge of antibiotics have led to substantial antibiotic residues in water, posing great harm to natural organisms and humans. To address the problem of antibiotic degradation, this study developed a novel catalytic membrane by depositing Co catalysts onto MXene nanosheets and fabricating the polyethersulfone composite (Co@MXene/PES) using vacuum-assisted self-assembly. The dual role of MXene as both a carrier for Co atoms and an enhancer of interlayer spacing led to improved flux and catalytic degradation capabilities of the membrane. Experimental results confirmed that the Co@MXene/PES membrane effectively degraded antibiotics through peroxymonosulfate activation, achieving up to 95.51% degradation at a cobalt concentration of 0.01 mg/mL. The membrane demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties, minimal flux loss after repeated use, and robust anti-fouling performance, making it a promising solution for efficient antibiotic removal and stable water treatment.

Nanospheres as the delivery vehicle: novel application of Toxoplasma gondii ribosomal protein S2 in PLGA and chitosan nanospheres against acute toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic disease that poses great harm to humans and animals. So far, no effective T. gondii vaccine has been developed to provide fully protection against such parasites. Recently, numerous researches have focused on the use of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) for the vaccines against T. gondii infections. In this study, we employed PLGA and CS as the vehicles for T. gondii ribosome protein (TgRPS2) delivery. TgRPS2-PLGA and TgRPS2-CS nanospheres were synthesized by double emulsion solvent evaporation and ionic gelation technique as the nano vaccines. Before immunization in animals, the release efficacy and toxicity of the synthesized nanospheres were evaluated in vitro. Then, ICR mice were immunized intramuscularly, and immune protections of the synthesized nanospheres were assessed. The results showed that TgRPS2-PLGA and TgRPS2-CS nanospheres could induce higher levels of IgG and cytokines, activate dendritic cells, and promote the expression of histocompatibility complexes. The splenic lymphocyte proliferation and the enhancement in the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were also observed in immunized animals. In addition, two types of nanospheres could significantly inhabit the replications of T. gondii in cardiac muscles and spleen tissues. All these obtained results in this study demonstrated that the TgRPS2 protein delivered by PLGA or CS nanospheres provided satisfactory immunoprotective effects in resisting T. gondii, and such formulations illustrated potential as prospective preventive agents for toxoplasmosis.