Greater Frequency In Men Research Articles

Sex differences in microRNA expression during developmentin rat cortex

There are important sex differences in the risk and outcome of conditions and diseases between males and females. For example, stroke occurs with greater frequency in men than in women across diverse ethnic backgrounds and nationalities. Work from our lab and others have revealed a sex-specific sensitivity to cerebral ischemia whereby males exhibit a larger extent of brain damage following an ischemic event compared to females. Studies suggest that the difference in male and female susceptibility to ischemia may be triggered by innate variations in gene regulation and protein expression between the sexes that are independent of post-natal exposure to sex hormones. We have shown that there are differences in microRNA (miRNA) expression in adult male and female brain following focal cerebral ischemia in mouse cortex. Herein we examine a role for differential expression of miRNAs during development in male and female rat cortex as potential effectors of the phenotype that leads to sex differences to ischemia. Expression studies in male and female cortices isolated from postnatal day 0 (P0), postnatal day 7 (P7), and adult rats using TaqMan Low Density miRNA arrays and NanoString nCounter analysis revealed differential miRNA levels between males and females at each developmental stage. We focused on the miR-200 family of miRNAs that showed higher levels in females at P0, but higher levels in males at P7 that persisted into adulthood, and validated the expression of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-429 by individual qRT-PCR as these are clustered on chromosome 5 and may be transcriptionally co-regulated. Prediction analysis of the miR-200 miRNAs revealed that genes within the Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor pathway are the most heavily targeted. These studies support that developmental changes in miRNA expression may influence phenotypes in adult brain that underlie sexually dimorphic responses to disease, including ischemia.

MicroRNA responses to focal cerebral ischemia in male and female mouse brain

Stroke occurs with greater frequency in men than in women across diverse ethnic backgrounds and nationalities. Work from our lab and others have revealed a sex-specific sensitivity to cerebral ischemia whereby males exhibit a larger extent of brain damage resulting from an ischemic event compared to females. Previous studies revealed that microRNA (miRNA) expression is regulated by cerebral ischemia in males; however, no studies to date have examined the effect of ischemia on miRNA responses in females. Thus, we examined miRNA responses in male and female brain in response to cerebral ischemia using miRNA arrays. These studies revealed that in male and female brains, ischemia leads to both a universal miRNA response as well as a sexually distinct response to challenge. Target prediction analysis of the miRNAs increased in male or female ischemic brain reveal sex-specific differences in gene targets and protein pathways. These data support that the mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic responses to cerebral ischemia includes distinct changes in miRNAs in male and female brain, in addition to a miRNA signature response to ischemia that is common to both.

Mortalidade devido a acidentes de bicicletas em Pernambuco, Brasil

The scope of this paper was to conduct a quantitative analysis of deaths resulting from bicycle accidents in the state of Pernambuco by studying secondary data between 2001 and 2010. The sample consisted of all the Deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System of the Unified Health System Database that reported bicycle accidents between 2001 and 2010. Descriptive measures were determined for all variables. Socio-demographic variables were paired with the basic cause of death in order to find a statistical correlation. In Pernambuco, the aforementioned information system recorded 517 deaths resulting from bicycle accidents, with greater frequency in men between 25 and 59 years of age, Afro-Brazilians, single and of unknown schooling. The mean age was 36.82 years (SD = 17.026), and the minimum and maximum age of 4 and 86 years old, respectively. The findings highlight the need for the creation of adequate infrastructure and effective legal measures to prevent traffic accidents involving this type of vehicle, relying on the evidence of distribution of cases in most Pernambuco municipalities.

HIV and risk behaviors of persons of low socio-economic status, Popayan-Colombia (2008-2009)

To determine HIV presence and risk behaviors of persons of low socio-economic status in the city of Popayan-Colombia. Cross-sectional study; between 2008 and 2009, 363 participants of Popayan signed informed consent and received pre and post HIV test counseling. Socio-demographic characteristics and history of STDs, risk behaviors and previous HIV testing were assessed. Descriptive statistics, correlations and multivariate logistic regression were calculated. Mean age 33.5±10,2; 66 %women. Frequency of HIV-positive patients was 3.86 % (95% CI:1.87-5.85), greater in men (7.38%; p= 0.013). Greater frequency of HIV-positive patients was observed in people age 29-37, those without a stable partner, and those with history of risky alcohol consumption (more than five drinks in 2 h). HIV-positive patients frequency in this population was greater than national estimate for general population, aged 15-49 in Colombia, with even greater frequency in men. This study suggests that characteristics associated with low socioeconomic status, in economically active population, without a stable partner and with risky alcohol use, can potentially increase risk of HIV infection.

Regional variations in testicular cancer rates in Ireland: clusters and communities

We welcome Alsinnawi et al.’s [1] paper on rates of testicular cancer. However, the authors imply an association with persistent organic pollutants (POPs), particularly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and higher socio-economic groups that does not stand up to scrutiny. No new evidence of a link between testicular cancer and POPs is presented in this paper. The authors state that PCBs and testicular cancer are ‘directly linked’. The authors cite two small studies which show a weak positive association between testicular cancer and PCBs. A recent, large and well-designed case–control study shows an inverse association between testicular cancer and several individual and grouped PCBs [2]. A more comprehensive synthesis of the total body of evidence is needed. They state ‘there does certainly seem to be a link with higher socio-economic status’. An aggregate of electoral districts in Cork with higher socio-economic status (SES) may have a greater incidence of testicular cancer, but this does not mean that testicular cancer is occurring at a greater frequency in men in higher socio-economic groups. SES was not recorded for individual men who had testicular cancer in this study. This is potential ecological bias [3]. The socio-economic status of cases is not collected by the National Cancer Registry of Ireland (NCRI). This is important when cancer rates for a small area are published. The socio-economic composition of a small area may be different from that of the comparison areas. Many specific cancers are linked to both socio-economic group and other known causes of cancer (smoking for instance). The confounding effect of social class on cancer, particularly in small areas, should always be considered before hypothesising a novel carcinogen. Worldwide, there is a strong public perception that environmental exposures are directly responsible for cancer. This is seldom the case. The epidemiological criteria for successful investigation of cancer clusters are a high relative risk (between 10 and 20); a rare cancer; the purported causative agent can be reliably measured in the environment; bio-monitoring is possible; there is heterogeneity of exposure in an area and a plausible route of exposure can be assessed [4]. These conditions are often not met, and most of them are not present in this study. However, the epidemiology may not matter as much as we think [5]. The strategic learning from the vast literature on cancer clusters is that regardless of the quality and validity of epidemiological and environmental investigation, if there has not been early and effective communication with the public, the scientific approach will not satisfy [6]. Publishing cancer rates without a comprehensive communication and investigation plan is not advised. This paper may cause anxiety, while it offers no plan of action and ignores the necessity of dealing with the community’s risk perception. Ireland needs a dedicated multi-disciplinary environment and health unit, with epidemiological, environmental and Public Health expertise. This unit could then respond to possible cancer clusters and other community environment and health concerns in a timely, coordinated, U. B. Fallon (&) Department of Public Health Medicine, HSE Dublin Mid-Leinster, Tullamore, Co. Offaly, Ireland e-mail: unab.fallon@hse.ie

434 A role for Gsdmb in invasion and motility of Her2+ breast carcinoma cell lines

There are important sex differences in the risk and outcome of conditions and diseases between males and females. For example, stroke occurs with greater frequency in men than in women across diverse ethnic backgrounds and nationalities. Work from our lab and others have revealed a sex-specific sensitivity to cerebral ischemia whereby males exhibit a larger extent of brain damage following an ischemic event compared to females. Studies suggest that the difference in male and female susceptibility to ischemia may be triggered by innate variations in gene regulation and protein expression between the sexes that are independent of post-natal exposure to sex hormones. We have shown that there are differences in microRNA (miRNA) expression in adult male and female brain following focal cerebral ischemia in mouse cortex. Herein we examine a role for differential expression of miRNAs during development in male and female rat cortex as potential effectors of the phenotype that leads to sex differences to ischemia. Expression studies in male and female cortices isolated from postnatal day 0 (P0), postnatal day 7 (P7), and adult rats using TaqMan Low Density miRNA arrays and NanoString nCounter analysis revealed differential miRNA levels between males and females at each developmental stage. We focused on the miR-200 family of miRNAs that showed higher levels in females at P0, but higher levels in males at P7 that persisted into adulthood, and validated the expression of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-429 by individual qRT-PCR as these are clustered on chromosome 5 and may be transcriptionally co-regulated. Prediction analysis of the miR-200 miRNAs revealed that genes within the Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor pathway are the most heavily targeted. These studies support that developmental changes in miRNA expression may influence phenotypes in adult brain that underlie sexually dimorphic responses to disease, including ischemia.

Criptococosis meníngea de 1990 a 1995: hallazgos de laboratorio

Cryptococcus neoformans, the causative organism of cryptococcosis, has been diagnosed, had its isolates confirmed and its varieties and serotypes determined by the National Health Institute's Microbiology Laboratory during the past 15 years. From 1990 to 1995, 1,761 cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples and 1,068 sera have been received for study; additionally, 66 isolates have been received for confirmation. Two hundred and fotty cases of cryptococcosis have been determined from these samples over a six year period. Patients have been classified into three groups according to HIV serological test results, 151 (62.9%) were HIV positive, 43 (17.9%) HIV negative and in 46 cases (19.2%) the data could not be obtained. The oercentaae of HIV oositive oatients with ciyptoco~cosisin creased from the 26.7% obsehed in 1& O to 80.4% in 1995. The entity was presented with greater frequency in men (80.4%) than in women (19.6%) and in the 21 to 40 age group (55%), this being most in evidence in the HIV positive group (67.5%). Sera sensitivity and negative predictive values (NPV) from direct examination and latex agglutination in CSF presented higher values in HIV positive patients. The great increase in cryptococcosis cases is a reflection of the increase of AlDS cases in Colombia, an epidemic which has clearly shown this mycosis oppottunist character.

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate-specific antigen.

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a putative premalignant lesion of the prostate gland. PIN has been demonstrated to share morphologic and phenotypic similarities to invasive carcinoma of the prostate. In addition, PIN is spatially related to invasive carcinoma and occurs with greater frequency in men whose prostates harbor carcinoma. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein produced by the prostatic epithelium. For PSA to be detected in the serum, it must traverse several tissue layers to reach the circulatory system. PSA levels associated with PIN are intermediate between those of benign and malignant prostate tissue. Spatially associated occult carcinoma, disruption of the basal cell layer, and increased vascularity may account for elevated PSA values in PIN.

The Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Spontaneous Dissection of the Internal Carotid Artery

N 1959, Anderson and Schechter first deI scribed a case of spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery.' Increased recognition of spontaneous carotid artery dissection in recent years suggests that this entity may be more common than was thought previo~sly.~-~ In addition, it is clear that many cases resolve spontaneously, indicating that the true incidence may have been largely underestimated in the past. Although headache is the most frequent symptom of patients with internal carotid artery dissection, the range of associated neurologic findings includes transient ischemic attack and cerebrovascular accident. This article emphasizes the spectrum of neuro-ophthalmologic involvement in this disorder. CLINICAL PROFILE Spontaneous carotid dissection occurs with a slightly greater frequency in men. Reported patients range in age from 4 to 74 years, with the majority in the fifth and sixth decades of The neurologic symptoms of patients with internal carotid artery dissection are summarized in Table 1. Hemicranial headache has been reported in up to 90% of patients. Fisher noted the headaches typically involve the ipsilatera1 forequarter of the head (forehead, orbit, temple, retro-orbit, frontal) and the neck. Most frequently, the pain is localized to the upper side of the neck, at times encompassing the mastoid, angle of the jaw, or sternocleidomastoid muscle. The pain is usually moderate to severe, and may be associated with ipsilateral scalp tenderness. The headache and pain usually resolve within 2 months, although reports of it persisting up to 2 years have been described. The associated neck and face pain are highly suggestive of carotid dissection. The unilateral

Lung asbestos bodies and pleural plaques at autopsy.

Examination for lung asbestos bodies and pleural plaques was made in 996 consecutive unselected autopsies in Torino. The prevalence of asbestos bodies was 12.4% and that of pleural plaques 19.1%. Both findings were found with significantly greater frequency in men, and in the age group above 50 years. In addition, their occurrence increased with age up to 70 years, then decreased thereafter. A significant association between the severity of plaque lesions and the presence of asbestos bodies was found, whereas the number of asbestos bodies was not related to the presence of pleural plaques. It is suggested that pleural plaques are more reliable markers of asbestos exposure started many years earlier, and that lung asbestos bodies are more reliable indicators of more recent exposure.

Alcohol as a co-factor in the etiology of cancer

Alcohol and tobacco appear to act synergistically in the pathogenesis of epithelial cancers of the oropharynx (excluding lip), larynx, and esophagus. For the subsites within the upper aerodigestive tract, over 10,000 deaths in United States men during 1978 may be attributed to tobacco and alcohol consumption. The cancer sites for which tobacco and alcohol are major determinants occur with greater frequency in men, blacks, lower socioeconomic groups, and with increasing urbanization and increasing age (35--70 years). Because primary hepatocellular carcinoma occurs more commonly in patients with cirrhosis, chronic alcohol abuse is an important risk mechanism for carcinoma of the liver parenchyma. Although experimental animal studies have failed to demonstrate whether ethanol can independently initiate tumorigenesis, various alternative or associated biochemical and immunological mechanisms of action have been proposed.

Fear of vocational success. A phobic extension of the paranoid reaction.

The fear of success in various areas of behavior, both sexual and nonsexual, was attributed by Freud¹to the guilt associated with the Oedipus complex. More recently, Schuster²reviewed the Freudian thesis and reached the same conclusion. Success in the patients he described, all of whom were men, unconsciously implied retaliation and punishment by the father. Hence, it was the ever-present threat of castration that forced these patients to abandon their aspirations. In this paper, I have singled out for discussion the fear of vocational success, an especially common phobic syndrome in our society. This particular form of the "success neurosis," where the patient is unable to tolerate vocational achievement, is often referred to by psychiatrists as the "success phobia." It occurs in patients of both sexes, but is seen with far greater frequency in men because they are more subject to the competitive pressures