Great Majority Of Students Research Articles

Examining the use of text and video resources during web-search based learning—a new methodological approach

ABSTRACT The present paper introduces a new methodological approach to capture and analyse the processing and use of text, images, and video content during web-search based learning on the free web. We asked 108 university students to search the web to learn about a natural science topic while recording their eye movements and navigation behaviour. Then, we used the ‘reading protocol’ software to automatically map participants’ fixations to text, images, and video content that they had fixated upon on any information resource retrieved. Moreover, we retraced words from participants’ post-search essays to words encountered in fixated text or in transcripts of viewed videos, in order to calculate the degree of overlap. Our results showed that the participants directed their attention significantly longer to text than to video or image resources. Nevertheless, multiple video resources were visited by the great majority of students, underlining the importance of videos in web-search based learning. Regarding the origin of learned concepts, more words included in the post-search essay could be retraced to fixated text than to words contained in transcripts of viewed videos. To conclude, we were able to retrace large parts of students’ acquired knowledge to retrieved information resources with our approach.

Investigation of Story Writing Skills In Elementary School Students (4th-8th Grades)

The aim of this study was to examine elementary school students’ story writing skills according to grade level within the framework of certain variables. The study was designed with a cross-sectional research model, one of the developmental research methods. The study group of the research consisted of 319 students attending 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades. A Story Writing Form developed by the researchers was used as the data collection tool in the research. In the data collection process, the students were given the story writing form and asked to write a story within a certain period by choosing one of the topics included in the form. To evaluate the stories written by the students, the 6+1 Analytic Writing and Assessment Scale was used. The research results revealed that the great majority of students used a title in their stories and that they created their stories with a single paragraph. On the other hand, it was seen that the grade level and gender variables had an effect on the quality of the stories. Generally, the quality of the stories improved as grade level increased, and girls wrote better quality stories than boys. However, this effect was not significant at every grade level.

Features of using multimedia presentations and electronic textbooks to teach foreign citizens in Russian universities

The article raises the problem of training cadets of the CIS countries who receive higher education in military universities of our country. Russian language proficiency is the main problem, as the training is exclusively in Russian, and as part of a Russian group. Language acquisition occurs gradually during interpersonal communication, and most of all, at classes. One of the first subjects that cadets start studying is mathematics. The main feature of mathematics is the universality of formulas for communication in its language both in the CIS countries and in the world. It greatly simplifies the process of transmitting information to students, allows the teacher to minimize the number of Russian words at the first stages of training (first year of training) gradually raising the volume of definitions and theorems. The great majority of students from the CIS countries freely perceive the lecture and fully assimilate the information even in such a section of «Higher mathematics»as probability theory by the end of the second year. The article shows the transition from the overwhelming number of formulas in the lectures to the prevalence of definitions and theorems. The number of Russian words also increases at practical classes. Their introduction is based on drawings (topic «Analytical geometry»), graphs («Introduction to mathematical analysis», «Definite integral »). The laboratory works are of the greatest interest, of course, where students must draw conclusions about the suitability of the formula obtained as the experiment result. The article details the methodological features of organizing various types of classes using multimedia tools and electronic textbooks in groups with cadets from the CIS countries.

The Awareness of Teachers and Students About Integrative English Language Teaching Approach: The Case of Areka Preparatory School, South Ethiopia

Having an awareness of the theoretical aspect of integrative language teaching approach is important to effectively practice the approach in real classroom situation. The awareness determines the extent to which a teacher can implements the theory. Accordingly, this study attempted to reveal the awareness of English language teachers and students about the integrative language teaching approach. To collect the necessary data for the study, semi-structured interview for six teachers, questionnaire for one hundred seventy students, classroom observation and document analysis were employed. To analyze the collected data, qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis were employed. That is, data collected through questionnaires were analyzed employing statistical tools such as frequency and percentage using SPSS version 20, while responses obtained from interview was described and discussed. The findings of the study indicate that all teachers and a great majority of students have positive attitude towards the importance of this approach. However, the implementation of integrative language teaching approach in the actual classroom situation was not as expected and their students were not interested to engage in different classroom activities the process of integrative language classes. Based on the findings, recommendations are forwarded to improve the implementation of integrative language skills teaching approach. Keywords : Awareness, English Language, Integrative Language and Teaching Approach. DOI : 10.7176/RHSS/9-15-03 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

The Communication Skills and Empathic Tendencies of Nursing and Midwifery Students to Reproductive Pattern Section of the Care Plan

The objective of this study is to determine the communication skills and empathic tendencies of nursing and midwifery students to sexuality/reproductive pattern section of the care plan. The sample of this descriptive cross-sectional study consists of 665 students studying in the midwifery and nursing department of a state university in Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and agreeing to participate in the study as volunteers. Data of the study were collected using “Descriptive Characteristics Form for Students”, “Communication Skills Assessment Scale (CSAS)” and “Emphatic Tendency Scale”. Obtained data were assessed by using number, percent, mean and standard deviation as well as Mann–Whitney U Test, Kruskal–Wallis Test, t test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test. The average age of students participating in the study was 20.81 ± 1.80 years, and 53.8% of them expressed that the society they lived in had a restrictive perspective on the concept of sexuality. A great majority of students think that cultural structure and religious beliefs are significant factors in the formation of sexual taboos. The study found out that 64% of the students could not ask the questions in the reproductive pattern section of the care plan, most of them did not want to be asked it themselves, and 70.5% of them were uncomfortable with asking these questions due to privacy. Approximately fifty-six percent (56.1%) of students thought that the concept of sexuality did not fall within a nurse’s responsibilities. Approximately fifty-six percent (56.1%) of them did not want to focus on the subject more during courses. Average total score of students on CSAS was 98.74 ± 13.05, average total score on the emphatic tendency scale was 67.31 ± 7.98 and a positive correlation was found between both scores. In this study, it was detected that students left the sexuality/reproductive pattern section in the care plan empty, therefore they did not/could not handle a patient’s potential problems related to sexuality/reproductive pattern.

The Usage of Meaning Identification Technique in Measuring Reading Comprehension Skills

In this study, it is aimed to determine at what level the Meaning Identification Technique (MIT) can measure the reading comprehension skills of the 4th grade primary school students and to test the validity and reliability of the MIT test with different types of texts. In the study carried out in survey model, MIT and Sentence Verification Technique (SVT) tests, which were developed by the researcher and are peculiar to narrative and informative texts, were used. The readability of the texts were tested with Cloze Tests (CT) developed specifically for each type of text. The study was carried out with the participation of 87 primary school 4th grade students in two primary schools randomly selected among the public schools in the city of Ankara. The results of the study demonstrated that MIT tests measure reading comprehension skills as reliable as SVT tests. While there was a significant difference between comprehension and the numbers of reading in narrative texts, it was found that there was no significant difference with the numbers of reading in informative texts. A great majority of students (approximately 75%) felt the need to read two or more times while making sense of the text. On the other hand, MIT tests are a significant predictor of Turkish course achievements.

Inclusive Internationalization: Improving Access and Equity

In higher education, we are faced with two main paradoxes. First, while we may be striving to increase internationalization and global engagement, in many countries isolationist and nationalist trends result in a disconnect between local and global. Second, while credit and degree mobility is increasing globally, this billion-dollar industry reaches only a small student elite, leaving 99 percent of the world’s student population behind. An inclusive approach must address the issue that current internationalizationpolicies and practices leave out the great majority of students in the world. Internationalization for all should be the starting point for institutional strategies, reflecting an awareness that all students must be engaged in this agenda to prepare for their future lives as citizens and as professionals.

Inclusive Internationalization: Improving Access and Equity

In higher education, we are faced with two main paradoxes. First, while we may be striving to increase internationalization and global engagement, in many countries isolationist and nationalist trends result in a disconnect between local and global. Second, while credit and degree mobility is increasing globally, this billion-dollar industry reaches only a small student elite, leaving 99 percent of the world’s student population behind. An inclusive approach must address the issue that current internationalizationpolicies and practices leave out the great majority of students in the world. Internationalization for all should be the starting point for institutional strategies, reflecting an awareness that all students must be engaged in this agenda to prepare for their future lives as citizens and as professionals.

Integration of Micro Lectures into the Blended Learning Discourse in Tertiary Education#

Over the past decades, the Internet has had a profound impact on tertiary education, with the emergence of a new format of distance education. With the broadband-connected World Wide Web, students can now pursue their learning, whether formal or informal, more comfortably and effectively. Also, the rapidly emerging technologies offer academics and educational institutions much greater choice in their instructional approaches and learning environments. Micro lectures are considered to be one of the most effective modes in blended learning. This paper examines our practice of integrating micro lectures into our English for Business course, using an exploratory case study approach. The study focuses on four fields: learning content with technology; learning support services; learning management; and students' learning experiences. The findings indicate that the great majority of students were satisfied with micro lecture learning, and that the flippedclassroom based on micro lecture learning resources can optimize the learning process. We believe that it is time to integrate micro lectures into formal learning in both online learning and face-to-face classroom teaching.

How university students view human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: A cross-sectional study in Jinan, China

The acceptability of HPV vaccination among university students in China is not well understood. Our study was of cross-sectional study design. We collected a questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of, attitude toward and acceptability of HPV vaccination. A total of 351 students were included in data analyses, among whom 47.6% were males and 70.0% aged 19–21. Only 10.3% had previously heard of HPV and 5.4% HPV vaccine. Male and female students were equally likely to accept HPV vaccine (71.8 vs 69.4%, p = 0.634) and recommend it to sexual partners (73.1 vs 76.7%, p = 0.441). The great majority of students could only afford RMB 300 (USD 50) or less for HPV vaccination. HPV vaccination acceptance was associated with being in year-one (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.78, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.12–6.75), being from a key university (AOR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.07–3.31), having heard of HPV-related morbidities (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.05–3.35), being concerned about HPV-related morbidities (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.16–4.27) and believing the vaccine should be given before first sexual contact (AOR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.38–4.29). Female students were more likely to anticipate a late uptake of HPV vaccination (p = 0.002). The relatively lower levels of HPV knowledge but higher levels of vaccine acceptance among undergraduates highlighted the need for education on the roles of sexual behaviors in HPV transmission.

'How Much Sex do Medical Studies Need?' - A Survey of the Knowledge and Interest in Sexual Medicine of Medical Students.

Background: Because of the increasing need for medical care of problems concerning human sexuality, the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) in 2010 suggested to include sexual medicine in the current curricula of medical studies. Based on the ISSM's suggestions sexual medicine should be taught on a multidisciplinary basis throughout the whole study process. Furthermore, health care providers have repeatedly indicated that they have lacking knowledge concerning sexual medicine and patients have criticized that their health care providers only infrequently address their sexuality. Methods: 404 medical students from 2 German university medical centers answered an online questionnaire assessing the quality of sexual medicine education. The students were asked about their interest in and their knowledge about different issues concerning human sexuality in the following 4 domains: Sexual development, Sexual behavior, Sexual physiology and psychology, Sexual medicine and therapy of sexual disorders. Results: The great majority of students were interested in education about sexual medicine within medical studies, whereby most students were of the opinion that sexual medicine should be included in the already existing subjects. Furthermore, students mostly evaluated the current quality of sexual medicine education as insufficient and more than half of the students thought that they do not have enough knowledge about human sexuality for their future profession as medical health care providers. On average the students correctly answered 50% of the knowledge questions, however they showed some knowledge gaps especially in the domains of sexual development and sexual physiology and psychology. Discussion: The results of the present study suggest that medical students have lacking knowledge concerning important parts of human sexuality but at the same time express great interest in the field. Therefore, in Germany more structured educational programs in sexual medicine should be developed taking the suggestion of the ISSM into account. Conclusion: Besides medical education about pathological sexuality future educational efforts should also address healthy sexuality and its sociocultural meaning more frequently. Thereby, the students' wishes would be met and moreover, health care providers of all fields would be enabled to provide an unbiased, holistic and sensitive treatment of sexual problems.

Attitudes of Pakistani and Pakistani heritage medical students regarding professionalism at a medical college in Karachi, Pakistan.

BackgroundAn increased interest in professionalism has been reported in the field of medical education due to concerns regarding deterioration of humanism and professional values in the teaching and practice of medicine. The primary aim of this study was to assess attitudes of Pakistani and Pakistani heritage students at a medical college in Pakistan about important elements of professionalism that an ideal medical doctor should possess. A further objective of the study was to determine students’ preferred ways of learning professionalism.MethodsA written survey was distributed to undergraduate medical students at a public sector medical college at Karachi, Pakistan in 2011. Using the Penn State College of Medicine (PSCOM) Professionalism Questionnaire, attitudes of medical students of semester 1, 5, and 8 regarding professionalism were assessed anonymously.ResultsThe mean age of the students was 21.11 ± 2.72 years. Forty-three percent of the respondents were male. Forty percent of the students held Pakistani citizenship. Thirty-five percent students were US citizens with Pakistani parents and twenty-five percent were Pakistani heritage students that had dual citizenships. No significant differences in the elements of professionalism (Accountability, Altruism, Duty, Excellence, Honesty & Integrity and Respect) mean scores or in the overall mean score of professionalism among the various classes were found. The total overall Cronbach alpha value for all elements of the professionalism in the selected classes was above 0.9. The most preferred methods for learning professionalism were role modeling by faculty, case based scenarios and role plays.ConclusionThe students rated all the attributes of professionalism as important and there was no difference across the study years. The overall internal consistency of each element of professionalism was high in different classes. Faculty role models, case based scenarios and role plays may be used to teach professionalism. As a great majority of students were having a Pakistani heritage rather than complete Pakistani born and bred background, hence findings of the survey may not be taken as representative of typical Pakistani medical students.

Knowledge and awareness of sexually transmitted disease among male university students in Taif, Saudi Arabia

Background: Young adolescents constitute an equally large amount of those infected with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In Saudi society, discussing STDs is considered taboo where ethics and social factors give rise to many obstacles. Aims & Objective: The objectives of this study were to assess knowledge and awareness of university male students regarding sexually transmitted diseases, to provide valid data and basis for the development of interventional educational programs in the future. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted included regular Saudi male students in Taif University, male department during the year 2012. College of Science was randomly selected as a non-medical college. A random sample of 400 eligible male students was invited to participate in the study, representing all educational years. A stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation was applied to distribute the sample throughout the 4 years. A pre-designed Arabic self-administered questionnaire was utilized. It consists of two sections. The first section includes information about socio-demographic characteristics of the students. The second section is to explore their knowledge and awareness regarding STDs including modes of transmission and curability, types, ways of prevention, their source of information and finally whether it is reasonable to be taught in schools. Results: The study included 400 University students with a response rate of 100%. Their age ranged between 18 and 30 years with a mean of 21.30±1.69 years. Among those who have knowledge about STDS, 35% had their knowledge from the friends while 29.9% and 27.7% had their knowledge from internet and television respectively. Less than half of them (47%) knew that condom could not protect 100% from STDs while slightly more than half of them (54.3%) knew that oral contraceptive use doesn’t decrease the risk of STDs among women. Only 38% knew that there is no available vaccination against STDs. Slightly more than one-third of the participants (36.8%) knew that STDs infected mother could transmit a sexual disease to her newborn during labor. the great majority of students (98.5%) are aware of HIV/AIDS as a STD while only 37.3% were aware that Chlamydia is a STD. Married status, high level of paternal education and having information from friends or internet were associated with better STDs knowledge. Conclusion: STDs knowledge was inadequate among non-medical university students in Taif, KSA. School education, peer groups, internet and mass media remain the main ways by which students learn about STDs. Thus primary prevention of STDs needs to be given high priority. Education program about types, modes of transmission, ways of prevention and religious role of STDs should be given early on in secondary schools to encourage premarital screenings and hence help reduce the risk of the possible expansion of infection in the kingdom.

Sexual education from the view of high school students

Abstract Introduction. Sexual education is still a non-defined area concerning the sex life of man. It is perceived differently depending on the country and its culture. In Poland, it should be implemented as part of ‘Family Life Education’. Objective. The aim of the research is to present the opinion of male and female high school students concerning sex education. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in 2014 on 450 male and female high school students in two provinces of Poland: 225 students from the Stanislaw Konarski High School in Mielec, Podkarpackie Province, and 225 from the Zbigniew Herbert High School in Lublin, Lubelskie province. Results. Close to half of the surveyed participated in a class ‘Family Life Education’ (48%); however, 32% and 22.9% were not satisfied with the class. Poor aspects of the subject were observed by the great majority of students (70%). Most of the youths (68.9%) desire a more complex approach to the subject, to be led by a medical specialist (68%). Conclusions. The students stated that sex education as part of ‘Family Life Education’ class is not satisfactory. They demand a specialist, medical knowledge of human sexuality. Parents, who should constitute a major source of information, had considerable influence in the sex education of their children.

Chinese Pharmacy Undergraduate Attitudes toward Game-Based Learning in Pharmaceutical Education

Game-based learning (GBL) is a student-centered and active-learning method. But the implementing model of current GBL was not adequately consulted with students, who are the real subject and target of GBL. Thus we sought to evaluate Chinese pharmacy undergraduates’ attitudes of GBL in pharmaceutical education, and the favorite implementation model of GBL to provide a more individualized and targeted teaching approach. A GBL questionnaire was administered to all the pharmacy undergraduates except graduating seniors at Wuhan University of Science and Technology. The results showed that attitudes of students towards GBL were positive. Male students generally had a more positive attitude toward GBL than females. Pharmacy students attached GBL importance to “improving the theoretical knowledge”, “increasing self efficacy” and “enhancing awareness of the career in future”. Among several barriers to GBL usage, “no suitable game type” was considered the most important. And the three most popular were role-play, singleplayer online games, and crossword puzzles. However, each of other game genres was preferred by at least 10.7% students, suggesting the pharmacy students’ favorite game type is diversiform. Besides, most students reported that they were in favor of implementing GBL in normal class time or extracurricular activity. And the best organizer in the eye of the students is themselves. Nevertheless, the great majority of students had the herd mentality toward GBL, and wants to become the minor participants or audiences in the GBL. The results indicated that Chinese pharmacy undergraduates exhibited positive attitudes about GBL. And GBL with Chinese characteristic would be implemented.

An Investigation into the Consequential Validity of a Diagnostic College English Speaking Test

This paper reports the verification of the consequential validity of a Diagnostic College English Speaking Test. A case study was conducted with 28 sophomore students from a national key university in China engaged in seven sets of DCEST tests. The analysis of the DCEST scores of the students in the experiment group indicates that progress has been made in their oral English proficiency over the two-month period. The survey data analysis reveals that the provision of diagnostic feedback is welcomed by a great majority of students, and they think that the diagnostic feedback of the DCEST can reflect the strengths and weaknesses of their oral English ability. Results of both quantitative and qualitative data analyses provide supportive evidence to the consequential validity of DCEST. The limitations and future research directions are finally discussed.

P-18 - Ethno-botanical preference in drug consumption habits at young romanian populations

Romania is on the fourth place in the EU considering the consumption of ethno-botanical drugs with a psychotropic effect, which was far from safe, in 2009 more than 1300 persons, asked for medical help being seriously poisoned. Material and methods On a festival called “Peninsula Music Festival 2010” we examined the drug usage habit of 256 young participants with a questionnaire. We evaluate correlation with risk factors of preference of ethno-botanical drugs. Results Gender distribution: 59.37% man and 40.63 women. Age distribution: Sample size = 256, Mean age 21.60 years, Standard deviation 4.33. The individuaĺs smoking habit influences the judgement of the dangerousness of smoking. Considering the consumed drugs the great majority of students (similarly to the international situation) tried out ethno-botanical drugs and marijuana. This is followed by the abuse of medicine and amphetamines consumption. The changes of both legal and illegal drug use habits conclude to the fact that the same happens in our country as in the western union countries. Conclusions The frequency of drug trials grows among the youth, the habits of drug use change, cannabis derivatives and ethno-botanical drugs dominate while the proportion of opiate users is decreasing.

Teaching Cost-Effective Research Skills: Have We Overemphasized Its Importance?

Surveys of law librarians show concern with the lack of cost-effective research skills of law students and new associates. Some commentators call for greater emphasis on the subject in legal research classes. To explore whether the subject merits increased instructional attention, the author surveyed second- and third-year law students at the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law about their summer research experiences. The purpose of the survey was to find out how much importance summer employers placed on containing online research costs. The student survey results contradict the commonly expressed view that employers are greatly concerned with containing online research costs. The author posits that law library surveys generally reflect the experiences of large firm librarians, whereas the great majority of students and practicing attorneys do not work at these organizations. The concerns of these librarians might not be as relevant for students who work at smaller firms and government organizations. The author notes that the survey results suggest that there is no need for increased emphasis on cost-effective research at schools that do not have a large percentage of students who go on to work at large firms.

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Among Schoolchildren: A 34-Country Comparison

To describe and compare levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior in schoolchildren from 34 countries across 5 WHO Regions. The analysis included 72,845 schoolchildren from 34 countries that participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and conducted data collection between 2003 and 2007. The questionnaire included questions on overall physical activity, walking, or biking to school, and on time spent sitting. Very few students engaged in sufficient physical activity. Across all countries, 23.8% of boys and 15.4% of girls met recommendations, with the lowest prevalence in Philippines and Zambia (both 8.8%) and the highest in India (37.5%). The prevalence of walking or riding a bicycle to school ranged from 18.6% in United Arab Emirates to 84.8% in China. In more than half of the countries, more than one third of the students spent 3 or more hours per day on sedentary activities, excluding the hours spent sitting at school and doing homework. The great majority of students did not meet physical activity recommendations. Additionally, levels of sedentariness were high. These findings require immediate action, and efforts should be made worldwide to increase levels of physical activity among schoolchildren.

Les dérivés conscients des mécanismes de défense au questionnaire de Bond (DSQ 40) : stabilité ou variabilité entre une situation non anxiogène et une situation anxiogène

L’objectif de cette recherche est de tester la stabilité ou la variabilité des dérivés conscients des mécanismes de défense évalués à l’aide du questionnaire de Bond (DSQ 40) dans deux situations différemment anxiogènes afin de les intégrer dans le modèle transactionnel du stress de Lazarus et Folkman. Pour tester l’instabilité intersituationnelle des dérivés conscients des mécanismes de défense, une population de 161 étudiantes a complété le DSQ 40 et le questionnaire d’anxiété-état de Spielberger (STAI-Y), une première fois, en novembre, c’est-à-dire en l’absence d’évaluation de la performance universitaire, puis, une seconde fois, le premier jour de la session d’examen de janvier. Le score d’anxiété-état est significativement plus élevé à la seconde session qu’à la première. La majorité des 20 dérivés conscients des mécanismes de défense sont significativement différents aux deux sessions. L’inconstance intersituationnelle des dérivés conscients des mécanismes de défense observée dans cette recherche semble compatible avec l’hypothèse en faveur de leur variabilité. The aim of this research was to test the stability or variability of conscious by-products of defense mechanisms, evaluated with the Bond Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ 40) so as to integrate them as transactional variables of stress in the model of Lazarus and Folkman. One hundred and sixty-one college girls (first-year students in a French university) engaged in psychology studies participated in this research. They participated in two collective sessions: a first session took place in November in a non-stressful situation, and a second session during the January examination week. Two questionnaires were used twice in this experiment: (a) the Anxiety State Questionnaire of Spielberger (STAI-Y) which evaluates the anxiety-state and anxiety-traits; (b) the DSQ 40, which estimates 20 conscious by-products of defense mechanisms and distinguishes three factors corresponding to the mature, neurotic and immature styles according to the factorial analyses of Guelfi and al. Two hypotheses were formulated: (a) a first hypothesis postulates that an examination situation increases the State Anxiety score; (b) a second hypothesis postulates a variability of defense mechanisms assessed by Bond's questionnaire (DSQ 40). It verified that the scores of the Bond defensive style questionnaire are significantly different in the two sessions. The mean state-anxiety score is higher in the second session. The great majority of students are described as more anxious during the week of examinations than during the previous month. The first hypothesis is then validated. The situation of evaluation of the university performance appears as a situation more stressful than the courses period. The three defense mechanism factors vary in a significant way from the first to the second session. In the second session the scores in mature and neurotic defense mechanisms increased significantly whereas the average scores in immature defense mechanisms decreased significantly. The majority of the 20 defense mechanisms are not stable between both situations. Indeed, 17 conscious by-products of defense mechanisms differ significantly in both sessions and only three defense mechanisms show a certain stability. Eleven defensive styles (55 %) decreased, six increased (30 %) and three remained stable (15 %). The instability of conscious by-products of defense mechanisms between the two sessions was confirmed by correlations analyses. The results show that the instability between situations is not limited to three categories of defenses (mature, neurotic and immature): 17 out of 20 mean scores in defense styles differed significantly. Conscious by-products of defense mechanisms are, indeed, influenced by situational factors.