Greater Government Involvement Research Articles

The case for private administration of deposit guarantee schemes

We make the case that the responsibility for appointing board members in Deposit Guarantee Schemes (DGS) for commercial banks should be entrusted to the industry. In doing so, we challenge the position adopted by the International Monetary Fund, which has proposed public DGSs as the best practice. We lay out the comparative advantages of private over public DGS administration, and contend that the role of the government should in principle be limited to regulating DGSs specifically and financial markets in general. We conclude that the current worldwide trend towards greater involvement of government in financial regulation should not be extended to the administration of DGSs.

Shortage of essential antimicrobials: a major challenge to global health security

The lack of access to safe and effective antimicrobials for human populations is a threat to global health security and a contributor to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance...

Nurturing Grandchildren With Down Syndrome: A Qualitative Study on Grandparents' Needs Using Digital Tools†.

Grandparents who have grandchildren with disabilities are an underrepresented group in existing research related to the field. This qualitative phenomenological study’s general purpose is to analyze, from a personal perspective, the situations and needs of grandparents who have grandchildren with Down syndrome. The participants’ ages range from 65 to 85, and the ages of their grandchildren with Down syndrome range from 3 to 21 years. All participants had one grandchild with a disability, except for two, who each had two. A sociodemographic questionnaire was administered, and individual interviews were conducted, using open questions, through phone and/or video calls. An analysis of the participants’ speech was carried out, which implied the development of a system of meta-categories and categories. This analysis was developed manually, given the COVID-19 environment. The results indicate a substantial change from negative feelings caused by the knowledge of the diagnosis to feelings related to positive experiences expressed currently. The participants see themselves as a fundamental source of support (informal, instrumental, practical, social, emotional, and economic) for their families and, mainly, for their grandchildren with Down syndrome. A need for information and training was observed when the grandparents talked about first being informed of the diagnosis and their concerns about the future of these grandchildren and their siblings. They made social demands, such as greater government involvement or more significant opportunities to access resources and rights for their grandchildren. The results are discussed, as are possible future research directions.

Green sukuk – Malaysia surviving the bumpy road: performance, challenges and reconciled issuance framework

PurposeGreen sukuk is a tool to finance climate change which has garnered considerable attention. However, having only recently come into existence has its own set of challenges for this tool that require immediate identification and government intervention to intensify its growth. This study aims to explore the challenges encountered by green sukuk issuers and the structure of a reconciled green sukuk issuance framework to speed up the market’s growth with the right interventions.Design/methodology/approachThe study engaged a qualitative approach via multiple case study interviews with green sukuk issuers and used expert views for data triangulation to generate the findings. A total of four green sukuk issuers participated in the interviews, and for data triangulation purposes, four expert’s opinions and views were considered. The thematic analysis technique is used to report the findings.FindingsIt was revealed that amongst the challenges encountered in the green sukuk market are shoddy green taxonomy, difficulty in identifying green assets, it is time-consuming and costly, no compelling benefits and exposure to higher-risk profiles.Research limitations/implicationsThis study may be influenced by observer error and observer bias. However, the researchers have taken cautious steps to overcome these issues by following strict case study methodology procedures and triangulating the qualitative research findings with views from green sukuk experts. These interventions increased the rigour and trustworthiness of the results.Originality/valueThis study is amongst the pioneer in Malaysia, exploring challenges in the green sukuk market. The results are relevant to governments, regulators, institutions and central banks to structure the right interventions to counter the challenges. Greater government involvement is required to strengthen the green sukuk market and to spearhead the green agenda.

Government Pharmaceutical Development to Address High Prices: Challenges Ahead.

Government development of new medicines has recently received attention as a means of lowering drug prices. These proposals are generally based on the assumption that the private market charges prices that are higher than justified by the costs of development. Although some costs could be avoided through government drug development, most costs would remain unchanged and some could potentially increase. Inefficiencies that are more difficult to quantify are likely to worsen with greater government involvement in research allocation decisions, including lobbying by industry or patient groups. Government manufacturing is an alluring proposition, but is unlikely in the long term to improve new drug development or lower costs.

Delay in seeking medical help in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in India: A qualitative study.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with varied articular and extra-articular manifestations. In developing countries such as India patients with RA often delay seeking medical advice which may impact prognosis and disease burden. To explore perceptions and experiences of patients living in India in seeking medical help for their RA symptoms. Clinician-diagnosed RA participants from different socioeconomic backgrounds were interviewed using a semi-structured topic guide. Participants were purposively selected and interviewed following an iterative approach. All interviews were recorded and transcribed by an independent company and analyzed using a thematic framework. Findings were reported in accordance with consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines. Twenty participants (13 male, 7 female) with median age 40years (35.7-46.5) were recruited. Three overarching themes demonstrating participants' experiences and reasons for delay in seeking medical help were identified. (1) "Symptoms perspectives and delay in participants' journey" narrated participants' experiences of having RA symptoms, how these were perceived, rationalized and led to delay. (2) "Participants' experience of the healthcare system" illustrated delay in referral, reaching diagnosis and treatment initiation highlighting their experiences with the health system. (3) "Recommendations for improving care" where participants made recommendations for reducing the delay at local and national levels. This is the first qualitative study which explored perceptions and experiences of RA patients in India resulting in delay. Improved provision of rheumatology care, effective referral system and greater involvement of government at local and national levels are needed to improve the delay in seeking medical help for Indian patients.

The Case for Private Administration of Deposit Guarantee Schemes

We make the case that the responsibility for appointing board members in Deposit Guarantee Schemes (DGS) for commercial banks should be entrusted to the industry. In doing so, we challenge the position adopted by the International Monetary Fund, which has proposed public DGSs as the best practice. We use information gathered from a novel survey and other evidence to lay out the comparative advantages of private over public DGS administration, and contend that the role of the government should in principle be limited to regulating DGSs specifically and financial markets in general. We conclude that the current worldwide trend towards greater involvement of government in financial regulation should not be extended to the administration of DGSs.

Trends of the Arabic Research on the Nature of Science

The paper investigates the trends of the Arabic research with the emphasis on the nature of science. Hence, a descriptive analytical approach, both qualitative and quantitative forms, was used to explore 42 online journals and articles. The research sample was defined by online journals and articles cover the question of the Nature of Science (NOS) in the Arabic setting. The data collection tool has implemented a content analysis checklist that contains three sections the fields of study section, the subjects of each field, as well as methods and procedures. The results taken from the data analysis have shown that most Arabic researchers focus on the curriculum, teaching and learning environments and their improvement, the use of new teaching methods, students’ understanding of NOS, as well as teacher’s knowledge and teaching strategies. Also, many researchers have used descriptive methods and techniques. The research findings suggest that Arabic NOS has been done by teaching science through education. The paper provides recommendations to ensure greater government involvement in establishing science centers that attract graduating students in science learning and relevant projects.

Measuring Institutional Change: The Case of the Russian Banking Industry

The paper tries to measure institutional change in the banking industry, taking the case of Russia in 1991-2016. I put forward a set of metrics featuring the actors and the relevance of banking for the economy. At the first stage, the communist-era credit system falls apart as do coordination mechanisms between monetary and real sectors of the economy. After the 1998 crisis, the change goes in the direction of greater government involvement in banks and centralized allocation of financial resources. Structural change has not yet completed an institutional one with regard to the modus operandi of the banking industry. I interpret empirical findings as search for a sustainable proportion between dominant institutions and complementary institutions inherent to Russia. The contribution of this paper is that it proposes a set of metrics quantifying institutional change in a particular economic sector.

RESTRIÇÕES À INOVAÇÃO NO BRASIL: UM ESTUDO VOLTADO PARA MICRO E PEQUENAS EMPRESAS

This paper has as objective analyze the importance of innovations for the competitiveness of micro and small enterprises focusing mainly on the restriction faced by them and that hinder the innovation process and thus seeking to show the way and adopted policies that would facilitate greater levels of investment in innovations, reducing difficulties. Initially became a theoretical review of several studies that approach the relationship between innovation and micro and small enterprises, emphasizing, subsequently, the between innovation and competitiveness. This emphasis is given by the analysis of empirical studies for Brazil. Finally we present suggestions for alternative policies to encourage innovation in order to provide more competitiveness to micro and small enterprises. The paper concludes that the importance of innovation consists in raising the competitiveness of enterprises, but not limited to this, it is also a source of generating economic growth. Therefore, it is needed a greater government involvement, a change in the relationship between enterprises and an ideological shift of owners, about the importance and need for generation and adoption of innovations.

Developing compressed natural gas as an automotive fuel in Nigeria: Lessons from international markets

The Nigerian government proposed the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an automotive fuel in 1997 as part of the initiatives to harness natural gas (NG) resources but progress has been slow. This paper examines the natural gas vehicle (NGV) implementation approaches and outcomes in seven countries with diverse experiences in order to gain an understanding of the barriers to the NGV market development in Nigeria. The analysis employs hermeneutic principles to secondary data derived from academic literature, published reports from a variety of international agencies, grey literature, and text from online sources and identifies eight success factors for NGV market development namely: strategic intent, legal backing, learning and adaptation, assignment of responsibilities, financial incentives, NG pricing, consumer confidence, and NG infrastructure. The paper concludes that the principal impediment to NGV market development in Nigeria is the uncoordinated implementation approach and that greater government involvement is required in setting strategic goals, developing the legal and regulatory frameworks, setting of clear standards for vehicles and refuelling stations as well as assigning responsibilities to specific agencies. Short-term low cost policy interventions identified include widening the existing NG and gasoline price gap and offering limited support for refuelling and retrofitting facilities.

Health Rights at the Juncture between State and Market: The People's Republic of China

This chapter examines transformations in China’s health system and analyzes those changes alongside health litigation to conclude that health litigation is not equity-promoting in China and has mixed prospects for becoming so in the future. After market liberalization in 1978, decentralization of financial responsibility to the local government led to fee-charging and the crumbling of Mao’s barefoot doctor system. Unaffordable care produced stark inequality inciting protest and violence. The Chinese government has responded in recent years with comprehensive health reform that promises universal coverage by 2020. But curiously, the plans are ambivalent regarding the main policy debate leading up to reform, i.e. whether to pursue a market or government approach in the health system. The health reform plans do however signal an intention to separate and disaggregate certain functions among different public and quasi-public actors. The sources of law undergirding health entitlements in China were scant until the recent health reform-related laws and regulations. Yet even with the new reforms, there are reasons to believe that health-related claims will not be easily justiciable. A tool wielded by a privileged few to negotiate one-off benefits, litigation often serves as an outlet ultimately deflecting pressure from the core problems of the health system because courts are hard-pressed to hold government actors accountable. Instead, they defer to other government organs or privately negotiated rights. There is a strong Chinese norm favoring equity in health care, but the norm is expressed politically rather than judicially. Major efforts to achieve health equity have been pursued as collective policies rather than as individual rights. Litigation and equity do not correlate in recent Chinese history and may even bear an inverse relationship: greater government involvement in the health system reduces the likelihood that health actors can be sued. This might change with health reform, but the prospects are mixed. On the one hand health reform embraces “separation” of health functions, so not all health actors will be associated with one monolithic government entity. This increases the need for the pluralism in accountability that courts could provide, and may also create space for actors to be sued without directly threatening government. Moreover, health reform will better define duties and rights politically so that courts will have the easier job of preserving, rather than spearheading rights, though the laws and policies of health reform are deliberately vague and deferential to local government in the definition of benefits.On the other hand, courts are still flawed and cannot take on established interests. Also I caution that without institution building to make political-administrative decision-making processes more participatory in China, active health litigation in China’s courts could reinforce a “vulgar” conception of health rights. Such a conception would exacerbate China’s affinity for defined contribution health coverage, its overemphasis on pharmaceuticals, and an impersonal “cookie-cutter” approach to medicine which assumes fungible individuals while neglecting the care ethic and other norms important to health care.

Assisting ex-offenders in employment: the experience of Hong Kong

Research indicates that employment is effective in reducing recidivism amongst ex-offenders. However, ex-offenders are also discouraged from obtaining employment as a result of their poor education level, deficits in vocational skills and employer bias and discrimination. In Hong Kong, the Society of Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention offers a wide range of services to assist ex-offenders in employment. While a number of ex-offenders have benefited from these services, continuing difficulties are hard to overcome without government support. This paper recommends a multi-disciplinary approach to improve the employment situation of ex-offenders in Hong Kong and advocates for greater government involvement to help facilitate the reintegration of ex-offenders into the community in Hong Kong.

Government Bias in Education, Schooling Attainment, and Long‐Run Growth

A surprising cross‐country stylized fact is that higher public spending on education tends to lower the long‐run growth rate of per capita GDP and the returns to schooling. This is contrary to the conventional wisdom that education is a major driver of growth. In this article, we revisit this issue and try to understand these puzzling facts in terms of an endogenous growth model. Our cross‐country calibration of the growth model predicts that countries with a greater government involvement in education experience lower schooling efforts and lower growth.

Punishment and Welfare: Paternal Incarceration and Families' Receipt of Public Assistance

The United States criminal justice and welfare systems are two important government institutions in the lives of the poor. Despite many theoretical discussions about their relationship, their operation at the level of offenders and families remains poorly understood. This paper utilizes Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing data to examine how recent paternal incarceration is associated with families' receipt of TANF, food stamps, and Medicaid/SCHIP. Results robust to multiple tests find that incarceration is not related to subsequent TANF receipt but is significantly associated with increased receipt of food stamps and Medicaid/SCHIP. The findings suggest that greater government involvement among poor families is an unexpected consequence of mass imprisonment; however, increased participation does not include TANF-the cash assistance program of most concern to theorists.

Recent Changes to the Governance and Accountability of the Regulated Health Professions in Ontario

Recent legislative changes to the governance and accountability of the health professions in Ontario have seen greater government involvement in the self-regulated health professions. The mandate of all self-regulatory bodies for the health professions in Ontario is protection of the public. Self-regulating professions monitor and enforce standards for entry to practice and continuing competence. Nurse leaders in education and clinical practice must be aware of these changes to the regulatory structure for health professions in Ontario. This paper describes the concept of self-regulation and its legislative history within the health professions. Nurse leaders have an important role in ensuring that team members, patients and the public are aware of the meaning of and rationale for self-regulation and the primacy of protecting the public interest.

Childhood malignancies in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria.

Background: Mortality from malignancies in children remains high. Creating awareness of the disease and advocacy for funding of a cancer research center are pertinent. Objective: To determine the incidence and outcome of children with cancers at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwaglada, Abuja- FCT, Nigeria Method: This was a 5 year prospective study of all diagnosed cancer patients admitted into the paediatric ward. The type of cancer, method of diagnosis, clinical staging and outcomes were entered and frequency tables generated on Microsoft Excel. Results: Forty-six patients were diagnosed with cancer within the study period. Burkitt's lymphoma was the highest encountred malignancy, while medulloblastoma was least occurring. Only 36.9 percent (N=17) of patients received chemotherapy. Of these, 6.5 percent (n=3) completed therapy. Twenty nine percent of patients died. 4 percent of those that died had commenced chemotherapy. There was a 70 percent treatment default rate. One patient was referred on request to another tertiary center. All other patients were lost to follow up. Conclusion: Management of childhood cancers still poses a problem. Poverty, ignorance and lack of cancer research units contributed to our poor outcome. The greater involvement of government and international non-governmental organizations (NGO) which assist health sector is advocated in the establishment of cancer research centers and the provision of free chemotherapeutic agents.Key words: Cancers, mortality, Advocacy

Government expenditure on education and enrolment rates in Indonesia in the new millennium: an East Asian perspective

This note examines the likely impact of increased government expenditure on education in Indonesia resulting from new policy initiatives since the year 2000. These initiatives were consolidated in 2003 following the enactment of a new ‘Law on National Education System’. The effectiveness of this policy is questioned by comparing the expenditure and enrolment rates between Indonesia and other High Performing Asian Economies (HPAEs) – Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia from 2000 to 2007. Privatisation of educational institutions, not greater government involvement, has been the norm across most of the other HPAEs during the 2000s. Privatisation leads to improvements in the quality and cost of education. Enrolment rates indicate that the quality of education has not improved in Indonesia as compared to other HPAEs. Improvements in quality will become a particularly important issue for Indonesia as it continues to cope with the challenges brought about by China and India's unprecedented growth as labour-intensive manufacturing powerhouses.

Health Care Choices and Decisions in the United States and Canada

Media speculation about the scope of proposals for health care reform in the United States have led many Americans to be “very concerned” that changes will limit their choices in the future (ABC news poll 6/24/09). Health care choices are made on three levels: insurance plans, sources of care (physicians and hospitals), and clinical decisions (diagnostic tests and treatments). In this Commentary, we discuss the extent to which Americans currently are able to exercise choices. For context, we will compare the U.S. environment with that in Canada, partly because its health system, with much greater government involvement, is often publicly-portrayed in the U.S. as limiting choice.

The impact of state ownership on performance differences in privately-owned versus state-owned banks: An international comparison

This paper examines how government ownership and government involvement in a country’s banking system affect bank performance from 1989 through 2004. Our study uncovers an interesting pattern of changing performance differences between state-owned and privately-owned banks around the Asian financial crisis. We find that state-owned banks operated less profitably, held less core capital, and had greater credit risk than privately-owned banks prior to 2001, and the performance differences are more significant in those countries with greater government involvement and political corruption in the banking system. In addition, from 1997 to 2000, the 4-year period after the beginning of the Asian financial crisis, the deterioration in the cash flow returns, core capital, and credit quality of state-owned banks was significantly greater than that of privately-owned banks, especially for the countries that were hardest hit by the Asian crisis. However, state-owned banks closed the gap with privately-owned banks on cash flow returns, core capital, and nonperforming loans in the post-crisis period of 2001–2004. Our findings can best be explained by Shleifer and Vishny’s [Shleifer, A., Vishny, R.W., 1997. A survey of corporate governance. J. Finance 52, 737–783] corporate governance theory on state ownership of firms and Kane’s [Kane, E.J., 2000. Capital movement, banking insolvency, and silent runs in the Asian financial crisis. Pacific-Basin Finance J. 8, 153–175] life-cycle model of a regulation-induced banking crisis.